Hydrodesulfurization of methanethiol over Co-promoted MoS2 model catalysts.

The process of hydrodesulfurization is one of the most important heterogeneous catalytic reactions in industry as it helps with reducing global SOx emissions by selectively removing the sulfur contaminants from commercial fuel. In this work, we successfully combine high-pressure scanning tunneling microscopy and reaction modeling using density functional theory to observe the hydrodesulfurization of methanethiol (CH3SH) on the Co-substituted S edges of a Co-promoted MoS2 model catalyst in situ at near-industrial conditions and investigate the plausible reaction pathways. The active sites on the Co-substituted S edges show a time-varying atomic structure influenced by the hydrodesulfurization reaction rate. The involvement of the edge Co site allows for the C-S bond scission to occur at appreciable rates, and is the critical step in the hydrodesulfurization of CH3SH. The atomic structures of the S-edge active sites from our reaction models match excellently with those observed in situ in the experiments.

Delving into Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and its Significance in Periodontal Diseases.

Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, particularly periodontitis, by virtue of its collagenolytic activity targeting collagen type I, the primary component of periodontal tissues. This review abstract elucidates the intricate involvement of MMP-1 in periodontal tissue homeostasis and its dysregulation in disease states. Elevated MMP-1 levels, observed in gingival tissues and crevicular fluid of individuals with periodontitis, correlate with the degradation of collagen fibers within the periodontium. This degradation contributes to the detachment of teeth from surrounding tissues and exacerbates alveolar bone resorption, hallmark features of periodontal breakdown. Therapeutically, targeting MMP-1 activity emerges as a promising strategy, prompting ongoing research into MMP inhibitors and host modulation therapies. Understanding MMP-1's nuanced role in periodontal diseases paves the way for personalized treatment approaches and holds promise in reshaping periodontal disease management for improved patient outcomes and periodontal health.

Enzymes in Peri-implant Sulcular Fluid: A Window into Periodontal Health - A Comprehensive Review.

Enzymes in peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) have emerged as essential biomarkers in the field of periodontics, providing critical insights into the health and stability of dental implants. This essay explores the significance of various enzymes in PISF, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), elastase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), in assessing the local inflammatory environment and diagnosing peri-implant diseases. The analysis of these enzymes facilitates early detection of complications, personalized treatment planning, and long-term monitoring, emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary approach to patient care. Collaboration among dental professionals and patient education is crucial in ensuring the successful management and maintenance of dental implants. Understanding the role of enzymes in PISF and their implications in periodontal health underscores their significance in contemporary periodontics and emphasizes the need for ongoing research and technological advancements.

Effectiveness of interventions to prevent abuse in people living with dementia in community settings: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: This review examined the evidence for interventions to prevent the abuse of people living with dementia in the community. METHODS: The articles were retrieved from 2000 to 2023 from six databases, including MEDLINE via PubMed, CINAHL Plus via EBSCO, EMBASE, ProQuest Medical Library, Web of Science, and Scopus. The research articles that focused on finding the effectiveness of interventions for preventing abuse of people living with dementia in community settings were included in this review. The review included randomized controlled trials and pre-test post-test trials only. The quality appraisal of the eligible studies was done using ROB 2 and ROBINS II. The findings were tabulated and narratively synthesised. RESULTS: Out of 1831 articles, only three were included in this review. Only two RCTs were included in this efficacy review. Both the studies showed that the interventions were not effective in reducing abuse. The studies utilised family caregiver interventions like psychological interventions and online supportive education. The review identified psychological interventions with some evidence. Another study was a quasi-experimental study that used dialectical behaviour therapy as an intervention to reduce abuse occurrence. The study showed low evidence and focused only on reporting of elder abuse as an outcome. CONCLUSION: This review found very few studies and was not able to draw a conclusion on the effectiveness of interventions for abuse in people living with dementia. Given the paucity of research, there is a clear need to identify how to overcome the challenges faced in elder abuse research and further refine the development of approaches to reduce elder abuse among people living with dementia in community settings.

