World Heart Federation Roadmap for Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: 2023 Update.

Background: Secondary prevention lifestyle and pharmacological treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) reduce a high proportion of recurrent events and mortality. However, significant gaps exist between guideline recommendations and usual clinical practice. Objectives: Describe the state of the art, the roadblocks, and successful strategies to overcome them in ASCVD secondary prevention management. Methods: A writing group reviewed guidelines and research papers and received inputs from an international committee composed of cardiovascular prevention and health systems experts about the article's structure, content, and draft. Finally, an external expert group reviewed the paper. Results: Smoking cessation, physical activity, diet and weight management, antiplatelets, statins, beta-blockers, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, and cardiac rehabilitation reduce events and mortality. Potential roadblocks may occur at the individual, healthcare provider, and health system levels and include lack of access to healthcare and medicines, clinical inertia, lack of primary care infrastructure or built environments that support preventive cardiovascular health behaviours. Possible solutions include improving health literacy, self-management strategies, national policies to improve lifestyle and access to secondary prevention medication (including fix-dose combination therapy), implementing rehabilitation programs, and incorporating digital health interventions. Digital tools are being examined in a range of settings from enhancing self-management, risk factor control, and cardiac rehab. Conclusions: Effective strategies for secondary prevention management exist, but there are barriers to their implementation. WHF roadmaps can facilitate the development of a strategic plan to identify and implement local and national level approaches for improving secondary prevention.

[Control of arterial hypertension: a pending issueControle da hipertensão arterial: um assunto inacabado]. / El control de la hipertensión arterial, una asignatura pendiente.

Adequate diagnosis, treatment, and control of arterial hypertension (AHT) continues to be a pending issue in the attempt to reduce the incidence of premature mortality and disability due to cardiovascular disease, which is a reality worldwide and in the region of the Americas in particular.Despite having adequate diagnostic algorithms and efficient treatment schemes, the gap between medical knowledge and reality reveals the great difficulty in ensuring that patients follow recommendations. Adherence to treatment is a great challenge and a proper understanding of its dimensions is essential when designing strategies to improve control of AHT.It is clear that part of the solution is having adequate information and disseminating it, but actions that guarantee implementation are no less important. That is why clinical practice guidelines that try to address this problem are welcome. The recent publication of the World Health Organization's guidance on arterial hypertension is a clear example of this type of initiative.Implementation programs are arguably one of the biggest challenges in contemporary medicine. The development of multimodal interventions aimed at improving response capacity at the first level of care and promoting the development of integrated health services networks appears to be the most appropriate way to achieve adequate control of AHT.Scientific societies clearly play an important role in these initiatives by providing support and coordinating interactions among the different actors involved.

O diagnóstico, tratamento e controle adequados da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) continua sendo uma questão pendente em nossa tentativa de reduzir a incidência de mortalidade cardiovascular prematura e a incapacidade. Essa é a realidade no nível mundial e, particularmente, na região das Américas.Apesar de algoritmos de diagnóstico adequados e esquemas de tratamento eficientes, a lacuna entre o conhecimento médico e a realidade nos mostra como é difícil que nossas recomendações sejam adotadas por nossos pacientes. A adesão representa um grande desafio, e uma compreensão adequada de suas dimensões é essencial ao se projetar estratégias para melhorar o controle da HAS.Claramente, a disponibilidade e a divulgação de informações adequadas é parte da solução, mas não menos importantes são as ações para garantir sua implementação. Portanto, acolhemos de bom grado as diretrizes de prática clínica que visam abordar esta questão. A recente publicação das diretrizes da Organização Mundial da Saúde sobre hipertensão arterial é um claro exemplo de tais iniciativas.Os programas de implementação são indiscutivelmente um dos maiores desafios da medicina contemporânea. O desenvolvimento de intervenções multimodais na atenção primária com o objetivo de melhorar sua resolutividade e promover o desenvolvimento de redes integradas de serviços de saúde parece ser a forma mais apropriada para atingir níveis adequados de controle da HAS.Estamos convencidos do importante papel que nossas sociedades científicas desempenham nestas iniciativas ao prestar apoio, suporte e articulação aos diferentes atores envolvidos.

