Spatiotemporal association between the mite Brevipalpus yothersi and Citrus leprosis virus C in orange orchards.

Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) is an economically important pathogen and the main causative agent of leprosis disease in citrus orchards. The main vector of this disease, the mite Brevipalpus yothersi, is widely distributed in Mexican orchards on a wide range of citrus species. Despite the importance of both the virus and the mite, field studies recording their occurrence and co-occurrence are practically non-existent. We systematically sampled orange orchards for both CiLV-C and B. yothersi throughout the year. The distribution of the CiLV-C and B. yothersi was evaluated on each sampling occasion and their spatiotemporal associations were determined. Specifically, 100-112 orange trees, distributed in 18 rows (five or six trees per row), were sampled monthly between March 2017 and February 2018 (11 sampling dates). Twenty leaves per tree were sampled on each occasion. The number of mites per tree and the percentage of leaves per tree with disease symptoms were recorded. On each sampling occasion, spatiotemporal associations between mites and disease were determined using the Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices (SADIE) method. CiLV-C and B. yothersi were identified using molecular methods. Throughout the study, the distribution of CiLV-C was aggregated and the distribution of B. yothersi was random. No association was found between the virus and the mite on any of the sampling dates. In total, 173 mites were collected, but only 43 mites were found to be carrying CiLV-C. The reason for this lack of association between the virus and the mite, as well as the impact of our findings on the epidemiology of the disease in orange orchards, are discussed.

Vivencias cotidianas en espacios clínicos del estudiante de enfermería / Nursing students' daily experiences in clinical spaces / Vivências cotidianas em espaços clínicos do estudante de enfermagem

Objetivo: Comprender las vivencias cotidianas en espacios clínicos del estudiante de enfermería. Métodos: Es un estudio cualitativo con método fenomenológico, se recolectó la información a través de 8 entrevistas a profundidad, a estudiantes de 4.o año de la Licenciatura en Enfermería de la Escuela Superior de Enfermería Culiacán, México. Tras obtener el consentimiento se les informó individualmente del estudio y su desarrollo, respetando la confidencialidad y la veracidad de los datos. El análisis de discurso permitió señalar conceptos significativos y asignar códigos para generar categorías. La validación de los resultados fueron credibilidad, confirmabilidad y transferibilidad. Resultados: Se trata de resultados preliminares, se presenta el análisis de la primera categoría, 1) Significados del espacio clínico, con 3 subcategorías: 1.1 satisfacción en espacios clínicos, 1.2 aprendizajes en espacios clínicos, y 1.3 figura simbólica en espacios clínicos. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes manifestaron satisfacción y agrado porque van motivados a aprender y realizan actividades novedosas en los espacios clínicos. Además la enfermera del servicio simboliza el apoyo y enseñanza en los escenarios clínicos. Sin embargo, al referirse a los cuidados que realizan, estos aprendizajes están enfocados, como se ha señalado, a espacios planificados, fragmentados, basados en técnicas y procedimientos, como toma de signos vitales, tendido de cama y administración de medicamentos.

Objective: To comprehend the daily experiences of nursing students in their clinical spaces. Method: This is a qualitative study using a phenomenological method. Data were collected through 8 in-depth interviews to senior students enrolled in the Nursing Baccalaureate at the Nursing Superior School, Culiacan, Mexico. After gathering their corresponding informed consents, students were individually updated on the study development, always respecting the data confidentiality and veracity. The discourse analysis allowed to identify significant concepts, and assign them codes to form categories. The validation of the results included credibility, confirmability, and transferability. Results: Preliminary results refer to the analysis of the first category, 1) meanings of the clinical space, with its three sub-categories: 1.1: satisfaction in the clinical spaces, 1.2: learning in the clinical spaces, and 1.3: symbolical figure in the clinical spaces. Conclusions: Students expressed satisfaction and comfort because they go motivated to learn, and they perform novel activities in the clinical spaces. Also, the service nurse is a symbol of support and teaching within the clinical spaces. Nevertheless, while addressing their care duties, students stated that this learning is focused on planned and fragmented spaces and based on techniques and procedures such as vital signs readings, making beds, and medication dispensing.

