Successful localisation of recurrent thyroid cancer using preoperative patent blue dye injection.

PURPOSE: In the follow-up of patients with thyroid cancer, recurrences are often detected, posing challenges in locating and removing these lesions in a reoperative setting. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of preoperative ultrasound (US)-guided injection of patent blue (PB) dye into the recurrences to aid in their safe and efficient removal. METHODS: In this retrospective analysis, we reviewed the records of the patients in a tertiary care centre between February 2019 and March 2023 who underwent US-guided PB injection in the endocrinology outpatient clinic before reoperative neck surgery. The duration between the injection of PB and the initiation of surgery was recorded. The complications and effectiveness of the procedure were evaluated using ultrasonographic, laboratory, surgical, and pathologic records. RESULTS: We reached 23 consecutive patients with 28 lesions. The recurrences averaged 8.8 mm (4.1-15.6) in size and were successfully stained in all cases. The median time between the PB injection and the incision was 90 (35-210) min. There were no complications related to the dye injection. The blue recurrences were conveniently identified and removed in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: A preoperative US-guided injection of PB is a safe, readily available and highly effective technique for localising recurrent tumours, even in small lesions within scarred reoperative neck surgeries.

Platelet indices as a predictor in the differentiation of Behçet's disease from recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to investigate complete blood count parameters in patients with Behçet's disease (BD) who present with oral ulcers and patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) in order to determine whether they could be used as discriminatory biomarkers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was conducted between January 2019 and January 2023. The study population consisted of three groups: patients with BD who had oral ulcer manifestation (n=85, BD-Group), patients with idiopathic RAS (n=186, RAS-Group) and healthy controls (n=90, HC-Group). All data about participants, on their first application, including sociodemographic and clinical data, comorbidity status, laboratory results were collected retrospectively from the hospital computer records and patients' charts. RESULTS: The groups were similar in terms of age (p=0.235) and sex distribution (p=0.450). Mean platelet volume (MPV) and plateletcrit values of the BD-Group were significantly lower, while platelet distribution width (PDW) was significantly higher, compared to the other two groups (p<0.001 for all). Low MPV (<9.15) (56.47% sensitivity and 90.86% specificity), high PDW (≥15.75) (75.00% sensitivity and 94.96% specificity) and low plateletcrit (<0.237) (55.29% sensitivity and 79.46% specificity) could significantly distinguish BD patients with oral ulcer onset from patients with RAS. CONCLUSIONS: PDW, MPV, and plateletcrit may be useful biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of oral ulcers when distinguishing between BD and RAS. However, these results need to be supported by further comprehensive studies.

Validación externa de los sistemas de puntuación actuales y desarrollo de un nuevo sistema de puntuación para la predicción de la tasa libre de cálculos tras la cirugía intrarrenal retrógrada en pacientes con un diámetro acumulado del cálculo de 2-4 cm / External validation of the current scoring systems and development of a novel scoring system to predict stone-free rates after retrograde intrarenal surgery in patients with cumulative stone diameter of 2-4 cm

Objetivo Nuestro objetivo principal es realizar la validación externa de los sistemas de puntuación actuales para predecir el estado libre de cálculos (ELC) después de la cirugía intrarrenal retrógrada (CRIR) para cálculos renales de 2-4 cm y desarrollar un nuevo sistema de puntuación reexaminando los posibles factores predictivos relacionados con el ELC. Métodos Se evaluaron retrospectivamente los pacientes que recibieron CRIR para el tratamiento de cálculos renales con diámetro acumulado de 2-4 cm, entre enero de 2017 y marzo de 2021. Los cálculos residuales ≤ 2 mm se definieron como clínicamente insignificantes, y estos casos se consideraron como ELC. Se examinaron los posibles factores predictivos relacionados con el ELC mediante el análisis de regresión logística multivariante. Se elaboró un nomograma y se creó un sistema de puntuación utilizando variables predictivas independientes. Mediante el análisis ROC se evaluó la capacidad de predicción de los sistemas de puntuación actuales y del recién desarrollado. Resultados Los sistemas de puntuación existentes resultaron insuficientes para predecir el ELC (AUC < 0,660 en todos los casos). Se identificaron como predictores independientes del ELC el área de superficie (OR: 0,991, p < 0,001), la densidad (OR: 0,998, p < 0,001), el número (OR: 0,365, p = 0,033) y la localización de los cálculos (p = 0,037). Utilizando estos marcadores predictivos, se desarrolló un nuevo sistema de puntuación cuyos resultados oscilan entre 4 y 15. El valor AUC de este sistema de puntuación fue de 0,802 (0,734-0,870). Conclusión Los sistemas de puntuación RUSS, S-ReSC y RIRS y el nomograma de Ito no lograron predecir el ELC en cálculos de > 2 cm. Nuestro nuevo sistema de puntuación tuvo una capacidad predictiva del ELC mayor en cálculos de > 2 cm, en comparación con los otros sistemas de puntuación (AU)