El control de la hipertensión arterial, una asignatura pendiente

[RESUMEN]. El adecuado diagnóstico, tratamiento y control de la hipertensión arterial (HTA) continúa siendo una asignatura pendiente en nuestro intento de reducir la incidencia de mortalidad cardiovascular prematura y discapacidades, siendo esta una realidad a nivel mundial y particularmente cierta en la región de las Américas. A pesar de contar con adecuados algoritmos diagnósticos y eficientes esquemas de tratamiento, la brecha entre el conocimiento médico y la realidad nos muestra la gran dificultad para que nuestras recomendaciones sean adoptadas por nuestros pacientes. La adherencia representa un gran desafío y la adecuada comprensión de sus dimensiones resulta básico al momento de diseñar estrategias para mejorar el control de la HTA. Es claro que disponer y diseminar información adecuada es una parte de la solución, pero no menos importante son las acciones que garanticen su implementación. Es por lo que damos la bienvenida a guías de práctica clínica que intenten abordar esta problemática. La reciente publicación de guía de la Organización Mundial de la Salud en hipertensión arterial es un claro ejemplo de este tipo de iniciativas. Los programas de implementación posiblemente sean uno de los mayores desafíos de la medicina contemporánea. El desarrollo de intervenciones multimodales en el primer nivel de atención con el objetivo de mejorar su capacidad resolutiva y promover el desarrollo de redes integradas de servicios de salud, impresiona ser el camino mas adecuado para alcanzar niveles adecuados de control de la HTA. Estamos convencidos del importante rol que nuestras sociedades científicas tienen con estas iniciativas dando apoyo, soporte y articulando la interacción con los diferentes actores involucrados.

[ABSTRACT]. Adequate diagnosis, treatment, and control of arterial hypertension (AHT) continues to be a pending issue in the attempt to reduce the incidence of premature mortality and disability due to cardiovascular disease, which is a reality worldwide and in the region of the Americas in particular. Despite having adequate diagnostic algorithms and efficient treatment schemes, the gap between medical knowledge and reality reveals the great difficulty in ensuring that patients follow recommendations. Adherence to treatment is a great challenge and a proper understanding of its dimensions is essential when designing strategies to improve control of AHT. It is clear that part of the solution is having adequate information and disseminating it, but actions that guarantee implementation are no less important. That is why clinical practice guidelines that try to address this problem are welcome. The recent publication of the World Health Organization's guidance on arterial hypertension is a clear example of this type of initiative. Implementation programs are arguably one of the biggest challenges in contemporary medicine. The development of multimodal interventions aimed at improving response capacity at the first level of care and promoting the development of integrated health services networks appears to be the most appropriate way to achieve adequate control of AHT. Scientific societies clearly play an important role in these initiatives by providing support and coordinating interactions among the different actors involved.

[RESUMO]. O diagnóstico, tratamento e controle adequados da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) continua sendo uma questão pendente em nossa tentativa de reduzir a incidência de mortalidade cardiovascular prematura e a incapacidade. Essa é a realidade no nível mundial e, particularmente, na região das Américas. Apesar de algoritmos de diagnóstico adequados e esquemas de tratamento eficientes, a lacuna entre o conhecimento médico e a realidade nos mostra como é difícil que nossas recomendações sejam adotadas por nossos pacientes. A adesão representa um grande desafio, e uma compreensão adequada de suas dimensões é essencial ao se projetar estratégias para melhorar o controle da HAS. Claramente, a disponibilidade e a divulgação de informações adequadas é parte da solução, mas não menos importantes são as ações para garantir sua implementação. Portanto, acolhemos de bom grado as diretrizes de prática clínica que visam abordar esta questão. A recente publicação das diretrizes da Organização Mundial da Saúde sobre hipertensão arterial é um claro exemplo de tais iniciativas. Os programas de implementação são indiscutivelmente um dos maiores desafios da medicina contemporânea. O desenvolvimento de intervenções multimodais na atenção primária com o objetivo de melhorar sua resolutividade e promover o desenvolvimento de redes integradas de serviços de saúde parece ser a forma mais apropriada para atingir níveis adequados de controle da HAS. Estamos convencidos do importante papel que nossas sociedades científicas desempenham nestas iniciativas ao prestar apoio, suporte e articulação aos diferentes atores envolvidos.

Latin American Consensus on management of residual cardiometabolic risk. A consensus paper prepared by the Latin American Academy for the Study of Lipids and Cardiometabolic Risk (ALALIP) endorsed by the Inter-American Society of Cardiology (IASC), the International Atherosclerosis Society (IAS), and the Pan-American College of Endothelium (PACE).