Carboxylic Group Functionalized Carbon Quantum Dots inhibit Hen Egg White Lysozyme Amyloidogenesis, leading to the Formation of Spherical Aggregates with Reduced Toxicity and ROS Generation.

INTRODUCTION: Proteinopathies are a group of diseases where the protein structure has been altered. These alterations are linked to the production of amyloids, which are persistent, organized clumps of protein molecules through inter-molecular interactions. Several disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, have been related to the presence of amyloids. Highly ordered beta sheets or beta folds are characteristic of amyloids; these structures can further self- assemble into stable fibrils. METHODS: Protein aggregation is caused by a wide variety of environmental and experimental factors, including mutations, high pH, high temperature, and chemical modification. Despite several efforts, a cure for amyloidosis has yet to be found. Due to its advantageous semi-conducting characteristics, unique optical features, high surface area-to-volume ratio, biocompatibility, etc., carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have lately emerged as key instruments for a wide range of biomedical applications. To this end, we have investigated the effect of CQDs with a carboxyl group on their surface (CQD-CA) on the in vitro amyloidogenesis of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL). RESULTS: By generating a stable compound that is resistant to fibrillation, our findings show that CQD-CA can suppress amyloid and disaggregate HEWL. In addition, CQD-CA caused the creation of non-toxic spherical aggregates, which generated much less reactive oxygen species (ROS). CONCLUSION: Overall, our results show that more research into amyloidosis treatments, including surface functionalized CQDs, is warranted.

Rapidly Progressive Dementia in an Elderly Male: Perseverance Becomes the Key to a Rare Diagnosis.

Cognitive impairment in a patient with rapidly progressive dementia (RPD) develops faster than expected for a known dementia syndrome. It poses as a diagnostic challenge for the physician who must identify the diagnosis among a broad spectrum of differentials. Here, we discuss the case of a 60-year-old male who presented with a four-month history of progressive gait disturbance, incoherent talking, dysarthria, hand tremors, and new-onset bladder incontinence. Neurological examination revealed fast saccades, cerebellar dysarthria, hypertonia, and normal power in all four limbs, brisk reflexes, past pointing, intentional tremors, resting myoclonic jerks, and ataxic gait. Initial differentials of progressive paraneoplastic encephalitis, infectious encephalitis, and toxic encephalopathy were considered. However, the results of lumbar puncture and blood investigations-voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) antibody and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antibody, tumor markers, viral markers being negative and ammonia and lactate levels being normal led us to think of another possibility. With such rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonic jerks, extrapyramidal signs, and cerebellar signs, a diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) was taken into consideration. A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample was sent for CSF protein 14-3-3 quantification by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and came out positive. During his stay in the hospital, our patient developed multiple complications, and his clinical state progressively worsened. With no signs of improvement and the known fatal nature of the disease, the goals of care were discussed with the family and we all agreed on providing palliative care. The patient passed away on day 15 of hospital admission.

Acute and sub-chronic toxicity of Liberin, an anti-diabetic polyherbal formulation in rats.

BACKGROUND: The polyherbal formulation (PHF) liberin, is known to exert anti-hyperglycemic effects in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hence, it is important to study the safety profile of PHF in the current study through acute and chronic toxicity evaluation. OBJECTIVES: This research aims to assess the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of PHF in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PHF was administered once orally (1000 mg/kg body weight), and the rats (male and female) were monitored for toxicity signs for a 14-day period. For a 28-day chronic toxicity study, rats were daily administered with PHF dose of 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg body weight. Rats were followed up for mortality, weight changes, and other morbidities. Further haematological, biochemical, and histopathological changes were assessed. RESULTS: No death related to treatment or toxicity signs were recorded in the acute single-dose administration group. The results showed that the PHF was tolerated well up to a dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight. Even at the high dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight, sub-chronic tests did not show any significant difference between the dosed and normal groups. No significant changes were seen in the histopathological analysis of the liver, spleen, and kidney as well as haematological and biochemical parameters in acute, sub-chronic and satellite groups following the administration of PHF. CONCLUSION: The results confirmed that there was no adverse effect of this PHF at the maximum dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight in Wistar rats. Further, no adverse delayed effects related to PHF were observed in the satellite group. Therefore, this PHF appears safe for therapeutic purposes in the Ayurvedic medicinal system.