Objective Our primary aim is to perform the external validation of the current scoring systems in predicting stone-free status (SFS) after retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for renal stones 2-4 cm and develop a novel scoring system by re-examining possible predictive factors related to SFS. Methods Patients who underwent RIRS due to renal stones with a cumulative stone diameter of 2-4 cm between January 2017 and March 2021 were retrospectively screened. Residual stones ≤ 2 mm were defined as clinically insignificant, and these cases were considered to have SFS. Possible predictive factors related to SFS were examined using the multivariate logistic regression analysis. A nomogram and a scoring system were developed using independent predictive variables. The prediction ability of the previous and the new scoring system were evaluated with the ROC analysis. Results The existing scoring systems were found to be insufficient in predicting SFS (AUC < 0.660 for all). The independent predictors of SFS were identified as stone surface area (OR: 0.991, p < 0.001), stone density (OR: 0.998, p < 0.001), number of stones (OR: 0.365, p = 0.033), and stone localization (p = 0.037). Using these predictive markers, a new scoring system with a score ranging between 4 and 15 was developed. The AUC value for this scoring system was 0.802 (0.734-0.870). Conclusion The RUSS, S-ReSC and RIRS scoring systems and Ito's nomogram failed to predict SFS in stones > 2 cm. The SFS predictive ability of our new scoring system was higher in > 2 cm stones compared to the other scoring systems (AU)

Unexpectedly high mutation rate of cyp11b1 compared to cyp21a2 in randomly-selected turkish women: a large screening study.

PURPOSE: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders resulting from enzyme deficiencies associated with steroidogenesis. The clinical presentation of non-classic CAH (NCAH) in females is often indistinguishable from other hyperandrogenic disorders like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The data on the prevalence of NCAH in unselected women in the literature is scanty. The research aimed to evaluate the prevalence of NCAH, carrier frequencies, and the correlation between clinical symptoms and genotype in Turkish women. METHODS: The study group comprised two hundred and seventy randomly-selected unrelated asymptomatic women of reproductive age (18-45). Subjects were recruited from female blood donors. All volunteers underwent clinical examination and hormone measurements. The protein-encoding exons and exon-intron boundaries of the CYP21A2, CYP11B1, HSD3ß2 and CYP21A2 promoter were sequenced by direct DNA sequencing. RESULTS: After genotyping, seven (2.2%) individuals were diagnosed with NCAH. The heterozygous carrier frequencies of CYP21A2, CYP21A2 promoter, CYP11B1, and HSD3ß2 genes with 34, 34, 41, and 1 pathologic mutation were determined at 12.6%, 12.6%, 15.2%, and 0.37% of volunteers, respectively. Gene-conversion (GC) frequencies between CYP21A2/CYP21A1P and CYP11B1/CYP11B2 were determined as 10.4% and 14.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Despite GC-derived higher mutation frequency determined in the CYP11B1 gene, the reason for the low frequency of NCAH due to 11OHD compared to 21OHD might be that gene-conversion arises with active CYP11B2 rather than an inactive pseudogene. HSD3ß1 exhibits high homology with HSD3ß2 located on the same chromosome; remarkably, it demonstrates low heterozygosity and no GC, most probably the outcome of a tissue-specific expression pattern.

Can anxiety and depression serve as primary factors associated with erectile dysfunction after coronavirus disease?