BACKGROUND: Hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, overweight, obesity, and tobacco (smoking, chewing, and vaping), together with a pro-inflammatory and procoagulant state, are the main risk factors related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: A group of experts from the Americas, based on their clinical expertise in cardiology, cardiovascular prevention, and cardiometabolic (CM) diseases, joined together to develop these practical recommendations for the optimal evaluation and treatment of residual CM risk factors in Latin America, using a modified Delphi methodology (details in electronic TSI) to generate a comprehensive CM risk reduction guideline, and through personalized medicine and patient-centered decision, considering the cost-benefit ratio The process was well defined to avoid conflicts of interest that could bias the discussion and recommendations. RESULTS: Residual risk reduction should consider therapeutic options adapted to specific patient needs, based on five treatment objectives: triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, inflammation, impaired glucose metabolism, high blood pressure, and prothrombotic status. Comprehensive control of all CM risk factors should be a priority to deal with this important public health problem and prevent premature deaths. The recommendations in this paper address the evidence-based treatment of CM risk and are intended for clinical application in Latin American countries.

Antecedentes: Un grupo de factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos (hipertensión, hiperglucemia, dislipidemia, sobrepeso, obesidad y tabaco (fumado, masticado, vaporizado), junto con un estado proinflamatorio y procoagulante, son los principales factores de riesgo relacionados con la enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica. Objetivo y métodos: Basándose en su experiencia en cardiología, prevención cardiovascular y enfermedades cardiometabólicas, un grupo de expertos de las Américas se unió para desarrollar estas recomendaciones prácticas para la evaluación y tratamiento óptimos de los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos residuales en América Latina, utilizando una metodología Delphi modificada con el objetivo de generar una guía integral de pautas para la reducción del riesgo cardiometabólico, mediante la medicina personalizada y la decisión centrada en el paciente teniendo en cuenta la relación costo-beneficio. El proceso fue bien definido para evitar conflictos de intereses que podrían sesgar la discusión y las recomendaciones. Resultados: La reducción del riesgo residual debe considerar opciones terapéuticas adaptadas a las necesidades específicas del paciente, basadas en 5 objetivos de tratamiento: lipoproteínas ricas en triglicéridos inflamación, metabolismo de la glucosa, presión arterial alta y estado protrombótico. El Control integral de todos los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos debe ser una prioridad para hacer frente a este importante problema de salud pública y prevenir las muertes prematuras. Las recomendaciones de este documento abordan el tratamiento basado en evidencia del riesgo cardiometabólico y están destinadas a la aplicación clínica en los países de América Latina.

El control de la hipertensión arterial, una asignatura pendiente / Control of arterial hypertension: a pending issue / Controle da hipertensão arterial: um assunto inacabado

RESUMEN El adecuado diagnóstico, tratamiento y control de la hipertensión arterial (HTA) continúa siendo una asignatura pendiente en nuestro intento de reducir la incidencia de mortalidad cardiovascular prematura y discapacidades, siendo esta una realidad a nivel mundial y particularmente cierta en la región de las Américas. A pesar de contar con adecuados algoritmos diagnósticos y eficientes esquemas de tratamiento, la brecha entre el conocimiento médico y la realidad nos muestra la gran dificultad para que nuestras recomendaciones sean adoptadas por nuestros pacientes. La adherencia representa un gran desafío y la adecuada comprensión de sus dimensiones resulta básico al momento de diseñar estrategias para mejorar el control de la HTA. Es claro que disponer y diseminar información adecuada es una parte de la solución, pero no menos importante son las acciones que garanticen su implementación. Es por lo que damos la bienvenida a guías de práctica clínica que intenten abordar esta problemática. La reciente publicación de guía de la Organización Mundial de la Salud en hipertensión arterial es un claro ejemplo de este tipo de iniciativas. Los programas de implementación posiblemente sean uno de los mayores desafíos de la medicina contemporánea. El desarrollo de intervenciones multimodales en el primer nivel de atención con el objetivo de mejorar su capacidad resolutiva y promover el desarrollo de redes integradas de servicios de salud, impresiona ser el camino mas adecuado para alcanzar niveles adecuados de control de la HTA. Estamos convencidos del importante rol que nuestras sociedades científicas tienen con estas iniciativas dando apoyo, soporte y articulando la interacción con los diferentes actores involucrados.