Objetivo: Compreender as vivencias cotidianas em espaços clínicos do estudante de enfermagem. Métodos: É um estudo qualitativo com método fenomenológico, coletou-se a informação a través de 8 entrevistas a profundidade, a estudantes de 4° ano da Licenciatura em enfermagem da Escola Superior de Enfermagem Culiacán, México. Depois de obter o consentimento foram informados individualmente do estúdio e seu desenvolvimento, respeitando a confidencialidade e a veracidade 2 dados. A análise de discurso permitiu assinalar conceitos significativos, atribuir códigos para gerar categorias. A validação dos resultados foram credibilidade, confirmabilidade e transferibilidade. Resultados: Trata-se de resultados preliminares, apresenta-se a análise da primeira categoria, 1) Significados do espaço clínico, com três subcategorias: 1.1 satisfação em espaços clínicos, 1.2 aprendizagens em espaços clínicos, 1.3 figura simbólica em espaços clínicos. Conclusões: Os estudantes manifestaram satisfação e agrado porque estão motivados a aprender e realizam atividades inovadoras nos espaços clínicos. Além disso, a enfermeira de serviço simboliza o apoio e o ensino nos cenários clínicos. Porém, ao se referir aos cuidados que realizam, estes aprendizados estão focalizados, como se tem assinalado, aos espaços planificados, fragmentados, baseados em técnicas e procedimentos, como a toma de sinais vitais, o estendido de cama, a administração de medicamentos.

Population Growth and Characterization of Plant Injuries of Steneotarsonemus spinki Smiley (Acari: Tarsonemidae) on Rice.

Rice is attacked by Steneotarsonemus spinki Smiley, a mite that has dispersed throughout many countries causing important loss on rice production. Rice plants of the variety Morelos A-92 were infested with S. spinki, and its population growth was estimated along plant development. Further, the morphological and histological injuries associated to the mite attack were characterized. The highest infestation level was obtained 13 weeks after plant infestation, with an average of 58.5 mites per plant, predominantly females. Morphological injuries were categorized from level 0 (no injuries from uninfested plants) to level 3, characterized by the highest injuries represented by blotches on the adaxial epidermis of the leaf sheath and on panicles and grains. Plants ranked within levels 0, 1, and 2 for morphological injury did not exhibit clear histological injuries, while those at level 3 exhibited histological injury characterized by destruction of cells of the adaxial epidermis, disorder, color change, and hypertrophy in the mesophyll cells, as well as color change in the abaxial epidermis. Thus, it presented a significant correlation between morphological injuries and mite density level, which can be further adopted to help the control decision-making process for this mite on rice.

First Report of Leaf Rust of Blueberry Caused by Thekopsora minima in Mexico.

Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) is becoming an important crop in the states of Jalisco and Michoacan in Mexico. Leaf rust, a disease causing extensive defoliation on plants with severe infections, was observed in the autumn of 2007 and it has become one of the most significant diseases of blueberry in these states. Symptoms on the upper surfaces of leaves appear as small, yellow spots that later turn necrotic as they enlarge and coalesce and eventually cover large areas of individual leaves. On the undersides of leaves, small flecks surrounded by small water-soaked halos appear, turn yellow, and produce powdery sori that are uredinia with urediniospores. Uredinia were hypophyllous, scattered to gregarious and at times superficially appearing confluent, up to about 300 µm in diameter, dome shaped and peridium hemispherical in cross section, orangish, becoming pulverulent, lacking obviously enlarged, well-differentiated ostiolar cells. Urediniospores were subglobose, obovate, oblong or ellipsoid, 17.6 to 27.2 × 12.8 to 17.6 µm, with hyaline, echinulate walls that are 1.2 to 1.8 µm thick, and with yellow-to-hyaline contents. Telia were not observed. On the basis of uredinial morphology (3,4), the rust was identified as Thekopsora minima P. Syd. & Syd. To distinguish this rust from other rust species causing disease on Vaccinium (2,3), a 1,414-bp region consisting of ITS2 and the 5' end of the 28S was amplified with primers Rust2inv/LR6 from uredinial lesions on infected leaves of V. corymbosum 'Biloxi' and sequenced (BPI 880580; GenBank Accession No. HM439777) (1). Results of a BLAST search of GenBank found 100% (1,414 of 1,414) identity to T. minima (GenBank Accession No. GU355675) from South Africa (3). Pathogenicity tests were completed as follows: (i) during the autumn of 2009, rusted leaves of cvs. Biloxi and Sharpblue were collected from the field; (ii) mature leaves from healthy plants of both blueberry cultivars were surface disinfested with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min and rinsed with sterile distilled water; (iii) fresh urediniospores from rusted leaves were brushed directly onto the undersides of disinfested detached leaves; (iv) to avoid drying, wet cotton balls were placed on the petioles of inoculated leaves that were subsequently placed in resealable plastic bags; and (v) leaves were then incubated in a growth chamber at 22°C with a 12-h photoperiod. For each cultivar, 20 leaves were inoculated and five uninoculated leaves were included as controls and the test was repeated once. Yellow uredinia were observed 13 and 10 days after inoculation in cvs. Biloxi and Sharpblue, respectively. Leaf symptoms and uredinial characters were the same as observed previously in the field. To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. minima in Mexico. This report is significant for growers who need a diagnosis to control the disease and for breeders and plant pathologists who should consider developing more resistant cultivars. References: (1) M. C. Aime. Mycoscience 47:112, 2006. (2) F. L. Caruso and D. C. Ramsdell, eds. Compendium of Blueberry and Cranberry Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1995. (3) L. Mostert et al. Plant Dis. 94:478, 2010. (4) P. Sydow and H. Sydow. Monographia Uredinearum. Vol. III. Fratres Borntraeger, Leipzig, Germany, 1915.

Mutant p53 protein in serum could be used as a molecular marker in human breast cancer.

p53 wild-type is a tumor suppressor gene involved in DNA gene transcription or DNA repair mechanisms. When damage to DNA is unrepairable, p53 induces programmed cell death (apoptosis). The mutant p53 gene is the most frequent molecular alteration in human cancer, including breast cancer. Here, we analyzed the genetic alterations in p53 oncogene expression in 55 patients with breast cancer at different stages and in 8 normal women. We measured by ELISA assay the serum levels of p53 mutant protein and p53 antibodies. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR using specific p53 primers as well as mutation detection by DNA sequencing were also evaluated in breast tumor tissue. Serological p53 antibody analysis detected 0/8 (0%), 0/4 (0%) and 9/55 (16.36%) positive cases in normal women, in patients with benign breast disease and in breast carcinoma, respectively. We found positive p53 mutant in the sera of 0/8 (0.0%) normal women, 0/4 (0%) with benign breast disease and 29/55 (52.72%) with breast carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry evaluation was positive in 29/55 (52.73%) with mammary carcinoma and 0/4 (0%) with benign breast disease. A very good correlation between p53 mutant protein detected in serum and p53 accumulation by immunohistochemistry (83.3% positive in both assays) was found in this study. These data suggest that detection of mutated p53 could be a useful serological marker for diagnostic purposes.

[Bact-Alert automatized system for blood cultures: 5 vs 7 days of incubation. First Argentine multicentre study]. / Sistema automatizado de hemocultivos Bact-Alert: 5 vs 7 dias de incubación. Primer estudio multicéntrico argentino.

