ABSTRACT
En los últimos años han aumentado los estudios científicos que evalúan procesos psicológicos y sociales en aficionados al deporte, destacando aquellos relacionados con las agresiones y el comportamiento antisocial. Dos de los constructos clave para entender la violencia entre aficionados deportivos son la identificación grupal y la desconexión moral. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue la adaptación de los instrumentos Identification with a Psychological Group Scale y del Moral Disengagement in Sport Scale al español, en una muestra de 400 aficionados a diversas modalidades deportivas. Para ambos cuestionarios se realizaron los siguientes análisis de datos: análisis factoriales confirmatorios, análisis de fiabilidad mediante el cálculo de a de Cronbach y la fiabilidad compuesta, así como análisis de invarianza de los modelos de medida en función de si los participantes eran aficionados al fútbol u a otra modalidad deportiva. Las respuestas a los ítems mostraron buenas propiedades psicométricas para dos modelos unifactoriales, de nueve ítems en el caso de la identificación grupal y siete ítems para desconexión moral. Ambas adaptaciones presentaron buenos indicadores de fiabilidad en ambas perspectivas, y de homogeneidad de los modelos de medida en función del moderador multigrupal. Las adaptaciones resultaron satisfactorias y permiten evaluar de forma breve dos constructos clave en la comprensión de los procesos psicológicos y sociales de violencia y comportamiento antisocial en el deporte. (AU)
In recent years, scientific studies evaluating psychological and social processes in sports fans have increased, highlighting those related to aggression andantisocial behaviour. Two of the key constructs to understand violence among sports fans are group identification and moral disengagement. The objective of this research is the adaptation of the Identification with a Psychological Group Scale and the Moral Disengagement in Sport Scale to Spanish, in a sample of 400 sports fans of various sports modalities. The following data analyses were performed for both questionnaires: confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis by calculating Cronbach's aand composite reliability, as well as invariance analysis of the measurement models depending on whether the participants were soccer fans or to another sports modality. The responses to the items showed good psychometric properties for two unifactorial models,with nine items in the case of group identification and seven items for moral disengagement. Both adaptations presented good reliability indicators in both perspectives, and of homogeneity of the measurement models based on the multigroup moderator. The adaptations were satisfactory and allow a brief evaluation of two key constructs in understanding the psychological and social processes of violence and antisocial behaviour in sport. (AU)
Nos últimos anos, aumentaram os estudos científicos que avaliam processos psicológicos e sociais em seguidores esportivos, destacando-se aqueles relacionados à agressividade e ao comportamento antissocial. Dois dos construtos-chave para entender a violência entre torcedores são a identificação com o grupo e o desengajamento moral. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi a adaptação para o espanhol dos instrumentos Identification with a Psychological Group Scale e Moral Disengagement in Sport Scale, em uma amostra de 400 seguidores de diversas modalidades esportivas. Para ambos os questionários foram realizadas as seguintes análises de dados: análise fatorial confirmatória, análise de confiabilidade por cálculo de Cronbach ae confiabilidade composta, bem como análise de invariância dos modelos de medição dependendo se os participantes eram seguidores de futebol ou de outra modalidade esportiva. As respostas aos itens apresentaram boas propriedades psicométricas para dois modelos unifatoriais, comnove itens no caso de identificação grupal e sete itens para desengajamento moral. Ambas as adaptações apresentaram bons indicadores de confiabilidade em ambas as perspectivas e de homogeneidade dos modelos de mensuração baseados no moderador multigrupo. As adaptações foram satisfatórias e permitem uma breve avaliação de dois construtos fundamentais na compreensão dos processos psicológicos e sociais da violência e do comportamento antissocial no esporte. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Sports , Morals , Spain , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The evaluation of psychological skills by athletes and their relationship with sports performance and satisfaction has been of great interest in recent decades. Likewise, there has been an emergent tendency to focus on developing specific psychological skills for each sport. The principal aim of this study was to determine the frequency with which athletes deploy psychological skills whilst competing and whether their frequency varies in accordance with the technical, tactical and physical characteristics of the sport in question. A further objective was to establish the connection between the frequency of use of psychological skills and athletes' degree of satisfaction with their performance. METHODS: The study comprised 1003 athletes practicing 43 different sports, grouped into 7 categories based on the similarities between them. Frequency of use of the psychological skills was measured with the Test of Performance Strategies 3. RESULTS: The data analyses allowed the following conclusions to be drawn: the degree to which psychological skills are used is dependent on the technical, tactical and physical characteristics of each sport; and the higher the frequency of the use of psychological skills, the greater the athletes' degree of satisfaction with their performance. CONCLUSIONS: These results allow athletes and coaches to increase levels of sports performance by working on the use of psychological skills, adapted to the technical, tactical or physical requirements of the category in which their sport is included. In addition, working on different psychological skills will improve their satisfaction with sports performance.