ABSTRACT Adequate diagnosis, treatment, and control of arterial hypertension (AHT) continues to be a pending issue in the attempt to reduce the incidence of premature mortality and disability due to cardiovascular disease, which is a reality worldwide and in the region of the Americas in particular. Despite having adequate diagnostic algorithms and efficient treatment schemes, the gap between medical knowledge and reality reveals the great difficulty in ensuring that patients follow recommendations. Adherence to treatment is a great challenge and a proper understanding of its dimensions is essential when designing strategies to improve control of AHT. It is clear that part of the solution is having adequate information and disseminating it, but actions that guarantee implementation are no less important. That is why clinical practice guidelines that try to address this problem are welcome. The recent publication of the World Health Organization's guidance on arterial hypertension is a clear example of this type of initiative. Implementation programs are arguably one of the biggest challenges in contemporary medicine. The development of multimodal interventions aimed at improving response capacity at the first level of care and promoting the development of integrated health services networks appears to be the most appropriate way to achieve adequate control of AHT. Scientific societies clearly play an important role in these initiatives by providing support and coordinating interactions among the different actors involved.

RESUMO O diagnóstico, tratamento e controle adequados da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) continua sendo uma questão pendente em nossa tentativa de reduzir a incidência de mortalidade cardiovascular prematura e a incapacidade. Essa é a realidade no nível mundial e, particularmente, na região das Américas. Apesar de algoritmos de diagnóstico adequados e esquemas de tratamento eficientes, a lacuna entre o conhecimento médico e a realidade nos mostra como é difícil que nossas recomendações sejam adotadas por nossos pacientes. A adesão representa um grande desafio, e uma compreensão adequada de suas dimensões é essencial ao se projetar estratégias para melhorar o controle da HAS. Claramente, a disponibilidade e a divulgação de informações adequadas é parte da solução, mas não menos importantes são as ações para garantir sua implementação. Portanto, acolhemos de bom grado as diretrizes de prática clínica que visam abordar esta questão. A recente publicação das diretrizes da Organização Mundial da Saúde sobre hipertensão arterial é um claro exemplo de tais iniciativas. Os programas de implementação são indiscutivelmente um dos maiores desafios da medicina contemporânea. O desenvolvimento de intervenções multimodais na atenção primária com o objetivo de melhorar sua resolutividade e promover o desenvolvimento de redes integradas de serviços de saúde parece ser a forma mais apropriada para atingir níveis adequados de controle da HAS. Estamos convencidos do importante papel que nossas sociedades científicas desempenham nestas iniciativas ao prestar apoio, suporte e articulação aos diferentes atores envolvidos.

Considerations and Guidance for the Structure, Organisation, and Operation of Cardiometabolic Prevention Units: A Consensus Statement of the Inter-American Society of Cardiology.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income regions such as Latin America. This is because of the combination and interaction in different proportions of a high prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors and socio-economic and cultural characteristics. This reality brings about the need to change paradigms to consistently and systematically boost cardiovascular prevention as the most cost-effective medium- to long-term strategy to reduce their prevalence in medium- and low-resource countries, not only in Latin America but also in other global regions. To achieve the therapeutic goals in various diseases, including CVD, the current literature demonstrates that the most effective way is to carry out the patient's diagnosis and treatment in multidisciplinary units. For this reason, the Inter American Society of Cardiology (IASC) proposes the creation of cardiometabolic prevention units (CMPUs) as a regional initiative exportable throughout the world to standardise cardiovascular prevention based on the best available evidence. This ensures homogeneity in the global management of cardiometabolic risk factors and access to quality medicine independently of the population's social situation. These guidelines, written by a panel of experts in cardiovascular prevention, defines what a CMPU is, its objectives and the minimum requirements for it, as well as proposing three categories and suggesting an operational scheme. It must be used as a guide for all individuals or centres that, aware of the need for multidisciplinary and standardised work, want to create a unit for the comprehensive management of cardiometabolic risk established as an international research network. Lastly, the document makes meaningful points on the determination of cardiovascular risk and its importance. These guidelines do not cover specific targets and therapeutic schemes, as these topics will be extensively discussed in another SIAC publication, namely a statement on residual cardiometabolic risk.