Bact-Alert automatized system for blood cultures: 5 vs 7 days of incubation. First Argentine multicentre study. Between January and December 2001, we analyzed 80,141 blood cultures by the Bact-Alert system (14,960 FAN aerobics, 3,855 FAN anaerobic, 11,114 standards aerobics, 11,367 standards anaerobic, 12,054 pediatrics and 26,791 FAN pediatrics bottles) and 44.235 series from 27.615 patients at eight hospitals of Buenos Aires city, one of La Plata city and three of the Buenos Aires province. A total of 13,657 blood cultures yielded a positive result. Only 181 of them had been detected as positive between the 5th and 7th day of incubation and only 26 (0.19%) had clinical significance (Staphylococcus aureus 3; coagulase negative staphylococci 2; Enterococcus faecalis 1; Streptococcus pneumoniae 2; Campylobacter spp 1; Escherichia coli 1; Enterobacter cloacae 1; Enterobacteraerogenes 1; Citrobacter freundii 1; Klebsiella pneumoniae 1; Proteus mirabilis 1; Serratia marcescens 4; yeasts 7, including one strain of Cryptococcus neoformans). Of the total of contaminants, 38% were isolated by the anaerobic standard (65% were Propionibacterium spp and 29% coagulase negative staphylococci), 31.2% by the FAN aerobic (33.3% difphteroids and 28.9% Bacillus spp), 11.8% by the pediatric, 9% by FAN pediatric, 8.33% by aerobic standard and 1.4% by FAN anaerobic bottle. Our results show that the prolonged incubation of blood cultures for more than 5 days using the Bact-Alert system is unnecessary.

Sistema automatizado de hemocultivos Bact-Alert: 5 vs 7 dias de incubación. Primer estudio multicéntrico argentino / [Bact-Alert automatized system for blood cultures: 5 vs 7 days of incubation. First Argentine multicentre study]

Bact-Alert automatized system for blood cultures: 5 vs 7 days of incubation. First Argentine multicentre study. Between January and December 2001, we analyzed 80,141 blood cultures by the Bact-Alert system (14,960 FAN aerobics, 3,855 FAN anaerobic, 11,114 standards aerobics, 11,367 standards anaerobic, 12,054 pediatrics and 26,791 FAN pediatrics bottles) and 44.235 series from 27.615 patients at eight hospitals of Buenos Aires city, one of La Plata city and three of the Buenos Aires province. A total of 13,657 blood cultures yielded a positive result. Only 181 of them had been detected as positive between the 5th and 7th day of incubation and only 26 (0.19

) had clinical significance (Staphylococcus aureus 3; coagulase negative staphylococci 2; Enterococcus faecalis 1; Streptococcus pneumoniae 2; Campylobacter spp 1; Escherichia coli 1; Enterobacter cloacae 1; Enterobacteraerogenes 1; Citrobacter freundii 1; Klebsiella pneumoniae 1; Proteus mirabilis 1; Serratia marcescens 4; yeasts 7, including one strain of Cryptococcus neoformans). Of the total of contaminants, 38

were isolated by the anaerobic standard (65

were Propionibacterium spp and 29

by the FAN aerobic (33.3

difphteroids and 28.9

by the pediatric, 9

by aerobic standard and 1.4

by FAN anaerobic bottle. Our results show that the prolonged incubation of blood cultures for more than 5 days using the Bact-Alert system is unnecessary.

High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in healthy elderly people living at home in Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nutritional status of vitamin D in urban populations of healthy elderly people living at home, in different regions of Argentina. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: In total, 386 ambulatory subjects over 65 y of age from seven cities (between latitude 26 degrees S and 55 degrees S) were asked to participate between the end of winter and the beginning of spring. Of these, 369 accepted, 30 were excluded because of medical history or abnormal biochemical determinations. Finally, 339 subjects (226 women and 113 men) (X+/-s.d.) (71.3+/- 5.2 y) were included. RESULTS: Serum 25OHD levels were lowest in the South (latitude range: 41 degrees S-55 degrees S): 14.2+/-5.6 ng/ml (P<0.0001vs North and Mid regions); highest in the North (26 degrees S-27 degrees S): 20.7+/-7.4 ng/ml (P<0.03 vs Mid, P<0.0001vs South); and intermediate in the Mid region (33 degrees S-34 degrees S) 17.9+/-8.2 ng/ml. Serum mid-molecule PTH (mmPTH) and 25OHD were inversely related: (r=-0.24, P<0.001). A cutoff level of 25OHD at which serum mmPTH levels began to increase was established at 27 ng/ml. A high prevalence (87-52%) of subjects with 25OHD levels in the deficiency-insufficiency range (25OHD levels <20 ng/ml) was detected. CONCLUSION: This study shows that vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency in the elderly is a worldwide problem. Correction of this deficit would have a positive impact on bone health of elderly people.