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the association between anxiety and depression and erectile dysfunction (ED) in patients who developed ED after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included 228 men who were hospitalized in pandemic wards between July 2021 and January 2022 with positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test results for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA. All patients responded to a Turkish version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire to determine erectile status. Patients were administered the Turkish version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7) questionnaires the day after hospitalization and also during the 1st month after diagnosis of COVID-19 to compare the COVID-19 situation with the previous situation. RESULTS: Patients' mean age was 49.66 ± 13.3 years. The mean pre-COVID-19 erectile function score of 28.65 ± 1.33 decreased to a mean post-COVID-19 score of 26.58 ± 4.23, which indicates a statistically significant difference (p=0.03). Post-COVID-19 ED occurred in 46 (20.1%) patients; 10 (4.3%) patients had mild, 23 (10.0%) had mild-to-moderate, 5 (2.1%) had moderate, and 8 (3.5%) patients had severe ED. The mean pre-COVID-19 BDI score (which indicates depression) of 1.79 ± 2.45 increased to a mean post-COVID-19 score of 2.42 ± 2.89 (p<0.01). Additionally, the mean pre-COVID-19 GAD-7 score of 4.79 ± 1.83 increased to a mean post-COVID-19 score of 6.79 ± 2.52, which indicates a statistically significant difference (p<0.01). We observed a negative correlation between the increase in BDI and GAD-7 scores and the decrease in IIEF scores (r=0.426, p<.001, r=0.568, p<.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights that COVID-19 can cause ED and that disease-induced anxiety and depression serve as primary contributors to ED.

Immune-inflammatory-nutritional status predicts oncologic outcomes after radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of bladder.

OBJECTIVE: To perform the first investigation of the role of immune-inflammatory-nutritional status (INS) on oncological outcomes in patients undergoing open radical cystectomy (ORC) for urothelial carcinoma (UC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of consecutive patients who underwent ORC for non-metastatic bladder cancer between 2009 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, non-urothelial tumor biology, and absence of oncological follow-up were exclusion criteria. Systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII) and Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) values were calculated and optimal cut-off values for these were used to designate four subgroups: "high SII-high PNI", "low SII-high PNI", "low SII-low PNI", and "high SII-low PNI". The Low SII-high PNI INS group had best overall survival (OS) rate while the remainder were included in non-favorable INS group. Survival curves were constructed, and a multivariate Cox regression model was used for OS and recurrence-free survival (RFS). RESULTS: After exclusions, the final cohort size was 173 patients. The mean age was 64.31 ± 8.35 and median follow-up was 21 (IQR: 9-58) months. Optimal cut-off values for SII and PNI were 1216 and 47, respectively. The favorable INS group (low SII-high PNI, n = 89) had the best OS rate (62.9%). Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that non-favorable INS (n = 84) was a worse independent prognostic factor for OS (HR: 1.509, 95%CI: 1.104-3.145, p = 0.001) and RFS (HR: 1.285; 95%CI: 1.009-1.636, p = 0.042). CONCLUSION: Preoperative assessment of INS may be a useful prognostic panel for OS and RFS in patients who had ORC for UC.

External validation of the current scoring systems and derivation of a novel scoring system to predict stone free rates after retrograde intrarenal surgery in patients with cumulative stone diameter of 2-4 cm.

OBJECTIVE: Our primary aim is to perform the external validation of the current scoring systems in predicting stone-free status (SFS) after retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for renal stones 2-4 cm and develop a novel scoring system by re-examining possible predictive factors related to SFS. METHODS: Patients who underwent RIRS due to renal stones with a cumulative stone diameter of 2-4 cm between January 2017 and March 2021 were retrospectively screened. Residual stones ≤2 mm were defined as clinically insignificant, and these cases were considered to have SFS. Possible predictive factors related to SFS were examined using the multivariate logistic regression analysis. A nomogram and a scoring system were developed using independent predictive variables. The prediction ability of the previous and the new scoring system were evaluated with the ROC analysis. RESULTS: The existing scoring systems were found to be insufficient in predicting SFS (AUC < 0.660 for all). The independent predictors of SFS were identified as stone surface area (OR: 0.991, p < 0.001), stone density (OR: 0.998, p < 0.001), number of stones (OR: 0.365, p = 0.033), and stone localization (p = 0.037). Using these predictive markers, a new scoring system with a score ranging between 4 and 15 was developed. The AUC value for this scoring system was 0.802 (0.734-0.870). CONCLUSION: The RUSS, S-ReSC and R.I.R.S. scoring systems and Ito's nomogram failed to predict SFS in stones >2 cm. The SFS predictive ability of our new scoring system was higher in >2 cm stones compared to the other scoring systems.