Rabies and the Heart.

As one of the neglected diseases, rabies is as a highly fatal viral infection, most prevalent in low- and middle-income regions, which produces a substantial health and economic burden. It mainly affects the central nervous system causing encephalitis, however extraneuronal involvement has been documented. Cardiac structures may be involved and can play a role in the severity of the disease. Most of the existing literature comes from case reports and case series where cardiac involvement results in myocarditis and cardiac arrhythmias. As part of the "Neglected Tropical Diseases and Other Infectious Diseases Involving the Heart" (NET-HEART Project), the objective of this article is to review all the information available on the cardiac involvement of this disease.

Tuberculosis and the Heart.

Acquired tuberculosis continues to be a challenge worldwide. Although tuberculosis has been considered a global public health emergency, it remains poorly controlled in many countries. Despite being primarily a pulmonary disease, tuberculosis could involve the heart. This systematic review is part of the "Neglected Tropical Diseases and Other Infectious Diseases Involving the Heart" (the NET-Heart Project) initiative from the Interamerican Society of Cardiology. This project aims to review the cardiovascular involvement of these heterogeneous diseases, advancing original algorithms to help healthcare providers diagnose and manage cardiovascular complications. In tuberculosis, pericardium involvement is relatively common, especially in AIDS, and tuberculosis is the most common cause of constrictive pericarditis in endemic countries. Myocarditis and aortitis by tuberculosis are rare. Clinical manifestations of cardiovascular involvement by tuberculosis differ from those typically found for bacteria or viruses. Prevailing systemic symptoms and the pericarditis diagnostic index should be taken into account. An echocardiogram is the first step for diagnosing cardiovascular involvement; however, several image modalities can be used, depending on the suspected site of infection. Adenosine deaminase levels, gamma interferon, or polymerase chain reaction testing could be used to confirm tuberculosis infection; each has a high diagnostic performance. Antituberculosis chemotherapy and corticosteroids are treatment mainstays that significantly reduce mortality, constriction, and hospitalizations, especially in patients with HIV. In conclusion, tuberculosis cardiac involvement is frequent and could lead to heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, or death. Early detection of complications should be a cornerstone of overall management.

The CNIC-polypill improves atherogenic dyslipidemia markers in patients at high risk or with cardiovascular disease: Results from a real-world setting in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: In many patients, the risk of cardiovascular (CV) events persists despite statin treatment and attaining target LDL-c levels. This residual risk is in part attributed to atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD). We studied the clinical effectiveness of the CNIC-polypill in improving the lipid profile, and lipid ratios and indices indicative of AD that are more accurate in predicting lipid-related CV risk. METHODS: Post-hoc analysis of a multicenter, observational, non-comparative, prospective registry in 533 patients in Mexico. We evaluated blood lipids at baseline (usual care) and after 12 months of treatment with the CNIC-polypill (Sincronium®), including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol low-density lipoproteins (LDL-c), cholesterol high-density lipoproteins (HDL-c), and cholesterol non-high-density lipoproteins (non-HDL-c). We also calculated and compared AD-related lipid ratios and indices, including remnant cholesterol (RC), Castelli's risk index-I (CRI-I), atherogenic index (AI), atherogenic coefficient (AC), a surrogate of insulin resistance (IRS), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and lipoprotein combined index (LCI). RESULTS: At 1 year of treatment, there was a significant reduction in the levels of TC (-22.6%), TG (-29.2%), LDL-c (-13.8%), and non-HDL-c (-29.2%) (all p < 0.001). The likelihood that patients attained their corresponding target LDL-c and TG levels was almost three-fold and seven-fold higher, respectively (p < 0.001). The values of the AD-related ratios RC, CRI-I, AI, AC, AIP, and LCI were all significantly lower (p < 0.001) after one year of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with or at high risk of CVD, one-year treatment with the CNIC-polypill significantly lowered lipid ratios indicative of AD compared to baseline.

The selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator (SPPARMα) paradigm: conceptual framework and therapeutic potential : A consensus statement from the International Atherosclerosis Society (IAS) and the Residual Risk Reduction Initiative (R3i) Foundation.