Sistema automatizado de hemocultivos Bact-Alert: 5 vs 7 dias de incubación. Primer estudio multicéntrico argentino. / [Bact-Alert automatized system for blood cultures: 5 vs 7 days of incubation. First Argentine multicentre study]

Bact-Alert automatized system for blood cultures: 5 vs 7 days of incubation. First Argentine multicentre study. Between January and December 2001, we analyzed 80,141 blood cultures by the Bact-Alert system (14,960 FAN aerobics, 3,855 FAN anaerobic, 11,114 standards aerobics, 11,367 standards anaerobic, 12,054 pediatrics and 26,791 FAN pediatrics bottles) and 44.235 series from 27.615 patients at eight hospitals of Buenos Aires city, one of La Plata city and three of the Buenos Aires province. A total of 13,657 blood cultures yielded a positive result. Only 181 of them had been detected as positive between the 5th and 7th day of incubation and only 26 (0.19

) had clinical significance (Staphylococcus aureus 3; coagulase negative staphylococci 2; Enterococcus faecalis 1; Streptococcus pneumoniae 2; Campylobacter spp 1; Escherichia coli 1; Enterobacter cloacae 1; Enterobacteraerogenes 1; Citrobacter freundii 1; Klebsiella pneumoniae 1; Proteus mirabilis 1; Serratia marcescens 4; yeasts 7, including one strain of Cryptococcus neoformans). Of the total of contaminants, 38

were isolated by the anaerobic standard (65

were Propionibacterium spp and 29

coagulase negative staphylococci), 31.2

by the FAN aerobic (33.3

difphteroids and 28.9

Bacillus spp), 11.8

by the pediatric, 9

by FAN pediatric, 8.33

by aerobic standard and 1.4

by FAN anaerobic bottle. Our results show that the prolonged incubation of blood cultures for more than 5 days using the Bact-Alert system is unnecessary.

Evaluación de la transmisión vertical de Bartonella bacilliformis en Lutzomyia Verrucarum (Diptera: Psychodidae) / Bartonella bacilliformes vertical transmision assessment in Lutzomyia Verrucarum (Dipteria: Psychodidae)

Objetivos: Identificar la existencia de transmisión vertical de Bartonella bacilliformis en Lutzomyia verrucarum. Materiales y métodos: En este estudio experimental, se realizó la crianza individual y masiva (Tº 22º C mas menos 2º C humedad relativa: 80 por ciento mas menos 5 por ciento) de Lutzomyia verrucarum en el laboratorio de Entomología del Centro de Investigaciones del Hospital de Caraz (Ancash-Perú). Con la finalidad de lograr la infección de las hembras se procedió a alimentarlas con sangre infectada obtenida por estas directamente al picar la piel de pacientes con bartonelosis aguda frotis positivo. Las hembras, luego de poner sus huevos, fueron evaluadas a través de la prueba de PCR para Bartonella baciliformis. Resultados: 13 de 18 (72.2 por ciento) hembras alimentadas con sangre infectada con bacteremia al 3 por ciento lograron poner huevos y de éstas ninguna resultó ser positiva al PCR. 12 de 54 (22.2 por ciento) hembras alimentadas con sangre infectada con bacteremia al 80 por ciento ovipusieron y de éstas sólo una (8.3 por ciento) resultó ser positiva al PCR. Ninguno de los descendientes adultos de esta hembra resultó positivo al PCR. Conclusiones: El bajo porcentaje de infección por Bartonella baciliformis encontrado en hembras oviponedoras no permitió determinar la existencia de transmisión vertical de Bartonella baciliformis en Lutzomyia Verrucarum.

