ABSTRACT
Pneumothorax is defined as the condition in which air is collected between the visceral and parietal pleura. Pneumothorax as a complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has been reported in relatively few cases and recurrent pneumothorax is even rarer. We present a case of a 50-year-old critically ill patient who required mechanical ventilation for 55 days and developed recurrent bilateral pneumothorax. The patient initially presented with shortness of breath and cough. He was found to be COVID-19 positive on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Subsequently, his oxygen demand increased, and he ultimately needed mechanical ventilation. He developed four episodes of pneumothorax. The patient was managed in all four episodes with intercostal tube insertion. To prevent subsequent episodes, pleurodesis was performed after the fourth episode of pneumothorax.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus Disease 2019 is a primarily respiratory illness that can cause thrombotic disorders. Elevation of D-dimer is a potential biomarker for poor prognosis in COVID-19, though optimal cutoff value for D-dimer to predict mortality has not yet been established. This study aims to assess the accuracy of admission D-dimer in the prognosis of COVID-19 and to establish the optimal cutoff D-dimer value to predict hospital mortality. METHODS: Clinical and laboratory parameters and outcomes of confirmed COVID-19 cases admitted to four hospitals in Kathmandu were retrospectively analyzed. Admitted COVID-19 cases with recorded D-dimer and definitive outcomes were included consecutively. D-dimer was measured using immunofluorescence assay and reported in Fibrinogen Equivalent Unit (µg/ml). The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the accuracy of D-dimer in predicting mortality, and to calculate the optimal cutoff value, based on which patients were divided into two groups and predictive value of D-dimer for mortality was measured. RESULTS: 182 patients were included in the study out of which 34(18.7%) died during the hospital stay. The mean admission D-dimer among surviving patients was 1.067 µg/ml (±1.705 µg/ml), whereas that among patients who died was 3.208 µg/ml (±2.613 µg/ml). ROC curve for D-dimer and mortality gave an area under the curve of 0.807 (95% CI 0.728-0.886, p<0.001). Optimal cutoff value for D-dimer was 1.5 µg/ml (sensitivity 70.6%, specificity 78.4%). On Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, the unadjusted hazard ratio for high D-dimer was 6.809 (95% CI 3.249-14.268, p<0.001), and 5.862 (95% CI 2.751-12.489, p<0.001) when adjusted for age. CONCLUSION: D-dimer value on admission is an accurate biomarker for predicting mortality in patients with COVID-19. 1.5 µg/ml is the optimal cutoff value of admission D-dimer for predicting mortality in COVID-19 patients.