Are neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios and large unstained cells different in hospitalized COVID-19 PCR-positive patients with and without diabetes mellitus?

OBJECTIVE: SARS-CoV-2 might present with multisystem involvement due to its entry into many cells with ACE2 receptors on their surfaces, such as heart, endothelial, and lung alveoli cells. Studies have indicated that COVID-19 infection causes a severe clinical presentation in diabetic patients due to dysregulation of the metabolic and immune systems. The hematological effects of COVID-19 and the relationship of lymphopenia with the severity of the disease have been reported previously. The parameter of percentage of large unstained cells (LUCs) reflects active lymphocytes and peroxidase-negative cells. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is another reliable marker of inflammation in cases of cardiac diseases, solid tumors, and sepsis. The present study aimed to evaluate whether the parameters of LUCs and NLR differed between diabetic and nondiabetic individuals with COVID-19. Associations with disease severity were also sought. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In our retrospective study, the data of 1,053 patients [230 diabetic patients (21.83%) and 823 nondiabetic patients (78.15%)] were reviewed. The white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil count, neutrophil%, lymphocyte count, lymphocyte%, LUC count, %LUCs, NLR, platelet count, hemoglobin level, HbA1c, history of diabetes, surveillance during hospitalization, and pulmonary infiltration status within the first 24 hours after admission to the hospital were analyzed from the records. RESULTS: When diabetic patients were compared with nondiabetics, the age [65 (20-90) vs. 42 (18-94) years], WBC count [6.72 (2.6-24.04) vs.  5.91 (1.35-52.68)], neutrophil count [4.29 (1.28-65) vs. 3.68 (0.02-50.47)], neutrophil% [67.53±12.3 vs.  64.08±13.28], NLR [3.35 (0.83-38.11) vs. 2.48 (0.01-68.58)], and LUC count [0.11 (0.03-0.98) vs. 0.1 (0.02-3.06)] of the diabetic group were found to be higher and these differences were statistically significant (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, and p=0.015, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We determined that LUC counts and NLR values in COVID-19-positive patients with diabetes were statistically significantly higher compared to nondiabetic patients.

The role of androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism in androgen excess disorder and idiopathic hirsutism.

PURPOSE: The study aimed to investigate whether repeat number in the androgen receptor (AR) gene has any contribution to phenotypes of the disease of androgen excess (polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), idiopathic hyperandrogenemia (IHA) and idiopathic hirsutism (IH) in a cohort of Turkish women. METHODS: Three hundred and fifty-four voluntary premenopausal women (172 healthy controls and 182 patients with androgen excess disorders and idiopathic hirsutism) 18-45 years of age seen at an outpatient endocrine clinic at Erciyes University Hospital between January 2013 and December 2014 were included. All volunteers have undergone physical examination and biochemical evaluation. The polymorphic (CAG)n repeat of the human AR was determined by fragment analyses. RESULTS: Detailed clinical analyses of the patients ended up with 137 PCOS, 24 IHA, and 21 IH. Pairwise comparisons revealed the CAG repeat number differences between the PCOS and controls (p = 0.005) and IH and controls (p = 0.020). Women with CAG repeat length ≤ 17 had a significantly increased twofold risk for PCOS than those women with > 17 CAG repeats OR: 2.0 (95% CI 1.2-3.3, p = 0.005). Women with CAG repeat length ≤ 17 had a significantly increased threefold risk for IH than those women with > 17 CAG repeats OR: 2.9 (95% CI 1.2-7.3, p = 0.020). When correlation analysis was performed, a weak negative correlation was detected between the short allele and FGS score (r = - 0.131, p = 0.013) and a positive relationship between total testosterone and longer allele in the IHA group (r = 0.425, p = 0.039). Median repeat length of the shorter allele between oligomenorrhea and woman with normal menstrual cycle was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.017). CONCLUSION: This study indicated that the risk of PCOS and IH is associated with the inheritance of ARs with shorter CAG repeats.