Objectives: To determine vertical transmisión of Bartonella baciliformis in Lutzomyia Verrucarum. Materials and methods: In this study, we performed individual and massive breeding (Tº 22 mas menos 2º C, relative humidity: 80 mas menos 5 percentage) of Lutzomyia Verrucarum at the entomology laboratory in Caraz Hospital (Ancash-Perú). In order to infect female mosquitoes, we fed them with blood from patients with positive-smear acute bartonellosis. Female mosquitoes were assessed after they laid their eggs, using a PCR test for Bartonella baciliformis. Results: Thirteen of 18 (72.2 percentage) females fed with infected blood with 3 percentage bacteremia laid their eggs, and none of them was PCR positive. Twelve of 54 (22.2 percentage) females fed with infected blood, with 80 percentage bacteremia laid their eggs, and only one (8.3 percentage) was PCR positive. No adult offspring of this female was PCR positive. Conclusions: The low rate of Bartonella baciliformis infection in female mosquitoes laying their eggs did not show the existence of vertical transmission of Bartonella baciliformis in Lutzomyia Verrucarum.

Laboratory evaluation of Vectobac as against Aedes aegypti in Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.

Intensive use of the organophosphate insecticide malathion against adults and temephos against larvae of Aedes aegypti in Mexico over the past 30 years has led to problems requiring the use of new larvicides. Toward this objective, Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti), a target-specific and environmentally safer control agent, was evaluated. Laboratory bioassays were done to determine the susceptibility of 2nd- and 3rd-stage larvae of Ae. aegypti to Vectobac 12 AS (aqueous suspension, 600 ITU/mg). A median lethal concentration of 0.0104 ppm and a 95% lethal concentration of 0.18 ppm were determined after 24 h of exposure to the agent. The values obtained were adjusted for field application and were further tested in the field by the State of Nuevo León, Mexico Vector Control Program. Suspensions of Bti were poured into pipe-water trucks and transferred to domestic 200-gal metal water drums. Larval populations were reduced during a 2-week study period. However, residents complained about a fine dusty film on the water surface. Nevertheless, these results are promising for future Bti field applications.

[Is illegal abortion a secure procedure? A case report]. / Es el aborto ilegal un procedimiento seguro? Presentación de un caso.

Woman with illegal abortion presenting bleeding and shock secondary to hypovolemia and sepsis. In the laparotomy there is no uterine perforation and the patient develops disseminated coagulation. The patient is taken to the operating room and bleeding stops. She receives more fluids than necessary and develops pulmonary edema. 48 hours after she develops shock secondary to tamponade and disappears with pericardiocentesis. A month and a half later she goes to the hospital because of ileus secondary to blood in peritoneo of an ovary cyst. Many pathologies and iatrogenesis characterized this case report.

Peripheral corneal endotheliopathy and pars planitis.

A peripheral corneal endotheliopathy (PCE), named autoimmune endotheliopathy was described in association with corneal graft rejection and as an isolated corneal alteration unrelated to surgery, trauma, or infection. It has also been found in patients with pars planitis (PP), but the significance of this association is unknown. The authors retrospectively reviewed the clinical charts of 53 PP patients (106 eyes) examined at the Uveitis Clinic from 1988 to 1993. Special attention was paid to the description of corneal clinical findings. PCE was found in 18.8+ of the eyes, and of these, 70+ showed bilateral involvement. The presence of PCE was not related to PP severity, but PCE was more frequently seen in younger patients. This descriptive study shows that identification of PCE may aid in the diagnosis of childhood PP.