In the era of precision medicine, treatments that target specific modifiable characteristics of high-risk patients have the potential to lower further the residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. Correction of atherogenic dyslipidemia, however, remains a major unmet clinical need. Elevated plasma triglycerides, with or without low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), offer a key modifiable component of this common dyslipidemia, especially in insulin resistant conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. The development of selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulators (SPPARMα) offers an approach to address this treatment gap. This Joint Consensus Panel appraised evidence for the first SPPARMα agonist and concluded that this agent represents a novel therapeutic class, distinct from fibrates, based on pharmacological activity, and, importantly, a safe hepatic and renal profile. The ongoing PROMINENT cardiovascular outcomes trial is testing in 10,000 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, elevated triglycerides, and low levels of HDL-C whether treatment with this SPPARMα agonist safely reduces residual cardiovascular risk.

Latin American Consensus on the management of hypertension in the patient with diabetes and the metabolic syndrome.

: The prevalence of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and the metabolic syndrome continues to increase in Latin America, while the rates of diagnosis, treatment and control of these disorders remain low. The frequency of the risk factors that constitute the metabolic syndrome and are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease has not diminished since the publication of the previous consensus. This document discusses the socioeconomic, demographic, environmental and cultural characteristics of most associated Latin American countries and partially explains the lack of better results in improving clinical and public health actions that allow high morbidity and mortality rates caused by cardiovascular diseases and DM2 to be reduced through programs aligned with the so-called precision medicine, which should be predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory. The Consensus ratifies the diagnostic criteria expressed in the previous consensus to define hypertension and DM2 but, for the metabolic syndrome, and in the absence of evidence, the recommendation is to implement a cohort study that determines the abdominal perimeter value associated with hard outcomes, such as DM2 and CVD. Meanwhile, we recommend modifying the criterion to more than 94 cm in men and more than 84 cm in women according to WHO recommendations. We also recommend the carrying out of a study that identifies the situation of hypertension and DM2 in people of African ancestry who, in Latin America, exceed 75 million and whose epidemiology does not include solid studies. With respect to the proposed therapeutic targets, we recommended maintaining those defined in the previous consensus, but insisting that early pharmacological management of prediabetes with metformin should be introduced, as should the treatment of diabetic hypertensive patients with a combination therapy of two fixed-dose antihypertensive drugs and management with statins. To increase adherence, the use of different drugs combined in a single pill (polypill) is recommended. The simplification of the therapeutic regimen is accompanied by greater control of cardiovascular risk factors, both in primary and secondary prevention, and has been shown to be cost-effective. The consensus recommends the use of the currently available polypill combining an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, a statin and aspirin for secondary cardiovascular prevention and in patients with a high cardiovascular risk, such as hypertension patients with DM2.

Clinical impact of the polypill for cardiovascular prevention in Latin America: a consensus statement of the Inter-American Society of Cardiology

The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is increasing, particularly in low-middle-income countries such as most of Latin America. This region presents specific socioeconomic characteristics, generating a high incidence of CVD despite efforts to control the problem. A consensus statement has been developed by Inter-American Society of Cardiology with the aim of answering some important questions related to CVD in this region and the role of the polypill in cardiovascular (CV) prevention as an intervention to address these issues. A multidisciplinary team composed of Latin American experts in the prevention of CVD was convened by the Inter-American Society of Cardiology and participated in the process and the formulation of statements. To characterize the prevailing situation in Latin American countries, we describe the most significant CV risk factors in the region. The barriers that impair the use of CV essential medications are also reviewed. The role of therapeutic adherence in CV prevention and how the polypill emerges as an effective strategy for optimizing adherence, accessibility, and affordability in the treatment of CVDs are discussed in detail. Clinical scenarios in which the polypill could represent an effective intervention in primary and secondary CV prevention are described. This initiative is expected to help professionals involved in the management of CVD and public health policymakers develop optimal strategies for the management of CVDs. (AU)

Clinical Impact of the Polypill for Cardiovascular Prevention in Latin America A Consensus Statement of the Inter-American Society of Cardiology

