ABSTRACT
The disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL) is an optical coherence tomography (OCT) biomarker strictly associated with visual outcomes in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) whose pathophysiology is still unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize in vivo, using retinal imaging and liquid biopsy, DRIL in eyes with DME. This was an observational cross-sectional study. Patients affected by center-involved DME were enrolled. All patients underwent spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and proteomic analysis of aqueous humor (AH). The presence of DRIL at OCT was analyzed by two masked retinal experts. Fifty-seven biochemical biomarkers were analyzed from AH samples. Nineteen eyes of nineteen DME patients were enrolled. DRIL was present in 10 patients (52.63%). No statistically significant difference was found between DME eyes with and without DRIL, considering the AH concentration of all the analyzed biomarkers except for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a biomarker of Müller cells dysfunction (p = 0.02). In conclusion, DRIL, in DME eyes, seems to strictly depend on a major dysfunction of Müller cells, explaining its role not only as imaging biomarker, but also as visual function Müller cells-related parameter.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus , Diabetic Retinopathy , Macular Edema , Humans , Macular Edema/diagnostic imaging , Macular Edema/pathology , Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Ependymoglial Cells/pathology , Proteomics , Retrospective Studies , Visual Acuity , Fluorescein Angiography/methods , Retina/pathology , Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods , Biomarkers , Diabetes Mellitus/pathologyABSTRACT
The study retraces the healthcare pathway of patients affected by diabetic macular edema (DME) through the direct voice of patients and caregivers by using a "patient journey" and narrative method approach. The mapping of the patient's journey was developed by a multidisciplinary board of health professionals and involved four Italian retina centers. DME patients on intravitreal injection therapy and caregivers were interviewed according to the narrative medicine approach. Narratives were analyzed through a quali-quantitative tool, as set by the narrative medicine method. The study involved four specialized retina centers in Italy and collected a total of 106 narratives, 82 from DME patients and 24 from caregivers. The narratives reported their difficulty in identifying the correct pathway of care because of a limited awareness of diabetes and its complications. Patients experienced reduced autonomy due to ocular complications. In the treatment of diabetes and its complications, a multidisciplinary approach currently appears to be missing. DME reduces the quality of life of affected patients. The narrative medicine approach offers qualitative and emotional patient-guided information. The patient journey provides all of those involved in the management of DME with flowcharts to refer to, identifying the critical points in the healthcare journey of DME patients to improve the management of the disease.
