Growth in Infants and Children With Intestinal Failure-associated Liver Disease Treated With Intravenous Fish Oil.

BACKGROUND: Infants with intestinal failure (IF) and IF-associated liver disease (IFALD) are at risk for poor somatic growth because of increased metabolic demands, inadequate intake, intestinal malabsorption, chronic liver disease and other comorbidities. There are limited data on the nutritional adequacy of intravenous fish oil lipid emulsion (FOLE) compared with standard soybean oil lipid emulsion (SOLE) in the setting of intestinal failure. AIMS: To describe growth patterns in a large cohort of infants with IFALD treated with FOLE. METHODS: We compared growth data from infants enrolled in a single-center, prospective FOLE study to published norms, as well as to a multicenter, historical cohort of infants with IF treated with SOLE. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-eight infants with IFALD were treated with FOLE and 108 with SOLE. Compared with normative growth curves from WHO and published preterm data, infants in both groups from 6 to 11 months postmenstrual age exhibited declines in mean weight- and length-for-age z scores. At 24 months postmenstrual age compared with WHO growth data, infants treated with FOLE had a mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) weight-for-age z-score of 0.13 (-0.18 to 0.45) and length-for-age z-score of 0.07 (-0.33 to 0.47). In comparison, at 24 months postmenstrual age, infants treated with SOLE had a mean weight for age z-score of -0.93 (-1.20 to -0.67) and mean length for age z-score of -2.33 (-2.75 to -1.91). Independent predictors of higher weight, length and head circumference z-scores included older postmenstrual age at baseline, fewer central line-associated blood stream infections, resolution of cholestasis, type of intravenous fat emulsion (FOLE vs SOLE) and female sex. CONCLUSIONS: Infants with IFALD treated with FOLE showed comparable somatic growth to those treated with SOLE in early infancy, and improved somatic growth up to 24 months of age, supporting its wider use in this patient population.

Trends of INR and Fecal Excretion of Vitamin K During Cholestasis Reversal: Implications in the Treatment of Neonates With Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin K is a fat-soluble compound that plays important roles in coagulation. In children with intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD), the disrupted enterohepatic circulation can lead to intestinal loss of vitamin K. Fish oil-based lipid emulsion (FOLE) has proven effective in treating IFALD. As biliary excretion is restored during cholestasis reversal, the accelerated vitamin K loss can pose a risk for deficiency. METHODS: Ten neonates with IFALD and receiving FOLE monotherapy were prospectively enrolled in the study from 2016 to 2018. In addition to weekly measurements of international normalized ratio (INR) and direct bilirubin (DB), ostomy output was collected for determination of fecal concentrations of phylloquinone (PK). Trends of DB, INR, and fecal PK concentrations were summarized with locally estimated scatterplot smoothing. RESULTS: The median time (interquartile range) from FOLE initiation to cholestasis reversal was 59 (19-78) days. During cholestasis reversal, INR remained relatively unchanged, whereas the mean (95% confidence interval) daily fecal excretion of PK increased from 25.1 (5.0-158.5) ng at the time of FOLE initiation to 158.5 (31.6-1000.0) ng at complete reversal. Examination of individual trends in fecal PK excretion and INR revealed little correlation between the 2 measurements (r = -0.10; P = 0.50). CONCLUSION: Children with IFALD are at risk for vitamin K deficiency during cholestasis reversal. Close monitoring and quantified supplementation of vitamin K may be warranted during this period. However, this should not be guided by INR alone, as it is a poor indicator of vitamin K status.