The effect of alpha blocker treatment prior to prostate biopsy on voiding functions, pain scores and health-related quality-of-life outcomes: A prospective randomized trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of alpha-blocker treatment prior to transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-Bx) on voiding functions, pain scores and health-related quality-of-life outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2018 to April 2019, a total of 112 patients underwent TRUS-Bx due to elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or abnormal digital rectal examination findings. Patients were divided into 2 groups depending on whether they received pharmacological treatment before biopsy. Group 1 consisted of patients with no alpha-blocker treatment prior to biopsy and Group 2 consisted of patients who received Tamsulosin for one week before biopsy continuing for one week after biopsy. Voiding function was evaluated three times using the validated International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and uroflowmetry (maximal flow rate (Qmax) and residual volume (PVR)). The Turkish version of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36-item Questionnaire (SF-36) was used to assess health-related quality of life. Pain scores were rated according to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) just after the biopsy procedure. RESULTS: Mean IPSS and Qmax on the post-biopsy 7 day were significantly in favor of Group 2 (P<0.001, P=0.004). Although post-biopsy day 7 PVR was similar between the groups, Δ1 PVR was significantly in favor of Group 2 (P=0.004). Mean VAS score was 2.7±2.3 for the Tamsulosin group and 4.2±2.2 for the control group (P=0.001). There was no significant difference between two groups according to baseline and postoperative 1st month SF-36 scores. CONCLUSION: Alpha-blocker therapy prior to TRUS-Bx is effective in preventing voiding dysfunction and biopsy-related pain in patients undergoing TRUS-Bx. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2.

The determination of the pituitary gland, optic chiasm, and intercavernous distance measurements in healthy subjects according to age and gender.

BACKGROUND: This paper was undertaken to determine the morphometry of pituitary gland diameter, pituitary gland height, intercavernous distance, optic chiasm diameter and optic chiasm height in skulls of Turkish population aged between 18 and 60 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a retrospective study in which 292 subjects were included 187 females and 105 males, ranging from 18 up to 60 years. Subjects underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging in the Radiology Department. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 21.00 programme. ANOVA test, χ2 test, and Pearson correlation analysis were used to determine the relation and significance between measurements and age group. The p < 0.05 value was considered as significant. RESULTS: The groups were divided into five groups according to age. The overall means and standard deviations of the measurements were: pituitary gland width, 13.09 ± 1.99 mm; pituitary gland height, 4.91 ± 1.10 mm; intercavernous distance, 15.93 ± 3.05 mm; optic chiasm width, 12.82 ± 1.27 mm; and optic chiasm height, 2.80 ± 0.49 mm in females, respectively whereas, the same measurements were 12.96 ± 1.74 mm; 4.79 ± 0.95 mm; 16.08 ± 3.11 mm; 13.13 ± 1.37 mm; 2.86 ± 0.70 mm in males, respectively. Height of the pituitary gland reached a maximum in the age group of 18 to 20 years in both females and males and there was a decrease in the pituitary gland height in the subsequent age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the variation in the size of pituitary gland, intercavernous distance and optic chiasm is important to evaluate the dimensions of these structures for clinical and pathological processes.

The morphometric measurement of the brain stem in Turkish healthy subjects according to age and sex.

BACKGROUND: This paper determined the morphometric measurements of the brainstem including mesencephalon, pons and medulla using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in Turkish healthy population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred sixty-three (263; 158 females and 105 males) subjects aged from 18 to 65 years were included in this study. The measurements were taken from subjects having brain MRI in the Radiology Department. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS 21.00 package programme. ANOVA test and χ2 test were used to determine the relation between measurements and age and sex groups. The p < 0.05 value was considered as significant. RESULTS: The overall means and standard deviations of the measurements were: pons anteroposterior diameter, 15.41 ± 1.27 mm; pons vertical diameter, 22.02 ± 2.07 mm; mesencephalon anteroposterior diameter 9.39 ± 1.00 mm; mesencephalon vertical diameter, 15.20 ± 1.53 mm; distance between the interpeduncular fissure and aqueduct, 11.72 ± 1.58 mm; distance from cerebral peduncles to aqueduct, 13.64 ± 1.66 mm; anterior surface of the pons midway between the mesencephalon and medulla to the fourth ventricular floor, 21.62 ± 1.64 mm; the shortest anteroposterior diameter of the medulla at the pontomedullary junction, 13.46 ± 1.28 mm, and the shortest anteroposterior diameter of the medulla at the medullospinal junction, 10.24 ± 1.43 mm in females, respectively, whereas the corresponding values were 15.58 ± 1.53 mm; 22.64 ± 2.35 mm; 9.37 ± 1.66 mm; 15.64 ± 1.52 mm; 11.14 ± 1.31 mm; 13.01 ± 1.30 mm; 21.97 ± 1.65 mm;13.47 ± 1.19 mm; 9.91 ± 1.35 mm in males, respectively. There were significant differences in some parameters such as pons vertical diameter, mesencephalon vertical diameter, distance between the interpeduncular fissure and aqueduct, and distance between cerebral peduncles to aqueduct between sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The brainstem dimensions of healthy population provide important and useful knowledge in terms of comparison of abnormalities clinically. These data may be valuable for the representatives of clinical disciplines.