Amine Group Surface-Functionalized Carbon Quantum Dots Exhibit Anti-amyloidogenic Effects Towards Hen Egg White Lysozyme by Inducing Formation of Nontoxic Spherical Aggregates.

The tendency of polypeptide chains to deviate from their conventional protein folding pathway and instead get trapped as off-pathway intermediates, has been a matter of great concern. These off-pathway intermediates eventually lead to the formation of insoluble, ordered fibrillar aggregates called amyloids, which are responsible for a host of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Type II diabetes. In spite of extensive research, development of an effective therapeutic strategy against amyloidosis still remains elusive. In recent times, carbon quantum dots (CQD) have grabbed the attention of researchers against amyloidogenesis due to their ease of preparation, aqueous soluble nature, unique optical properties, high surface to volume ratio, physio-chemical properties, semi-conducting nature and mainly biocompatible. In the current study, we have reported an easy-to-prepare procedure for synthesis of amine group surface functionalized CQDs from commonly available kitchen spices with anti-oxidant properties. The as-synthesized CQDs were evaluated for their anti-amyloidogenic properties towards Hen Egg White Lysozyme (HEWL). Our results clearly show that the surfaced functionalized CQDs were able to interact with HEWL, thereby forming a stable complex, which was resistant towards amyloid formation and instead lead to the formation of non-toxic globular aggregates.

Acute Cryptococcal Meningitis in a Patient With Idiopathic CD4 Lymphocytopenia: A Rare Clinical Entity.

Cryptococcal meningitis is a known cause of opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS. Very few cases exist in literature where cryptococcal meningitis is seen in patients without evidence of HIV infection. Here, we describe a case of an elderly woman presenting with clinical features of meningitis. Our patient tested positive for cryptococcal antigen (CRAg) in the CSF and growth of Cryptococcus neoformans was obtained in CSF culture. Further laboratory investigations revealed CD4 lymphocytopenia (233 cells/µl) in the absence of HIV infection. When we checked the CD4 count, beyond a period of six weeks, it was reported to be low, which confirmed our diagnosis of idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia (ICL). She was successfully treated with amphotericin B along with flucytosine for two weeks and discharged on maintenance antifungal therapy for eight weeks. This case emphasizes the need to maintain a high index of suspicion and consider the possibility of opportunistic infections even in the absence of HIV infection for timely diagnosis and treatment.

Assessment of determining factors for severity of NeoCOVIDiabetes in India: A pan India multicentric retrospective study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is a bidirectional relationship between COVID-19 and diabetes. The primary objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of patients newly detected to have diabetes (NDD) who recovered from COVID-19 in India whilst comparing NDD with patients without diabetes (ND) and those who have known to have diabetes (KD) in terms of glycemic status pre- and post-COVID with disease severity. MATERIALS & METHODOLOGY: There were 2212 participants enrolled from 15 sites, with 1630 active participants after the respective execution of selection criteria. Data collection was done using a specialized Case Record Form (CRF). Planned statistical analysis and descriptive statistics were concluded for significance between patient groups on various parameters. RESULT: The differences in age between the study groups were statistically significant. The average blood glucose at COVID-19 onset was significantly higher in KD than in NDD. Significantly more proportion of NDD (83%) had been hospitalized for COVID management when compared to KD (45%) and ND (55%). The NDD group received higher doses of steroids than the other two groups. On average, patients in the NDD group who received at least one vaccination (one dose or two doses) had a higher High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) score. Patients who had not been vaccinated in ND and KD groups experienced a higher HRCT score. CONCLUSION: Prospective metabolism studies in post-acute COVID-19 will be required to understand the etiology, prognosis, and treatment opportunities.