Innovative Discharge Process for Families with Pediatric Short Bowel Syndrome: A Prospective Nonrandomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is a life-sustaining therapy for short bowel syndrome (SBS) and other severe digestive diseases, but complications are common. We evaluated a predischarge HPN hands-on training course to reduce complications in children with SBS, including hospital readmissions. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, nonrandomized controlled research study between April 1, 2014, and April 30, 2017. Eligible participants were children aged <18 years old with SBS and anticipated HPN dependence duration ≥6 months. Excluded participants had a previous history of discharge with a central venous catheter (CVC), HPN, or intravenous fluids or strictly palliative goals of care. An intervention group practiced hands-on HPN within the hospital room for 24 hours using infusion equipment. The groups received standard teaching (CVC care, home infusion pump operation, HPN preparation and administration). RESULTS: Nine children were assigned to the intervention group and 12 served as controls. The median age was 8.4 months, and length of stay (LOS) was 82 days. All participants experienced ≥1 event, with a total of 47 issues related to HPN. There were no significant associations between group assignment and 30-day postdischarge events. Each additional week of LOS was associated with 11% increase in the odds of an emergency department visit (OR 1.11; 95% CI, 1.01-1.26) and 16% increase in the odds of readmission (OR 1.16; 95% CI, 1.04-1.37). CONCLUSIONS: Postdischarge events remained widespread despite HPN bedside interventions offered by this pilot intervention. With refinement of HPN discharge processes, quality benchmarks are needed.

Characterization of Fatty Acid Profiles in Infants With Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to characterize fatty acid profiles (FAPs) in parenteral nutrition (PN)-dependent infants with intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) receiving soybean oil-based lipid emulsion (SO) doses of ∼3 and ∼1 g/kg/d. METHODS: Prospectively collected data were retrospectively reviewed. Serum FAPs of patients <1 year old who experienced development of IFALD while receiving standard PN with SO were examined before transitioning to a fish oil-based lipid emulsion for IFALD treatment. Time on SO, dose, gestational age, and weight- and length-for-age z scores were also reviewed. RESULTS: Among the 49 patients analyzed, there were no differences in demographics or anthropometrics between patients who received standard SO (SO-S) (n = 14, range of dosage 2.06-3.31 g/kg/d) and reduced SO (SO-R) (n = 35, range of dosage 0.90-1.34 g/kg/d). Patients received SO for a median of 53 days (interquartile range 39, 73) before FAP measurement. Patients who received SO-R had significantly higher Mead acid and lower α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, linoleic, stearic, total ω-3, and total ω-6 fatty acid levels than patients who received SO-S (P < .01). Triene:tetraene ratios were higher in patients who received SO-R (P = .0009), and no patients experienced biochemical essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). CONCLUSION: PN-dependent infants with IFALD receiving SO-R have different FAPs than patients receiving SO-S. No patients in either group had biochemical EFAD.

Long-Term Fish Oil Lipid Emulsion Use in Children With Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease [Formula: see text].

BACKGROUND: Fish oil lipid emulsion (FOLE) and multidisciplinary care for infants with intestinal failure (IF) have been associated with reduced morbidity and mortality due to IF-associated liver disease (IFALD). With increased survival, a greater proportion of infants with IF are now able to remain on parenteral nutrition (PN) in the long term. The purpose of this study was to examine outcomes in children with IFALD who have required long-term PN and FOLE therapy due to chronic IF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review of prospectively collected data was performed for children with IFALD who required at least 3 years of PN and FOLE therapy due to chronic IF. Outcomes examined include the incidence of death, transplantation, and essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD), as well as growth parameters and the biochemical markers of liver disease. RESULTS: Of 215 patients with IFALD treated from 2004-2015, 30 required PN and FOLE therapy for at least 3 years (median, 4.6 years). To date, no patients have died, required transplantation, or developed EFAD. Biochemical markers of liver disease normalized within the first year of therapy with no recurrent elevations in the long term. Weight-for age and length-for-age z scores improved and PN dependence decreased in the first year of therapy, with a stable rate of growth in the long term. CONCLUSIONS: Children with IFALD who required long-term PN and FOLE for chronic IF had no mortality, need for transplantation, EFAD, or recurrence of liver disease in the long term, allowing for continued intestinal rehabilitation.

Risk of post-procedural bleeding in children on intravenous fish oil.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) can be treated with parenteral fish oil (FO) monotherapy, but practitioners have raised concerns about a potential bleeding risk. This study aims to describe the incidence of clinically significant post-procedural bleeding (CSPPB) in children receiving FO monotherapy. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on patients at our institution treated with intravenous FO for IFALD. CSPPB was defined as bleeding leading to re-operation, transfer to the intensive care unit, re-admission, or death, up to one month after any invasive procedure. RESULTS: From 244 patients reviewed, 183 underwent ≥1 invasive procedure(s) (n = 732). Five (0.68%, 95% CI 0.22-1.59%) procedures resulted in CSPPB. FO therapy was never interrupted. No deaths due to bleeding occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that FO therapy is safe, with a CSPPB risk no greater than that reported in the general population. O3FA should not be held in preparation for procedures or in the event of bleeding.