Antecedentes perinatales en trisomía 18 / Perinatal antecedents in trisomy 18

La T:18 tiene una incidencia de uno en 3000 a uno en 8000 RN vivos. Muchos se pierden como AE o MN. Los RN afectados tienen una pobre sobrevida. Se revisan los antecedentes clínicos de 32 RN vivos con T:18, nacidos entre los años 1980 y 1994, enviados a nuestro Laboratorio para estudio cromosómico. El objetivo es describir algunas características de la gestación, parto y período de RN y lactante. El promedio de edad materna fue significativamente mas alto que el de la población general. De los RN vivos la mayoría fueron de sexo femenino. Los antecedentes prenatales más comunes fueron: PHA, RCIU, onfalocele; síntomas de aborto o parto prematuro. Más del 50 por ciento nacieron por cesárea. Tenían presentación podálica cuatro de seis. El Apgar al minuto fue bajo tres en más del 50 por ciento de los RN vivos. Trece de 21 fueron prematuros y 50 por ciento fueron (PEG). Las malformaciones más frecuentes fueron las cardíacas, las gastrointestinales y las genitourinarias. La sobrevida promedio fue de 52 días. Damos énfasis en la importancia del diagnóstico temprano de la T:18 para que de este modo los padres y neonatólogos tomen las decisiones adecuadas en relación al manejo

Steroid receptors and heat-shock proteins in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.

Primary biliary cirrhosis has a definite female preponderance. Increased estrogen levels have been found in patients with this disease; however no studies indicate the status of sex hormone steroid receptors in primary biliary cirrhosis patients. In this study the occurrence and distribution of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors and androgen receptors in liver biopsy specimens from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis were examined and compared with these receptors in the normal liver. In addition, three heat-shock proteins associated with steroid receptors (90 kD, 70 kD and 27 kD) were examined. All of the receptor proteins were detected on immunocytochemical study using specific receptor antibodies; monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies were also used to detect the heat-shock proteins. Normal bile duct epithelial cells displayed low-to-moderate amount of estrogen receptors and abundant 90- kD, 70- kD and 27-kD heat-shock protein expression, whereas normal hepatocytes showed moderate estrogen receptor and 90-kD heat-shock protein and high 70-kD heat-shock protein expression. Expression of 70-kD heat-shock protein was due mainly to the constitutive form of this protein (hsc72). In patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, significant increases in estrogen receptor and 90-kD heat-shock protein content were seen in bile duct cells and in hepatocytes. Levels of 27-kD heat-shock protein were also increased in some of the primary biliary cirrhosis biopsy specimens. The expression of progesterone receptor and androgen receptor was very low in normal and primary biliary cirrhosis bile duct cells and hepatocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Endoscopic papillotomy and extraction of bile duct calculi in patients with gallbladder in situ and cholelithiasis]. / Papilotomía endoscópica y extracción de cálculos de la vía biliar en pacientes con vesícula in situ y colelitiasis.

Cholecystectomy with surgical papillotomy is a prolonged procedure with significant morbidity and mortality. In patient stay is usually extended. Occasionally the bad general conditions and the advanced age of the patients contraindicate surgical procedures. Eventually, the drainage of the biliary ducts is inevitable. For this reason, since 1983, we are performing the endoscopic papillotomy and extraction of stones from the bile duct in patients with choledocholithiasis and cholelithiasis. Cholecystectomy was performed only in cases with real necessity. Ninety one patients, 26 men and 65 women, between 25 and 82 years, have been submitted to this procedure in our department. Cholecystectomy was performed in 52 cases after 24 to 72 hours post-papillotomy. Due to acute cholecystitis 12 patients had to be operated after a period of 2 months to 2 years. No cholecystectomy was performed in 27 patients, they are still asymptomatic. Then were no mortality related to the method.

The disposition of nifurtimox in the rat isolated perfused liver: effect of dose size.

The disposition of nifurtimox was studied in the rat isolated perfused liver using a recirculating system. The drug was administered as a bolus (5.0, 15.0 or 30.0 micrograms mL-1), and its disappearance was monitored by analysing perfusate samples. In all experiments perfusate disappearance was monoexponential, and no significant difference was found between the three doses for the elimination constant (0.016, 0.011 and 0.012 min-1, respectively), half-life (46.6, 65.8 and 66.8 min, respectively), extraction rate (0.128, 0.091 and 0.099, respectively) and distribution volume (41.1, 47.3 and 30.7 mL g-1, respectively). At 30 micrograms mL-1 the hepatic clearance was lower than the other concentrations of nifurtimox (0.66, 0.51 and 0.34 mL min-1 g-1, respectively). Relatively little parent drug was recovered from the liver at the end of the perfusions. In summary, nifurtimox is cleared slowly from the rat isolated perfused liver, is poorly extracted by hepatocyte cells and is completely metabolized from 2 to 4 h after perfusion.

