Analysis of metabolites of glucose pathways in human erythrocytes by analytical isotachophoresis.

The aim of this study was to establish an isotachophoretic (ITP) method for the determination of the main compounds of glycolysis in human erythrocytes in order to analyze the influence of different glucose concentrations (mimicking the situation in diabetes mellitus) on this pathway. Samples for ITP were prepared by isolation of erythrocytes, lysis of the cells by heating in double-distilled water and subsequent ultrafiltration (Mr cut-off: 5000). All the main compounds of glycolysis were characterized by ITP. The influence of different glucose concentrations on the main compounds of the energy metabolism (ATP, ADP, lactate, pyruvate) and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate were analyzed in short- and long-time incubations.

Forward telescoping: the question matters.

Forward telescoping, the reporting or dating of events as being more recent than they actually were, is often observed in surveys and produces inaccurate data. We believe that some forward telescoping occurs when the question format allows people to respond without extensive retrieval of temporal information concerning the target events. We collected two types of data. The first, the type usually collected by survey researchers, involved visits to medical doctors. As is common in survey research, the actual dates of the events were not verifiable. The second type involved students' participation in laboratory research studies. Here, the actual dates were verifiable. We demonstrate that modifying the questions asked produced differences in the amount of forward telescoping in participants' responses.

Reporting the dates of events: the role of prior knowledge.

In seeking to understand the processes involved when people report temporal information from memory, two general domains have been studied: date generation and duration estimation. Both domains are combined in the present study, which establishes, first, that people have similar expectations as to the usual lengths of the temporal intervals between events, and second, that expectations about intervals affect reconstructions of event dates. Similar expectations for intervals of certain vignettes (e.g. leaving on and returning from a honeymoon) were uncovered in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, subjects read the same vignettes, but the dates used created temporal intervals that were less than, greater than, or equal to, the usual temporal intervals from Experiment 1. Subjects then recalled either one or both of the dates they had read. Results indicated that reported dates were influenced by both the dates presented and expectations based on prior knowledge.

Memory for day of the week: a 5 + 2 day cycle.

People use a variety of schemes to keep track of time. One such scheme is the week, with its 7 distinctly named days. This article examines memory for day of the week and its relation to memory for time of day and for elapsed time (number of days). Data are presented from a study in which people answered a set of interview questions about the time of occurrence of a particular event. Two issues are addressed. The first issue concerns the way different temporal schemes are organized in relation to each other in memory. Memory for day of the week is independent of other aspects of temporal memory. The second issue concerns whether the week is organized hierarchically into either weekday periods or weekend periods or both. The weekday period forms a distinct 5-day unit within the 7-day weekly cycle. The present data, together with those from the authors' earlier work, suggest that the time an event occurred is encoded in relation to a set of separate temporal scripts (e.g., daily and weekly) and that such scripts may be hierarchically organized.