Methods to Reduce Medication Errors in a Clinical Trial of an Investigational Parenteral Medication.

There are few evidence-based guidelines to inform optimal design of complex clinical trials, such as those assessing the safety and efficacy of intravenous drugs administered daily with infusion times over many hours per day and treatment durations that may span years. This study is a retrospective review of inpatient administration deviation reports for an investigational drug that is administered daily with infusion times of 8-24 hours, and variable treatment durations for each patient. We report study design modifications made in 2007-2008 aimed at minimizing deviations from an investigational drug infusion protocol approved by an institutional review board and the United States Food and Drug Administration. Modifications were specifically aimed at minimizing errors of infusion rate, incorrect dose, incorrect patient, or wrong drug administered. We found that the rate of these types of administration errors of the study drug was significantly decreased following adoption of the specific study design changes. This report provides guidance in the design of clinical trials testing the safety and efficacy of study drugs administered via intravenous infusion in an inpatient setting so as to minimize drug administration protocol deviations and optimize patient safety.

Predictors of failure of fish-oil therapy for intestinal failure-associated liver disease in children.

BACKGROUND: Parenteral fish-oil (FO) therapy is a safe and effective treatment for intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD). Patients whose cholestasis does not resolve with FO may progress to end-stage liver disease. OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify factors associated with the failure of FO therapy in treating IFALD to guide prognostication and referral guidelines. DESIGN: Prospectively collected data for patients treated with FO at Boston Children's Hospital from 2004 to 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Resolution of cholestasis was defined as sustained direct bilirubin (DB) <2 mg/dL, and treatment failure as liver transplantation or death while DB was >2 mg/dL as of July 2015. Demographics, laboratory values, and medical history at FO therapy initiation were compared between patients who achieved resolution of cholestasis and those who failed therapy. RESULTS: Among 182 patients treated with FO, 86% achieved resolution of cholestasis and 14% failed therapy. Patients who failed therapy had median (IQR) lower birth weight [1020 g (737, 1776 g) compared with 1608 g (815, 2438 g); P = 0.03] and were older at FO initiation [20.4 wk (9.9, 38.6 wk) compared with 11.7 wk (7.3, 21.4 wk); P = 0.02] than patients whose cholestasis resolved. Patients who failed therapy had more advanced liver disease at therapy initiation than patients whose cholestasis resolved, as evidenced by lower median (IQR) γ-glutamyltransferase [54 U/L (41, 103 U/L) compared with 112 U/L (76, 168 U/L); P < 0.001], higher DB [10.4 mg/dL (7.5, 14.1 mg/dL) compared with 4.4 mg/dL (3.1, 6.6 mg/dL); P < 0.001], and a higher pediatric end-stage liver disease (PELD) score [22 (14, 25) compared with 12 (7, 15); P < 0.001]. A PELD score of ≥15, history of gastrointestinal bleeding, age at FO initiation ≥16 wk, presence of nongastrointestinal comorbidities, and mechanical ventilation at FO initiation were independent predictors of treatment failure. CONCLUSIONS: Most infants with IFALD responded to FO therapy with resolution of cholestasis, and liver transplantation was rarely required. Early FO initiation once biochemical cholestasis is detected in parenteral nutrition-dependent patients is recommended. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00910104.

Challenging the 48-Hour Rule-Out for Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections in the Pediatric Intestinal Failure Population: A Retrospective Pilot Study.

INTRODUCTION: While parenteral nutrition (PN) has revolutionized the management of patients with intestinal failure (IF), central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) remain a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in this population. The objective of this study is to characterize the presentation of CLABSIs in pediatric IF and to determine the time to positivity of blood cultures. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of children with IF who presented to our institution for evaluation of a possible CLABSI from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2012, was performed. RESULTS: Sixty patients with IF were identified. There were 33 cases of CLABSI in 16 patients, with a rate of 1.5 infections per 1000 catheter days. There were no significant differences in age, growth parameters, or catheter days between patients with or without CLABSI. Fever was documented in 85% of patients with CLABSI. These patients demonstrated an increased percentage of neutrophils and higher C-reactive protein levels compared with patients without CLABSI. The mean time to culture positivity was 13.2 hours, and 97% of cultures were positive within 24 hours. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that most pediatric patients with IF who have CLABSI develop positive cultures within 24 hours, and the absence of fever and leukocytosis does not necessarily indicate the absence of infection. These findings may support clinical practice guidelines in favor of shorter hospital stay when CLABSI is suspected; however, a prospective analysis of CLABSI in this population is recommended to determine the safety and appropriate setting prior to any practice change.

