ABSTRACT
Activation of the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) pathway is a frequent occurrence in human tumors and is thought to promote growth, survival, and resistance to diverse therapies. Here, we report pharmacologic characterization of the pyridopyrimidinone derivative XL765 (SAR245409), a potent and highly selective pan inhibitor of class I PI3Ks (α, ß, γ, and δ) with activity against mTOR. Broad kinase selectivity profiling of >130 protein kinases revealed that XL765 is highly selective for class I PI3Ks and mTOR over other kinases. In cellular assays, XL765 inhibits the formation of PIP(3) in the membrane, and inhibits phosphorylation of AKT, p70S6K, and S6 phosphorylation in multiple tumor cell lines with different genetic alterations affecting the PI3K pathway. In a panel of tumor cell lines, XL765 inhibits proliferation with a wide range of potencies, with evidence of an impact of genotype on sensitivity. In mouse xenograft models, oral administration of XL765 results in dose-dependent inhibition of phosphorylation of AKT, p70S6K, and S6 with a duration of action of approximately 24 hours. Repeat dose administration of XL765 results in significant tumor growth inhibition in multiple human xenograft models in nude mice that is associated with antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and proapoptotic effects.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Neoplasms/genetics , Neoplasms/metabolism , Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Quinoxalines/pharmacology , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Sulfonamides/pharmacology , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Movement/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Mice , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Neoplasms/pathology , Neovascularization, Pathologic , Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/metabolism , Phosphorylation , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Quinoxalines/administration & dosage , Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases/metabolism , Sulfonamides/administration & dosage , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
A series of novel, highly potent, selective, and ATP-competitive mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors based on a benzoxazepine scaffold have been identified. Lead optimization resulted in the discovery of inhibitors with low nanomolar activity and greater than 1000-fold selectivity over the closely related PI3K kinases. Compound 28 (XL388) inhibited cellular phosphorylation of mTOR complex 1 (p-p70S6K, pS6, and p-4E-BP1) and mTOR complex 2 (pAKT (S473)) substrates. Furthermore, this compound displayed good pharmacokinetics and oral exposure in multiple species with moderate bioavailability. Oral administration of compound 28 to athymic nude mice implanted with human tumor xenografts afforded significant and dose-dependent antitumor activity.
Subject(s)
Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism , Binding, Competitive , Drug Discovery , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/metabolism , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Administration, Oral , Animals , Benzoxazines/chemistry , Benzoxazines/metabolism , Benzoxazines/pharmacokinetics , Benzoxazines/pharmacology , Biological Availability , Cell Line, Tumor , Dogs , Female , Humans , Male , Mice , Models, Molecular , Protein Conformation , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Rats , Substrate Specificity , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistryABSTRACT
The phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) have been linked to an extraordinarily diversified group of cellular functions making these enzymes compelling targets for the treatment of disease. A large body of evidence has linked PI3Kγ to the modulation of autoimmune and inflammatory processes making it an intriguing target for drug discovery. Our high-throughput screening (HTS) campaign revealed two hits that were nominated for further optimization studies. The in vitro activity of the first HTS hit, designated as the sulfonylpiperazine scaffold, was optimized utilizing structure-based design. However, nonoptimal pharmacokinetic properties precluded this series from further studies. An overlay of the X-ray structures of the sulfonylpiperazine scaffold and the second HTS hit within their complexes with PI3Kγ revealed a high degree of overlap. This feature was utilized to design a series of hybrid analogues including advanced leads such as 31 with desirable potency, selectivity, and oral bioavailability.
Subject(s)
Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors , Piperazines/chemical synthesis , Sulfonamides/chemical synthesis , Sulfones/chemical synthesis , Administration, Oral , Animals , Biological Availability , Cell Line , Crystallography, X-Ray , Female , High-Throughput Screening Assays , Humans , Isoenzymes/antagonists & inhibitors , Luminescent Measurements , Mice , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Phosphorylation , Piperazines/pharmacokinetics , Piperazines/pharmacology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Structure-Activity Relationship , Sulfonamides/pharmacokinetics , Sulfonamides/pharmacology , Sulfones/pharmacokinetics , Sulfones/pharmacologyABSTRACT
CDC7 is a serine/threonine kinase that has been shown to be required for the initiation and maintenance of DNA replication. Up-regulation of CDC7 is detected in multiple tumor cell lines, with inhibition of CDC7 resulting in cell cycle arrest. In this paper, we disclose the discovery of a potent and selective CDC7 inhibitor, XL413 (14), which was advanced into Phase 1 clinical trials. Starting from advanced lead 3, described in a preceding communication, we optimized the CDC7 potency and selectivity to demonstrate in vitro CDC7 dependent cell cycle arrest and in vivo tumor growth inhibition in a Colo-205 xenograft model.