ABSTRACT: The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is increasing, particularly in low-middle-income countries such as most of Latin America. This region presents specific socioeconomic characteristics, generating a high incidence of CVD despite efforts to control the problem. A consensus statement has been developed by Inter-American Society of Cardiology with the aim of answering some important questions related to CVD in this region and the role of the polypill in cardiovascular (CV) prevention as an intervention to address these issues. A multidisciplinary team composed of Latin American experts in the prevention of CVD was convened by the Inter-American Society of Cardiology and participated in the process and the formulation of statements. To characterize the prevailing situation in Latin American countries, we describe the most significant CV risk factors in the region. The barriers that impair the use of CV essential medications are also reviewed. The role of therapeutic adherence in CV prevention and how the polypill emerges as an effective strategy for optimizing adherence, accessibility, and affordability in the treatment of CVDs are discussed in detail. Clinical scenarios in which the polypill could represent an effective intervention in primary and secondary CV prevention are described. This initiative is expected to help professionals involved in the management of CVD and public health policymakers develop optimal strategies for the management of CVDs.

Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Latin America: Prevalence, causes and treatment: Expert's position paper made by The Latin American Academy for the Study of Lipids (ALALIP) Endorsed by the Inter-American Society of Cardiology (IASC), the South American Society of Cardiology (SSC), the Pan-American College of Endothelium (PACE), and the International Atherosclerosis Society (IAS).

This is an executive summary made by a group of experts named Latin American Academy for the study of Lipids (ALALIP). In the current clinical guidelines, atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) is a poorly recognized entity. Due to the frequent lipid alterations associated with AD in Latin America (LA), we organized a group of experts named (ALALIP) to generate a document in order to analyze their prevalence and to offer practical recommendations. METHODOLOGY: using the Delphi methodology, we conducted a comprehensive literature review with emphasis on those publications related to LA. Subsequently, we developed key questions for discussion. As a convention, those recommendations that had a 100% of acceptance were considered unanimous, those with >80% were consensual, and those with <80% were in disagreement. RESULTS: a systematic analysis of national health surveys and regional cohort studies showed a consistently high prevalence of the lipid abnormalities that define AD: low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) range from 34.1% to 53.3% and elevated triglycerides (TG) range from 25.5% to 31.2%. These abnormalities could be related to high consumption of food with a high caloric density, cholesterol and trans fats, a sedentary lifestyle and perhaps epigenetic changes CONCLUSIONS: lipid abnormalities that define AD have a high prevalence in LA. The interaction between an unfavorable lifestyle, inheritance and epigenetic changes is probably their cause. It is important to design a global study of risk factors in LA to know its true prevalence in the region, its consequences and to derive from its treatment strategies.

Triglicéridos en ayunas y posprandiales, y su contribución al estudio del riesgo cardiometabólico / Fasting or non fasting triglycerides and their contribution to the study of cardiometabolic risk

La relación de los triglicéridos (TG) con la incidencia de enfermedad cardiovascular continúa siendo materia de discusión; sin embargo, la evidencia es creciente en cuanto a que sus concentraciones elevadas conllevan un mayor riesgo de eventos ateroscleróticos. El incremento posprandial de los triglicéridos indica la presencia de remanentes de lipoproteínas, que pueden favorecer la progresión de la aterosclerosis. La mayoría de los pacientes con enfermedad arterial coronaria, diabetes, obesidad o síndrome metabólico tienen una dislipemia caracterizada por la combinación de TG elevados, partículas pequeñas y densas de lipoproteínas de baja densidad y valores bajos de lipoproteínas de alta densidad, la cual es referida como fenotipo aterogénico. En la mayoría de los estudios, las cifras de TG se obtienen en ayunas; sin embargo, la hipertrigliceridemia posprandial tiene un papel importante en la aterosclerosis. El objetivo de esta revisión es determinar la relación de las concentraciones de TG (en ayunas y posprandial) y el riesgo de futuros eventos cardiovasculares (AU)

The association of triglycerides with the incidence of cardiovascular disease remains controversial; however, the evidence that elevated serum triglyceride levels are associated with increased risk for atherosclerotic events is increasing. Elevated non-fasting triglyceride levels indicate the presence of residual lipoproteins, which may promote atherosclerosis. Most patients with coronary heart disease, diabetes, obesity or metabolic syndrome have lipoprotein disorders, which include a combination of elevated triglyceride levels, small and dense LDL particles, and low levels of HDL. This is referred as the atherogenic phenotype. In most studies, triglyceride levels are obtained in the fasting state; however, postprandial hypertriglyceridemia may play an important role in atherosclerosis. The aim of this review is to determine the association between triglyceride levels (fasting vs. non-fasting) and risk of future cardiovascular events (AU)