The natural history of cirrhosis from parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease after resolution of cholestasis with parenteral fish oil therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the natural history of cirrhosis from parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) after resolution of cholestasis with fish oil (FO) therapy. BACKGROUND: Historically, cirrhosis from PNALD resulted in end-stage liver disease, often requiring transplantation for survival. With FO therapy, most children now experience resolution of cholestasis and rarely progress to end-stage liver disease. However, outcomes for cirrhosis after resolution of cholestasis are unknown and patients continue to be considered for liver/multivisceral transplantation. METHODS: Prospectively collected data were reviewed for children with cirrhosis because of PNALD who had resolution of cholestasis after treatment with FO from 2004 to 2012. Outcomes evaluated included need for liver/multivisceral transplantation, mortality, and the clinical progression of liver disease. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients with cirrhosis from PNALD were identified, with 76% demonstrating resolution of cholestasis after FO therapy. The mean direct bilirubin decreased from 6.4 ± 4 mg/dL to 0.2 ± 0.1 mg/dL (P < 0.001) 12 months after resolution of cholestasis, with a mean time to resolution of 74 days. None of the patients required transplantation or died from end-stage liver disease. Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease scores decreased from 16 ± 4.6 to -1.2 ± 4.6, 12 months after resolution of cholestasis (P < 0.001). In children who remained PN-dependent, the Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease score remained normal throughout the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Cirrhosis from PNALD may be stable rather than progressive once cholestasis resolves with FO therapy. Furthermore, these patients may not require transplantation and show no clinical evidence of liver disease progression, even when persistently PN-dependent.

Elevated Alkaline Phosphatase in Infants With Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Liver Disease Reflects Bone Rather Than Liver Disease.

BACKGROUND: Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in infants with intestinal failure (IF) can be due to parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) or metabolic bone disease (MBD). The purpose of the study was to determine the utility of serum ALP in the diagnostic criteria for PNALD by measuring tissue-specific levels in infants with IF and PNALD. METHODS: A retrospective review of patient data for 15 infants diagnosed with PNALD between December 2012 and August 2013 was performed. PNALD was defined as the presence of 2 consecutive direct bilirubin (DB) levels >2 mg/dL. Fractionated serum alkaline phosphatase was measured in each patient, while the DB was >2 mg/dL. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D3, calcium, and phosphate levels were recorded where available. RESULTS: In 15 infants with PNALD, elevation in total ALP was due to marked elevations in bone-specific ALP. The median liver-specific ALP remained within the normal range. PTH, vitamin D3, calcium, and phosphate levels were within normal limits. CONCLUSION: While elevated ALP can reflect biliary stasis, the ALP elevation observed in infants with IF and PNALD is predominantly of bone rather than hepatic origin. An elevated unfractionated ALP in infants with PNALD should therefore raise suspicion of underlying bone disease, rather than being attributed to liver disease alone.

Neonates with short bowel syndrome: an optimistic future for parenteral nutrition independence.

