ABSTRACT
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women. Advanced stage and metastatic disease are often associated with poor clinical outcomes. This substantiates the absolute necessity for high-throughput diagnostic and treatment platforms that are patient and tumour specific. Cervical cancer treatment constitutes multimodal intervention. Systemic treatments such as chemotherapy and/or focal radiotherapy are typically applied as neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant strategies. Cisplatin constitutes an integral part of standard cervical cancer treatment approaches. However, despite initial patient response, de novo or delayed/acquired treatment resistance is often reported, and toxicity is of concern. Chemotherapy resistance is associated with major alterations in genomic, metabolomic, epigenetic and proteomic landscapes. This results in imbalanced homeostasis associated with pro-oncogenic and proliferative survival, anti-apoptotic benefits, and enhanced DNA damage repair processes. Although significant developments in cancer diagnoses and treatment have been made over the last two decades, drug resistance remains a major obstacle to overcome.
Despite advances in treatment, the disease's advanced stages and spread to other parts of the body often lead to poor outcomes. This highlights the urgent need for better diagnostic and treatment methods tailored to each patient and their specific tumour. Treatment for cervical cancer usually involves a combination of therapies. Chemotherapy and focused radiation therapy are commonly used before or after surgery to improve outcomes. However, some patients develop resistance to these treatments, either from the start or after initially responding to therapy. This resistance can make treatment less effective and increase the risk of side effects. Chemotherapy resistance is often linked to changes in the genes and proteins of cancer cells. These changes disrupt the normal balance within the cells, making them more prone to grow and survive, resist cell death, and repair DNA damage caused by treatment. Despite progress in cancer research and treatment, drug resistance remains a significant challenge. This review aims to explore how acquired genetic mutations contribute to drug resistance in cervical cancer. By understanding these mutations better, researchers and clinicians in low- to middle-income countries can develop more effective treatment strategies to improve outcomes for patients.