Anthropometric Indices and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Factor in Predicting Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - A Prospective Study in Indian Population.

Background: The different anthropometric indices have different predictive values of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in various populations. Since obesity is a common cause of NAFLD and diabetes, therefore, it is critical to correlate the various anthropometric indices as a risk factor in terms of NAFLD and diabetes in the Indian population. In view of reported association between obesity and NAFLD, the study was employed to analyze the relationship of various anthropometric indices (body mass index [BMI], a body shape index [ABSI], waist-height ratio [WHtR], etc.) with NAFLD and to comment, if possible, which among them has the highest predictive value in patients with type 2 diabetes. Material and Methods: Data of 220 diabetic patients (36-80 years) were analyzed. Anthropometric data were collected using standard methods. Routine biochemical investigations data were used. Ultrasonography was used to assess liver status for NAFLD. Results: Based on the results, Waist height ratio [WHtR] and BMI had better correlation with NAFLD than ABSI. The desirable WHtR cutoff value was 0.545 with 62% of sensitivity and 62% of specificity. The cut off for BMI and ABSI were 24.6 and 0.805, respectively, with 65% of sensitivity and 62% of specificity for BMI and 63% of sensitivity and 42% of specificity for ABSI. Conclusion: There is a strong association of BMI and ABSI with NAFLD in this study. Public health measures to limit overnutrition and management of obesity are essential to prevent NAFLD, and as its negative health effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus.

TB disease patterns by HIV and diabetes status.

BACKGROUND: TB is commonly categorised as pulmonary (PTB) or extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). Knowledge of TB disease patterns (PTB and/or EPTB) and determining risk factors remains limited.METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study using point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) in Indian patients with presumed TB. Clinical and imaging data were used to develop refined case definitions for PTB, concurrent PTB and EPTB (PTB + EPTB) and EPTB without PTB (EPTB). These groups were analysed by HIV (HIV+/-) and diabetes mellitus (DM+/-) status.RESULTS: Of 172 HIV-/DM- patients with TB, 48% had PTB, 23% PTB + EPTB and 29% had EPTB, totalling 52% with any EPTB (PTB + EPTB or EPTB). In HIV+/DM- patients with TB (n = 35), 6% had PTB, 40% had PTB + EPTB and 54% had EPTB, accounting for 94% with EPTB. In HIV-/DM+ patients with TB (n = 61), 61% had PTB, 28% had PTB + EPTB and 11% had EPTB, representing 39% with EPTB.CONCLUSION: Refined case definitions revealed high proportions of EPTB even without HIV or DM. HIV further altered the TB disease pattern towards EPTB and DM towards PTB. Therefore, the dichotomy between PTB or EPTB does not represent the actual spectrum of TB disease. EPTB should receive higher priority in research and clinical practice.

Safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines, preventive strategies, and patient management.

INTRODUCTION: Fast-track approval has led to serious concerns on the perception of COVID-19 vaccines' safety among the public. Common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of COVID-19 vaccines are minor localized reactions, while systemic ADRs have been reported rarely. The serious ADRs include anaphylaxis, vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia syndrome (VITTS), and reactions related to the pharmaceutical excipients present in the vaccine. A comprehensive review on the safety of COVID-19 vaccines would help in early identification and better management of ADRs. This literature review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, COVID-19 Vaccine package inserts, and UpToDate. AREAS COVERED: This article provides various aspects of COVID-19 vaccine safety and offers strategies to prevent and clinically manage suspected ADRs related to COVID-19 vaccines. EXPERT OPINION: A careful consideration of contraindications and patient education on early identification of serious ADRs are the cornerstones in tackling safety concerns associated with COVID-19 vaccines. Most of the mild ADR cases are manageable with over-the-counter medications, while the serious ones may require physician oversight and hospitalization. It is also mandatory to report all ADRs to the local pharmacovigilance centers, with a higher priority given to the moe significant ones, in order to improve vaccine safety data.

Inhibitory effects of carbon quantum dots towards hen egg white lysozyme amyloidogenesis through formation of a stable protein complex.