IMPORTANCE: The introduction of hepatoprotective strategies and multidisciplinary management has significantly improved the outcome of neonates with short bowel syndrome (SBS) who require parenteral nutrition (PN). OBJECTIVE: To determine the probability of weaning from PN based on intestinal length in neonates with SBS amidst the new era of hepatoprotective strategies and multidisciplinary management. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective medical record review at a single-center academic institution. Neonates with no more than 100 cm of small intestine at a corrected gestational age of no more than 30 days who were diagnosed with a surgical gastrointestinal disease and PN dependent for at least 2 weeks were included. Data were collected from January 1, 2004, through June 1, 2012. EXPOSURE: Neonates with SBS requiring PN. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The probability of wean from PN without reinitiation for at least 1 year, as determined by logistic regression. Predictors of wean were evaluated using exact conditional logistic regression. Predictors of time to wean were determined by Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients with a median (25th percentile, 75th percentile [interquartile range (IQR)]) gestational age of 31 (27, 35) weeks, birth weight of 1423 (895, 2445) g, small intestinal length of 41.0 (24.0, 65.0) cm, and predicted length of 29.0% (17.1%, 45.5%) underwent analysis. Fifty-one patients (81%) received a fish oil-based lipid emulsion (1 g/kg/d), 40 (63%) were weaned, 11 (17%) remained PN dependent, 4 (6%) underwent transplant, and 8 (13%) died while on PN. Excluding patients who underwent transplant or died, the median (IQR) small intestinal length was 55.0 (28.0, 75.0) cm in weaned and 26.0 (14.0, 41.0) cm in PN-dependent patients (P = .006), with 40 of 51 (78%) weaned by study end. The cumulative probability of wean for patients with at least 50 cm of small intestine was 88% after 12 and 96% after 24 months. Patients with less than 50 cm of small intestine had a cumulative probability of wean of 23% after 12, 38% after 24, and 71% after 57 months. Small intestinal length was found to be the primary predictor of wean. Notable predictors of time to wean included the amount of small intestine remaining (hazard ratio, 1.94 [95% CI, 1.45-2.58] per 20 cm of intestine; P < .001), entirety of care within our institution (3.27 [1.59-6.72]; P = .001), and intestinal lengthening procedure (0.19 [0.04-0.84]; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The majority of patients will wean from PN despite short intestinal length, likely as a result of new management strategies combined with a multidisciplinary team approach.

A comparison of 2 intravenous lipid emulsions: interim analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of a fish oil-based intravenous fat emulsion (FIFE) in reducing the incidence of cholestasis in neonates compared with the traditional soybean oil-based intravenous fat emulsion (SIFE). METHODS: A double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted. Nineteen neonates were enrolled (10 SIFE; 9 FIFE). Nutrition assessments and laboratory studies were serially obtained for the duration of PN support or until 6 months' corrected gestational age. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed at 6 and 24 months' corrected age. RESULTS: There were no differences between groups in demographic characteristics, with an overall median age of 2 days, gestational age of 36 weeks, and birth weight of 2410 g. There were no differences between groups in baseline laboratory values other than alkaline phosphatase (lower in the FIFE group) or in the duration of parenteral nutrition (PN), amount of enteral intake, or the number of operative procedures. The incidence of cholestasis among enrolled patients was significantly lower than expected, resulting in early study termination and an inability to assess for differences in the incidence of cholestasis. The FIFE was associated with no increased risk of growth impairment, coagulopathy, infectious complications, hypertriglyceridemia, or adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. No patient developed essential fatty acid deficiency. CONCLUSION: The FIFE at 1 g/kg/d was well tolerated in the neonates recruited for this study. Given the necessary early termination of this study, a follow-up trial with revised eligibility criteria is necessary to determine whether the provision of FIFE decreases the incidence of PN-cholestasis compared with the traditional SIFE.

A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support of neonatal patients at risk for metabolic bone disease.

BACKGROUND: Premature infants are at increased risk for metabolic bone disease, with resulting delayed bone growth, osteopenia, and rickets. METHOD: A systematic review of the best available evidence to answer a series of questions regarding neonatal patients at risk of metabolic bone disease receiving parenteral or enteral nutrition was undertaken and evaluated using concepts adopted from the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation working group. A consensus process was used to develop the clinical guideline recommendations prior to external and internal review and approval by the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Board of Directors. QUESTIONS: (1) What maternal risk factors predispose the neonate to metabolic bone disease? (2) What is the optimal type of feeding to promote neonatal bone health? (3) When and how should vitamin D supplements be administered? (4) Does parenteral nutrition (PN) predispose a neonate to metabolic bone disease, and if so, are there PN formulation recommendations to minimize this risk?

Provision of a soy-based intravenous lipid emulsion at 1 g/kg/d does not prevent cholestasis in neonates.