Subject(s)
Athletes/psychology , Athletic Performance/psychology , Personal Satisfaction , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre la ansiedad competitiva estado y la autoconfianza sobre el control atencional. También se analizó el impacto de la cantidad de años de experiencia en la práctica deportiva sobre estas variables. Nuestro estudio consideró las siguientes hipótesis: Altos niveles de control atencional se relacionarán con menores niveles de ansiedad competitiva estado, y mayores niveles de autoconfianza. Del mismo modo la ansiedad competitiva estado y la autoconfianza serán predictores significativos del control atencional; y los deportistas con más experiencia en su deporte tendrán mayores niveles de control atencional, autoconfianza, así como niveles más bajos de ansiedad competitiva estado. La muestra consistió en 833 deportistas españoles, y los análisis de datos incluyeron: cálculo de estadísticos descriptivos, análisis de regresión y análisis comparativos, empleando pruebas t para muestras no emparejadas, basados en la cantidad de años de experiencia deportiva. Los resultados de nuestro estudio confirmaron parcialmente estas hipótesis, proporcionando evidencia de la conexión entre la ansiedad estado competitiva y la autoconfianza con el control atencional en el deporte, así como confirmando el impacto de la experiencia deportiva sobre la autoconfianza y la ansiedad competitiva estado. Esta línea de investigación tiene implicaciones para la comprensión del tipo de características que pueden ayudar a los deportistas a desarrollar un buen control atencional
The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between competitive state anxiety, self-confidence and attentional control. The impact of the number of years experience in sporting practice on these variables was also analysed. Our study considered the following hypotheses: high levels of attentional control will be related to lower levels of competitive state anxiety, and higher levels of self-confidence. As well as competitive state anxiety and self-confidence will be significant predictors of attentional control; and athletes with more experience in their sport will have higher levels of attentional control and self-confidence, in addition to lower levels of competitive state anxiety. The sample consisted of 833 Spanish athletes, and the data analyses included calculation of descriptive statistics, a regression analysis and a comparative analysis, using an unpaired t-test, based on the number of years of sport experience. The results partially confirmed these hypotheses, providing evidence for the connection between anxiety and self-confidence with attentional control in sport, as well as confirming the impact of sport experience on self-confidence and competitive state anxiety. This research has implications for understanding which type of characteristics may help athletes develop good attentional control
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre a ansiedade do estado competitivo e a autoconfiança sobre o controle da atenção. O impacto do número de anos de experiência na prática esportiva nessas variáveis também foi analisado. Nosso estudo considerou as seguintes hipóteses: altos níveis de controle da atenção estarão relacionados a níveis mais baixos de ansiedade do estado competitivo e níveis mais altos de autoconfiança. Da mesma forma, a ansiedade e a autoconfiança do estado competitivo serão preditores significativos do controle da atenção; e atletas com mais experiência em seu esporte terão níveis mais elevados de controle da atenção, autoconfiança, assim como níveis mais baixos de ansiedade do estado competitivo. A amostra foi composta por 833 atletas espanhóis, e a análise dos dados incluiu: cálculo da estatística descritiva, análise de regressão e análise comparativa, utilizando-se testes t para amostras não pareadas, com base no número de anos de experiência esportiva. Os resultados do nosso estudo confirmaram parcialmente essas hipóteses, fornecendo evidências da conexão entre a ansiedade do estado competitivo e a autoconfiança com o controle da atenção no esporte, bem como confirmando o impacto da experiência esportiva na autoconfiança e na ansiedade competitiva do estado. Essa linha de pesquisa tem implicações para a compreensão do tipo de características que podem ajudar os atletas a desenvolver um bom controle da atenção