Proteins, under certain circumstances such as defective quality control mechanism, mutations and altered environmental conditions, undergo misfolding and assemble into highly ordered beta-sheet structured fibrillar aggregates called amyloid fibrils. Formation of amyloid is seen in most of the protein linked degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Type II diabetes mellitus and many more. Amyloid fibril forms via intermediate state(s), and is known to follow a nucleated condensation polymerization mechanism. Though extensive research is being carried out towards finding a therapeutic solution to the amyloidosis, an effective treatment to these diseases still remains elusive and also the mechanism of amyloidogenesis largely remains unclear. In recent times, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are gaining the attention of researchers due to their semi-conductive nature, excellent physio-chemical properties, high surface to volume ratio, optical properties and mainly bio-compatibility. In the current study, we have synthesized CQDs from commonly available kitchen spice mix and explored their role in amyloidogenesis using hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) as a model protein. The results clearly demonstrate the amyloid inhibitory as well as disaggregation potential of CQD by forming a stable complex with HEWL and thereby increasing the energy barrier for the aggregation process.

Determinants of hospitality students' perceived learning during COVID 19 pandemic: Role of interactions and self-efficacy.

Our study adopts the Theory of Transactional Distance (TTD) as the theoretical framework to investigate the impact of the four interaction levels: content, instructors, peers, and technology on perceived learning among hospitality students with self-efficacy as the moderating factor. The data sample for the study includes responses from 461 hospitality students from various institutes in India. Our findings reveal that all the four-point of interactions, content, instructors, peers, and technology, have a significant positive impact on perceived learning. Further, learners' interaction with the content was emerged as the most significant predictor of perceived learning. The data was put to moderation analysis, with results suggesting that self-efficacy has a conditional effect only on the interaction between content and perceived learning.

Changes in stroke volume variation and cardiac index during open major bowel surgery.

BACKGROUND: Stroke volume variation (SVV) is a dynamic indicator of preload, which is a determinant of cardiac output. Aims: Aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between changes in SVV and cardiac index (CI) in patients with normal left ventricular function undergoing major open abdominal surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients undergoing major open abdominal surgery were monitored continuously with FloTrac® to measure SVV and CI along with standard monitoring. Both SVV and CI were noted at baseline and every 10 min thereafter till the end of surgery and were observed for concurrence between the measurements. RESULTS: 1800 pairs of measurement of SVV and CI were obtained from 60 patients. Mean SVV and CI (of all patients) measured at different time points of measurement showed that as SVV increased with time, the CI dropped correspondingly. When individual readings of CI and SVV were plotted against each other, the scatter was found to be wide, reiterating the lack of agreement between the two parameters (R2 = 0.035). SVV >13% suggesting hypovolemia was found at 207 time points. Of these, 175 had a CI >2.5 L/min/m2 and only 32 patients had a CI <2.5 L/min/m2. CONCLUSION: SVV, a dynamic index of fluid responsiveness can be used to monitor patients expected to have large fluid shifts during major abdominal surgery. It is very specific and has a high negative predictive value. When SVV increases, CI is usually maintained. Since many factors affect SVV and CI, any increase in SVV >13%, must be correlated with other parameters before administration of the fluid challenge.

Congo red dot test in the early prediction and diagnosis of pre-eclampsia in a tertiary health care centre in India.

OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the use of urine congophilia quantification in the prediction and diagnosis of pre-eclampsia using Congo red dot test. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective cohort study in 378 consecutive pregnant women was conducted. All eligible, consenting women of gestational age between 10 and 34 weeks were enrolled in the study. The presence of urinary misfolded proteins was screened by a simple dot test technique on unsupported nitrocellulose membrane using Congo red dye. RESULTS: The urinary congophilia was increased in urine from women with pre eclampsia compared to healthy pregnant controls. The mean CRR value of pre eclamptic pregnant women (35.2 ±â€¯9.4%) was five times higher than that of mean CRR value of normotensive pregnant women (6.9 ±â€¯4.7%). The mean gestational age at which Congo red test showed positive was 26.95 ±â€¯2.90 weeks and the time taken from CRD positive to development of PE was 4.92 ±â€¯2.54 weeks of gestation. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, the CRD test was not only effective in predicting pre-eclampsia but was also useful in differentiating between pre-eclampsia and other forms of hypertension, as well as early onset and late onset pre-eclampsia, with positive predictive value of 80.36% and negative predictive value of 92.86.