Developmental and behavioral problems in preschool-aged primary ciliary dyskinesia patients.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) causes a broad spectrum of disease. This study aims to explore the developmental, behavioral, and social-emotional aspects of preschool-aged children with PCD. Fourteen PCD, 17 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and 15 healthy subjects were enrolled. Developmental features of the participants were evaluated with Ages and Stages Questionnaire. Parents of participants filled out the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The number of children screened positive for developmental delay was statistically higher in the PCD group. Higher numbers of children with PCD were screened positive for developmental delay in communication and problem-solving domains. Delay in fine motor skill domain was more common in children with PCD and CF compared to healthy subjects. There was no difference among the three groups in terms of gross motor and personal-social development. None of the children in all three groups was shown to have social-emotional problems. In CBCL, patients with CF had higher internalizing problem scores. Externalizing and total problem scores did not differ between the three groups. However, among PCD patients, children with developmental delay on more than one domain had higher externalizing and total problem scores.Conclusion: The current study revealed that positive screening for developmental delay is more common in preschool-aged PCD patients compared to patients with CF and healthy children. What is Known: • Intelligence scores of school-aged PCD patients are similar to healthy subjects despite their higher internalizing problem scores on Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). • School-aged PCD patients exhibit higher hyperactivity and inattention findings. What is New: • Positive screening for developmental delay in communication, problem-solving and fine motor skills is more common in preschool-aged PCD patients. • Preschool-aged PCD patients screened positive for developmental delay in more than one domain have higher externalizing and total problem scores on CBCL.

Comprehensive genotyping of Turkish women with hirsutism.

INTRODUCTION: Hirsutism is a medical sign rather than a disease affects 5-8% of women of reproductive age. Hirsutism is associated with hyperandrogenemia in most patients excluding those with idiopathic hirsutism (IH). The most common cause of hirsutism is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) followed by IH and idiopathic hyperandrogenemia (IHA); however, the clinical presentation of non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCAH) in females is often indistinguishable from other hyperandrogenic disorders with common clinical signs such as hirsutism. OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of the study is to examine the physical properties of the three genes and to make a detailed comparison of the mutations with the clinical data to contribute the etiology of hirsutism. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 122 women admitted to the Endocrinology Clinic at Erciyes University Hospital with hirsutism were enrolled in the study between 2013-2014. All the participants were clinically evaluated. Protein-encoding exons, exon-intron boundaries of CYP21A2 (including proximal promoter), CYP11B1 and HSD3B2 genes were analyzed via state-of-the-art genetic studies. RESULTS: DNA sequencing analyses revealed two homozygous and three compound heterozygous 21-hydroxylase deficient (21OHD) NCAH patients. Additionally, three novel CYP21A2 mutations (A89V, M187I and G491S) and two novel CYP11B1 mutations (V188I and G87A) were determined. The frequencies of heterozygous mutations in CYP21A2 (including promoter), CYP11B1 and HSD3B2 genes were determined as 26.5% (15% coding region, 11.5% promoter), 11.5% and 0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: 21OHD-NCAH prevalence was determined to be ~4%. Unexpectedly, high heterozygous mutation rates were observed in CYP11B1 gene and CYP21A2 promoter region. CYP11B1 and HSD3B2 deficiencies were not prevalent in Turkish women with hirsutism despite the existence of higher heterozygous mutation rate in CYP11B1.

Comparison of myotoxic effects of levobupivacaine, bupivacaine and ropivacaine: apoptotic activity and acute effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines.