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Anxiety/psychology , Attention , Self Concept , Athletes/psychology , Competitive BehaviorABSTRACT
Background: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the conceptualisation and assessment of athletes psychological skills and the study of their impact on sports performance. The aim of this study was to adapt the Test of Performance Strategies 3 competition subscale to the Spanish context. Method: The items included in the original test in English were translated using a double-back method, and the test was completed by a sample of 1,003 Spanish athletes of both sexes. Analyses of the factorial validity, reliability and invariance of the measurement model were carried out. Results: Favourable evidence was obtained for a measurement model comprising 36 items grouped in 9 factors, similar to the original model. Model fit was reasonable for both individual parameters and overall. Reliability rates were satisfactory for the overall test and for each factor. Evidence was also favourable for sex-based measurement model invariance. Conclusions: The adaptation is satisfactory and fit for use by sports psychology researchers and professionals in assessing the psychological skills employed by athletes in competition (AU)
Antecedentes: en los últimos años ha crecido el interés por la conceptualización y la evaluación de las habilidades psicológicas de los deportistas y por el estudio de su relación con el rendimiento deportivo. El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de adaptar al español la subescala de competición del Test of Performance Strategies 3. Método: se siguió un proceso de doble traducción de los ítems del test original en inglés, y se aplicó a una muestra de 1.003 deportistas españoles de ambos sexos. Se realizaron análisis de validez factorial, de fiabilidad y de invarianza del modelo de medida. Resultados: se obtuvo evidencia favorable a un modelo de medida con 36 ítems agrupados en 9 factores, semejante al modelo original. El ajuste del modelo fue razonable a nivel individual de cada parámetro y a nivel global. Los índices de fiabilidad fueron satisfactorios para el total del test y para cada uno de sus factores. También se obtuvieron evidencias favorables a la invarianza del modelo de medida en función del sexo. Conclusiones: la adaptación realizada es satisfactoria y puede ser utilizada por investigadores y profesionales de la psicología del deporte para evaluar las habilidades psicológicas que los deportistas emplean en la competición (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Psychological Tests/standards , Aptitude/physiology , Athletes/psychology , Adaptation, Psychological/physiology , Psychology, Sports/methods , Psychology, Sports/standards , Factor Analysis, StatisticalABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the conceptualisation and assessment of athletes’ psychological skills and the study of their impact on sports performance. The aim of this study was to adapt the Test of Performance Strategies 3 competition subscale to the Spanish context. METHOD: The items included in the original test in English were translated using a double-back method, and the test was completed by a sample of 1,003 Spanish athletes of both sexes. Analyses of the factorial validity, reliability and invariance of the measurement model were carried out. RESULTS: Favourable evidence was obtained for a measurement model comprising 36 items grouped in 9 factors, similar to the original model. Model fit was reasonable for both individual parameters and overall. Reliability rates were satisfactory for the overall test and for each factor. Evidence was also favourable for sex-based measurement model invariance. CONCLUSIONS: The adaptation is satisfactory and fit for use by sports psychology researchers and professionals in assessing the psychological skills employed by athletes in competition.