Simultaneous sulfidation of Mo and Co oxides supported on Au(111).

Here we present the results of a study carried out to investigate the simultaneous sulfidation of Co and Mo oxide nanoparticles on Au(111) as a synthesis strategy to prepare a model catalyst for hydrodesulfurization (HDS). We make use of scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to track the changes in morphology and chemistry during the synthesis of a mixed Mo and Co oxide precursor and the sulfidation thereafter, to the respective sulfides. We investigated the effects of temperature and the duration of sulfidation on the completeness of the sulfidation process. Our study shows that the formation of MoS2 with the CoMoS edge (the desired model catalyst) is not affected by the time or the temperature of sulfidation. However, the yield of the Co-promoted MoS2 slabs is limited by the formation of large clusters due to the spreading of Mo and Co oxide phases upon sulfidation. Complete sulfidation of the mixed oxide precursor to Co-promoted MoS2 can be accelerated by increasing the sulfidation temperature to 730 K due to the thermally activated nature of Mo oxide sulfidation. Thus, we demonstrate that using a mixed Mo and Co oxide precursor as a starting point for the Co-promoted MoS2 phase for fundamental catalytic studies is a viable strategy.

Age Related Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in the Indian Population and Association of Serum Lipids With Cognitive Dysfunction.

The magnitude of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is ever-increasing in India, and at present, ~77 million people live with diabetes. Studies have established that T2DM increases the risk of neurodegenerative disorders. This study aimed to determine the age-related prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in T2DM patients in the Indian population and to identify link between cognitive dysfunction in T2DM patients and serum lipid composition through untargeted and targeted lipidomic studies. Using a cross-sectional study, we evaluated 1278 T2DM patients with Montreal cognitive assessment test (MoCA) and digit symbol substitution test (DSST) for cognitive functions. As per MoCA, the prevalences of MCI in T2DM patients in age groups below 40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, 71-80 and 81-90 years were 13.7, 20.5, 33.5, 43.7, 57.1 and 75% with DSST scores of 45.8, 41.7, 34.4, 30.5, 24.2 and 18.8% respectively. Binomial logistic regression analysis revealed serum HbA1c ≥ 7.51, duration of T2DM over 20 years, age above 41 years, and females were independent contributors for cognitive dysfunction in T2DM patients. Preliminary studies with untargeted lipidomics of the serum from 20 T2DM patients, including MCI and normal cognition (NC) group, identified a total of 646 lipids. Among the identified lipids, 33 lipids were significantly different between MCI and NC group, which comprised of triglycerides (TGs, 14), sphingolipids (SL, 11), and phosphatidylcholines (PC, 5). Importantly, 10 TGs and 3 PCs containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were lower, while 8 sphingolipids were increased in the MCI group. Since brain-derived sphingolipids are known to get enriched in the serum, we further quantified sphingolipids from the same 20 serum samples through targeted lipidomic analysis, which identified a total of 173 lipids. Quantitation revealed elevation of 3 species of ceramides, namely Cer (d18:1_24:1), Hex1Cer (d16:0_22:6), and Hex2Cer (d28:1) in the MCI group compared to the NC group of T2DM patients. Overall, this study demonstrated an age-related prevalence of MCI in T2DM patients and highlighted reduced levels of several species of PUFA containing TGs and PCs and increased levels of specific ceramides in T2DM patients exhibiting MCI. Large-scale lipidomic studies in future could help understand the cognitive dysfunction domain in T2DM patients, while studies with preclinical models are required to understand the functional significance of the identified lipids.