We investigated the myotoxic effects of bupivacaine, ropivacaine and levobupivacaine on rat skeletal muscle and compared its apoptotic activity and acute effects on pro-nflammatory cytokines. We divided 40 Wistar albino rats into four equal groups. Rats were injected intramuscularly with 0.5% bupivacaine (group B), 0.5% ropivacaine (group R), 0.5% levobupivacaine (group L) or 0.9% normal saline (group SF). Animals were sacrificed on the second day after the injection. TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 levels were examined in muscle tissue using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Apoptotic cells were visualized by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. We found that levobupivacaine caused the lowest TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 expression levels, while the bupivacaine group caused the highest level compared to the other two agents. The greatest number of apoptotic cells was found in the bupivacaine group. Bupivacaine was more myotoxic than other anesthetic agents and increased apoptosis. The number of TUNEL positive apoptotic cells was lowest in the SF group. The greatest IL-1 immunoreactivity was found in the bupivacaine group. Bupivacaine and ropivacaine produced greater IL-6 expression than the SF group. Bupivacaine and ropivacaine caused greater TNF-α expression than the SF group, whereas the immunoreactivity of TNF-α was similar in the bupivacaine and ropivacaine groups.

Effects of agmatine sulphate on facial nerve injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of agmatine sulphate on facial nerve regeneration after facial nerve injury using electron and light microscopy. METHODS: The study was performed on 30 male Wistar albino rats split into: a control group, a sham-treated group, a study control group, an anastomosis group, and an anastomosis plus agmatine sulphate treatment group. The mandibular branch of the facial nerve was dissected, and a piece was removed for histological and electron microscopic examination. RESULTS: Regeneration was better in the anastomosis group than in the study control group. However, the best regeneration findings were seen in the agmatine sulphate treatment group. There was a significant difference between the agmatine group and the others in terms of median axon numbers (p < 0.004) and diameters (p < 0.004). CONCLUSION: Agmatine sulphate treatment with anastomosis in traumatic facial paralysis may enhance nerve regeneration.

Bethesda classification is a valuable guide for fine needle aspiration reports and highly predictive especially for diagnosing aggressive variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: A fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is the most valuable diagnostic procedure for pre-operative discrimination of benign and malignant nodules. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology provides standardised reporting and cytomorphological criteria in aspiration smears. The aim of the present study was to determine malignancy rates in nodules with different cytology results and evaluate the diagnostic value of Bethesda for variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 2534 cases with 5784 thyroid nodules, who underwent FNAB followed by surgery, were included in this study. FNAB was performed with ultrasonography guidance. Cytological diagnoses were classified as: non-diagnostic (ND), benign, atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesions of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm (FN/SFN), suspicious for malignancy (SUS) and malignant. Histopathological diagnoses were classified into four groups: benign, PTC, follicular thyroid cancer and other types of thyroid cancer (including medullary thyroid cancer, undifferentiated thyroid cancer and thyroid tumours of uncertain malignant potential). Cases with PTC were further divided into four categories: conventional variant, follicular variant, aggressive variants (tall cell, diffuse sclerosing and columnar variant) and other variants (oncocytic, solid/trabecular and warthin-like variants). FNAB results were compared with histopathological results. RESULTS: Malignancy rates were 6.3%, 3.2%, 20.7%, 33.3%, 74.2% and 95.6% in the nodules with ND, benign, AUS/FLUS, FN/SFN, SUS and malignant cytology results, respectively. Pre-operative cytology was malignant or SUS in 56.6% of conventional, 24.3% of follicular, 92% of aggressive and 41.7% of other variants of histopathologically confirmed PTC. The difference between the groups was significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The Bethesda classification is a reliable indicator of malignancy in nodules with different cytology results and seems to be very effective in predicting the malignancy for the nodules diagnosed with aggressive variant PTC on the final histological examination.