Subject(s)
Athletes/psychology , Athletic Performance , Competitive Behavior , Psychological Tests , Adolescent , Adult , Attention , Cultural Characteristics , Emotions , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Female , Goals , Humans , Imagination , Male , Middle Aged , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results , Sex Factors , Spain , Translating , Young AdultABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to examine from an integrative approach to what extent occupational stressors when in combination with other variables that have accredited their explicative value in accounting for teacher distress in other domains (personal, psychosocial and outside the occupational sphere) contribute to predicting and/or explaining the different components of burnout. The sample consists in 1386 secondary education teachers. The statistical results obtained confirm for all dimensions in the syndrome the explanatory role of occupational stressors related with student disruptive behaviours/attitudes and disciplinary issues (conflict management and lack of support/consensus). The remaining variables in the study (Type A pattern, optimism, hardiness, friend and family support, life events) also contribute to accounting for burnout, albeit to a lesser extent than occupational factors. Results not only confirm the suitability of the selected variables but also the necessity to design integration studies in which, besides another type of determinants, to include variables from the occupational domain. In other words, our findings suggest that student disruptive behaviour, the difficulties experienced by teachers in managing conflict and the lack support/consensus as regards disciplinary actions are necessary ingredients if we are to successfully predict burnout in secondary school teachers (AU)
Este artículo examina, desde un acercamiento integrador, en qué medida los estresores laborales, cuando se incluyen conjuntamente con otras variables con probada capacidad explicativa del malestar docente pertenecientes a otros ámbitos (personal, psicosocial y extralaboral), contribuyen a predecir y/o explicar las distintas facetas del burnout. La muestra está formada por 1386 profesores de Enseñanza Secundaria. Los resultados confirman, para todas las dimensiones del síndrome, el protagonismo explicativo de los estresores laborables relacionados con las conductas y/o actitudes problemáticas de los alumnos y las cuestiones disciplinarias (manejo de conflictos y falta de apoyo/consenso). Las restantes variables incluidas (patrón Tipo A, optimismo, personalidad resistente, apoyo familia y amigos, eventos vitales) también contribuyen a dar cuenta del desgaste laboral, aunque en menor medida que los factores laborales. Los resultados no sólo confirman la idoneidad de las variables seleccionadas, sino también la necesidad de diseñar estudios integradores en los que, además de otro tipo de determinantes, se incorporen variables del ámbito laboral. Nuestros hallazgos indican que las conductas y/o actitudes problemáticas de los alumnos, las dificultades de los profesores en el manejo del conflicto y la falta de apoyo/consenso en cuestiones disciplinarias, parecen ingredientes necesarios si queremos predecir satisfactoriamente el burnout de los docentes de secundaria (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Social Behavior , Bullying/psychology , Burnout, Professional/epidemiology , Faculty/statistics & numerical data , Conflict, PsychologicalABSTRACT
En este trabajo exploramos el papel que la excentricidad desempeña en dos tareas de búsqueda intradimensión diferentes (serial y paralela) así como los cambios que ocurren en el procesamiento de los estímulos en los diferentes campos visuales (superior, inferior, derecho e izquierdo), analizando además los efectos provocados por la práctica en la tarea. Los resultados apoyan la hipótesis atencional planteada por Wolfe et al. y muestran cómo los efectos producidos por estas variable están en función de la dificultad de la tarea: a medida que son necesarios más recursos atencionales mayor es el efecto producido por la localización en la que se encuentra el elemento objetivo. En cuanto a los efectos producidos por la práctica realizada, estos se limitan a provocar aceleraciones de las respuestas sin que se lleguen a producir cambios cualitativos en el patrón de ejecución
In this study, we explore the role played by eccentricity in two different visual search tasks (serial and parallel), along with the differences that occur in the processing of stimuli in different visual fields (upper, lower, right and left), analyzing the changes that occur with practice. The results support the attentional hypothesis of Wolfe et al, and show that the effects produced by these variables correlate to the difficulty of the task: the more attentional resources necessary, the greater the effect produced by the target location. In regard to the effects produced by practice, these are limited to provoking acceleration of responses rather than qualitative changes in the performance