BACKGROUND: One of the most common and severe complications of long-term parenteral nutrition (PN) is PN-associated cholestasis. The soybean oil-based lipid emulsion administered with PN has been associated with cholestasis, leading to an interest in lipid reduction strategies. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the provision of a soybean oil-based lipid emulsion at 1 g/kg/d compared with 2-3 g/kg/d is associated with a reduced incidence of cholestasis. METHODS: Retrospective review of neonates admitted between 2007 and 2011 with a gastrointestinal condition necessitating ≥ 21 days of PN support. Neonates were divided into 2 groups based on the intravenous lipid emulsion dose: 1-g group (1 g/kg/d) and 2- to 3-g group (2-3 g/kg/d). The primary outcome measure was the incidence of cholestasis. RESULTS: Sixty-one patients met inclusion criteria (n = 29, 1-g group; n = 32, 2- to 3-g group). The 2 groups did not differ in any baseline characteristics other than associated comorbidities that were more common in the 2- to 3-g group. The duration of PN, the number of operative procedures and bloodstream infections, and enteral nutrition (EN) were similar between groups. The incidence of cholestasis was not different between groups (51.7%, 1-g group; 43.8%, 2- to 3-g group; P = .61), and there was no difference between groups in the time to cholestasis (32.6 ± 24.1 days, 1-g group; 27.7 ± 10.6 days, 2- to 3-g group; P = .48). Overall, 44.8% of patients with cholestasis were transitioned to full EN, and 55.2% were transitioned to a fish oil-based lipid emulsion after which the direct bilirubin normalized in all patients. CONCLUSION: Lipid reduction to 1 g/kg/d does not prevent or delay the onset of cholestasis in neonates.

Sunitinib reduces recurrent pelvic adhesions in a rabbit model.

BACKGROUND: Adhesions represent a major problem after abdominal and pelvic procedures. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of sunitinib (Sutent, SU11248), a Food and Drug Administration-approved receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on recurrent pelvic adhesion formation after pelvic adhesiolysis in a rabbit model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 20 New Zealand white rabbits underwent a uterine abrasion procedure, followed by an adhesiolysis procedure 4 weeks later. Before adhesiolysis, the rabbits were randomized to sunitinib at 10 mg/kg/d or placebo. These were administered as 1 dose preoperatively followed by 10 doses postoperatively. The rabbits were killed 30 d after the adhesiolysis procedure. At death, the adhesions were scored, and a total adhesion score (presented as the median and interquartile range [IQR]) was calculated according to the percentage of uterine involvement and the tenacity of the adhesions. RESULTS: All the rabbits survived the operative procedures without complications. The sunitinib-treated rabbits (n = 10) had a significantly lower uterine involvement score (median 2.0, IQR 1.0-3.0) than the placebo-treated rabbits (median 4.0, IQR 3.0-4.0; P = 0.02). The sunitinib-treated rabbits also had median tenacity score of 3.0 (IQR 3.0-4.0) compared with a median of 4.0 (IQR 4.0-4.0; P = 0.04) in the placebo-treated rabbits (n = 10). The median total score in the sunitinib-treated rabbits was 5.0 (IQR 4.0-6.25) compared with 8.0 (IQR 6.75, 8.0) in the placebo-treated rabbits (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Sunitinib treatment might be an efficacious strategy to reduce recurrent adhesion formation after pelvic procedures.

Cholestasis and growth in neonates with gastroschisis.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of cholestasis and the correlation between cholestasis and weight-for-age z scores in parenteral nutrition-dependent neonates with gastroschisis. METHODS: A single-center retrospective review of 59 infants born with gastroschisis from January 2000 to June 2007 was conducted. Demographic and clinical data were collected and analyzed. Subjects were divided into cholestatic and noncholestatic groups. Statistical analyses included the Student t test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, Fisher exact test, and a general linear model. RESULTS: Fifty-nine neonates with gastroschisis were identified, and 16 (28%) of 58 patients developed cholestasis. Younger gestational age and cholestasis were found to be independently associated with weight-for-age z score in 30 of 58 patients with available long-term follow-up data. CONCLUSIONS: Parenteral nutrition-dependent neonates with gastroschisis remain at considerable risk for the development of cholestasis. Both gestational age and cholestasis were found to be independent risk factors, predisposing these neonates to poor postnatal growth.