Comparing the short-term outcomes and complications of monopolar and bipolar transurethral resection of non-muscle invasive bladder cancers: a prospective, randomized, controlled study / Comparación de los resultados a corto plazo y complicaciones de la resección transuretral monopolar y bipolar de tumores vesicales no músculo-infiltrantes: estudio prospectivo, randomizado, controlado

OBJECTIVES: To compare perioperative outcomes and complications of plasmakinetic bipolar and monopolar transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). METHODS: Between March and December 2015, a total of 130 consecutive patients underwent TURBT for NMIBC. Patients were equally randomized into monopolar TURBT (M-TURBT) and bipolar TURBT (B-TURBT) groups. Primary outcome of this study was safety of the procedures including obturator jerk, bladder perforation, clot retention, febrile urinary tract infection and TUR syndrome. The secondary outcome was efficacy of both TURBT procedures, including complete tumor resection, sampling of the deep muscle tissue and sampling of the qualified tissues that without any thermal damage. RESULTS: Complete tumor resection rate was higher in B-TURBT than M-TURBT (89.2% vs 78.5%, respectively), but the difference was not significant (p = 0.152). No significant differences were found between the muscle tissue sampling rates (64.6% vs 72.3%, p = 0.345) and the numbers of patients with thermal tissue damage (7 patients vs 3 patients, p = 0.194). Obturator jerk was detected in 21.5% of the patients in M-TURBT group and 4.6% of the patients in B-TURBT group, and this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.013). Bladder perforation was significantly higher in M-TURBT group than B-TURBT (21.5 % vs 6.1%, p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS: Bipolar TURBT had significantly lower obturator jerk and bladder perforation than monopolar. B- TURBT is a reasonable treatment modality in patients with NMIBC

OBJETIVO: Comparar los resultados perioperatorios y las complicaciones de la resección transuretral bipolar plasmaquinética y monopolar de tumores vesicales en pacientes con carcinoma vesical no musculo-infiltrante (CVNMI). MÉTODOS: Entre marzo y diciembre del 2015, un total de 130 pacientes consecutivos fueron sometidos a RTU de tumor vesical por CVNMI. Los pacientes fueron randomizados por igual en los grupos de RTU monopolar (RTU-M) y RTU bipolar (RTU-B). El objetivo primario del estudio era evaluar la seguridad de la operación incluyendo la contractura del obturador, perforación vesical, retención por coágulos, infección urinaria febril y síndrome post RTU. El objetivo secundario era evaluar la eficacia de ambos procedimientos de RTU, incluyendo la resección completa del tumor, obtención de tejido muscular profundo y de los tejidos cualificados sin lesión térmica. RESULTADOS: La tasa de resección completa del tumor fue superior en el grupo de RTU-B frente al de RTU-M (89,2% vs 78,5%, respectivamente), pero la diferencia no fue significativa (p = 0,152). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las tasas de obtención de la capa muscular en las muestras (64,6% vs 72,3%, p = 0,345) ni en el número de pacientes con lesión térmica tisular (7 pacientes frente a 3 pacientes, p = 0,194). Se detectó contractura del obturador en el 21,5% de los pacientes en el grupo de RTU-M y 4,6% de los pacientes del grupo de RTU-B, y esta diferencia era estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,013). La perforación vesical fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de RTU-M frente al de RTU-B (21,5% vs 6,1%, p = 0,039). CONCLUSIONES: La RTU bipolar de tumor vesical tiene una incidencia de contractura del obturador y perforación significativamente menores que la de la monopolar. La RTU-B del tumor vesical es una modalidad de tratamiento razonable en pacientes con CVNMI

The effects of two different frequencies of whole-body vibration on knee extensors strength in healthy young volunteers: a randomized trial.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two different frequencies of whole-body vibration (WBV) training on knee extensors muscle strength in healthy young volunteers. Twenty-two eligible healthy untrained young women aged 22-31 years were allocated randomly to the 30-Hz (n=11) and 50-Hz (n=11) groups. They participated in a supervised WBV training program that consisted of 24 sessions on a synchronous vertical vibration platform (peak-to-peak displacement: 2-4 mm; type of exercises: semi-squat, one-legged squat, and lunge positions on right leg; set numbers: 2-24) three times per week for 8 weeks. Isometric and dynamic strength of the knee extensors were measured prior to and at the end of the 8-week training. In the 30-Hz group, there was a significant increase in the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (p=0.039) and the concentric peak torque (p=0.018) of knee extensors and these changes were significant (p<0.05) compared with the 50-Hz group. In addition, the eccentric peak torque of knee extensors was increased significantly in both groups (p<0.05); however, there was no significant difference between the two groups (p=0.873). We concluded that 8 weeks WBV training in 30 Hz was more effective than 50 Hz to increase the isometric contraction and dynamic strength of knee extensors as measured using peak concentric torque and equally effective with 50 Hz in improving eccentric torque of knee extensors in healthy young untrained women.