ABSTRACT
Cardiac involvement is the foremost determinant of the clinical progression of amyloidosis. The diagnostic role of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in cardiac amyloidosis has been established, but the prognostic role of various right and left CMR tissue characterization and functional parameters, including global longitudinal strain (GLS), late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), and parametric mapping, is yet to be delineated. We searched EMBASE, PubMed, and MEDLINE for studies analysing the prognostic use of CMR imaging in patients with light chain amyloidosis or transthyretin amyloidosis cardiac amyloidosis. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. A random effects model was used to calculate a pooled odds ratio using inverse-variance weighting. Nineteen studies with 2199 patients [66% males, median age 59.7 years, interquartile range (IQR) 58-67] were included. Median follow-up was 24 months (IQR 20-32), during which 40.8% of patients died. Both tissue characterization left heart parameters such as elevated extracellular volume [hazard ratio (HR) 3.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.01-5.17], extension of left ventricular (LV) LGE (HR 2.69, 95% CI 2.07-3.49) elevated native T1 (HR 2.19, 95% CI 1.12-4.28), and functional parameters such as reduced LV GLS (HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.52-2.41) and reduced LV ejection fraction (EF; HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.17-1.23) were associated with increased all-cause mortality. Unlike the presence of right ventricular (RV) LGE (HR 3.40, 95% CI 0.51-22.54), parameters such as RV GLS (HR 2.08, 95% CI 1.6-2.69), RVEF (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.05-1.22), and tricuspid annular systolic excursion (TAPSE) (HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-1.21) were also associated with mortality. In this large meta-analysis of patients with cardiac amyloidosis, CMR parameters assessing RV and LV function and tissue characterization were associated with an increased risk of mortality.
ABSTRACT
Evidence of a link between headache symptoms and cardiovascular disease has rapidly grown in recent years and it is of utmost importance for the cardiologist and neurologist to be aware of this intimate connection. A brief overview of different cardiovascular diseases (namely hypertension, stroke, coronary heart disease, patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defects, atrial septal aneurisms, mitral valve prolapse, and aortic and carotid disease) that may be related to headache is presented in this article. Proposed pathophysiological mechanisms for this association and landmark studies are reviewed and discussed.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/pathology , Headache/pathology , Brain Ischemia , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Coronary Artery Disease/complications , Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis , Coronary Artery Disease/pathology , Foramen Ovale, Patent/complications , Headache/diagnosis , Headache/etiology , Heart Aneurysm/complications , Heart Septal Defects, Atrial/complications , Humans , Hypertension/complications , Hypertension/diagnosis , Hypertension/pathology , Hypertension, Pulmonary , Migraine Disorders/etiology , Migraine Disorders/pathology , Mitral Valve Insufficiency/complications , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
A 91-year-old man appeared in our lab with fever for a transthoracic echocardiography assessment. Highly unusual echo images were found, with a size and movement resembling 'bubbles in an aquarium' in every cardiac chamber, both left and right. The patient died 8 days later, due to a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sepsis. These are highly unusual images that should not be confused with microbubbles from contrast agents or radiofrequency ablation, and were previously reported once in association with atrioesophageal fistula.