Papilotomía endoscópica y extracción de cálculos de la vía biliar en pacientes con vesícula in situ y colelitiasis / Endoscopic papillotomy and extraction of bile ducts calculi in patients with gallbladder in situ and cholelithiasis

La colecistectomía con papilotomía quirúrgica es una operación prolongada y con una morbi-mortalidad a veces importante. La estadía hospitalaria es generalmente prolongada. En ocasiones el mal estado general y la edad avanzada de los enfermos contraindica la operación. Eventualmente el drenaje de la vía biliar es imperioso. Por esta razón desde 1.980 preconizamos realizar en aquellos enfermos con colelitiasis y coledocolitiasis una papilotomía endoscópica y extracción de la litiasis coledociana y colecistectomía. Hemos realizado este procedimiento en 91 pacientes, 26 hombres y 65 mujeres, cuya edad osciló entre los 25 y 82 años. 73 tenían ictericia y 18 no. En 52 práctico colecostectomía entre las 24 y 72 hs post-papilotomía. 12 fueron operados luego de un lapso de 2 meses a 2 años por presentar una colecistitis aguda. 27 no han sido colecistectomizados y permanecen asintomáticos. No hubo mortalidad inherente al procedimiento

Papilotomía endoscópica y extracción de cálculos de la vía biliar en pacientes con vesícula in situ y colelitiasis. / [Endoscopic papillotomy and extraction of bile duct calculi in patients with gallbladder in situ and cholelithiasis]

Cholecystectomy with surgical papillotomy is a prolonged procedure with significant morbidity and mortality. In patient stay is usually extended. Occasionally the bad general conditions and the advanced age of the patients contraindicate surgical procedures. Eventually, the drainage of the biliary ducts is inevitable. For this reason, since 1983, we are performing the endoscopic papillotomy and extraction of stones from the bile duct in patients with choledocholithiasis and cholelithiasis. Cholecystectomy was performed only in cases with real necessity. Ninety one patients, 26 men and 65 women, between 25 and 82 years, have been submitted to this procedure in our department. Cholecystectomy was performed in 52 cases after 24 to 72 hours post-papillotomy. Due to acute cholecystitis 12 patients had to be operated after a period of 2 months to 2 years. No cholecystectomy was performed in 27 patients, they are still asymptomatic. Then were no mortality related to the method.

Papilotomía endoscópica y extracción de cálculos de la vía biliar en pacientes con vesícula in situ y colelitiasis / Endoscopic papillotomy and extraction of bile ducts calculi in patients with gallbladder in situ and cholelithiasis

La colecistectomía con papilotomía quirúrgica es una operación prolongada y con una morbi-mortalidad a veces importante. La estadía hospitalaria es generalmente prolongada. En ocasiones el mal estado general y la edad avanzada de los enfermos contraindica la operación. Eventualmente el drenaje de la vía biliar es imperioso. Por esta razón desde 1.980 preconizamos realizar en aquellos enfermos con colelitiasis y coledocolitiasis una papilotomía endoscópica y extracción de la litiasis coledociana y colecistectomía. Hemos realizado este procedimiento en 91 pacientes, 26 hombres y 65 mujeres, cuya edad osciló entre los 25 y 82 años. 73 tenían ictericia y 18 no. En 52 práctico colecostectomía entre las 24 y 72 hs post-papilotomía. 12 fueron operados luego de un lapso de 2 meses a 2 años por presentar una colecistitis aguda. 27 no han sido colecistectomizados y permanecen asintomáticos. No hubo mortalidad inherente al procedimiento (AU)