Anticancer Activity of Aaptos suberitoides on Glioblastoma Multiforme Cell Line.

OBJECTIVE: Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) poses a significant challenge due to its high aggressiveness and unfavorable prognosis, with existing treatments demonstrating limited efficacy in prolonging survival rates. This study aimed to assess the anticancer properties of Aaptos suberitoides extracts and fraction on the U87 cell line, serving as a representative model for GBM. METHODS: U87 cells were treated with ethanol extracts derived from Aaptos suberitoides, specifically two extracts (OAA-1 and OAA-2) and one ethyl acetate fraction (EA) isolated from specimens collected on Pramuka Island and Tinjil Island. The evaluation encompased microscopic observation and MTT assay to determine the IC50. Subsequently, antiproliferative effects were investigated through apoptosis and cell cycle assays. RESULTS: The extract demonstrated cytotoxic activity against U87 cells, with OAA-1 and OAA-2 exhibiting IC50 values of 35.78 µg/mL and 25.38 µg/mL, respectively. OAA-1 notably induced apoptosis at 50 µg/mL and induced cell cycle arrest. On other hand, OAA-2, while also inducing apoptosis significantly, had a lesser impact on cell cycle arrest. In contrast, EA induced significant apoptosis at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. CONCLUSION: The ethanol extracts and the ethyl acetate fraction of Aaptos suberitoides emerged as a promising candidate for Glioblastoma Multiforme cancer therapy, showing potential in inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis.

The Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Marine Sponge Stylissa carteri Induces Breast Cancer Cell Death via Upregulation of Mcl-1S: an In vitro Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potency of the fraction of marine sponge Stylissa carteri in inducing cell death, inhibiting spheroid growth, and its impact on pro-apoptotic protein Mcl-1S in breast cancer cells. METHODS: Stylissa carteri were collected from Pramuka Island followed by ethanol extraction and ethyl acetate fractionation. To evaluate the cytotoxic effect of fraction, the HCC-1954, MDA MB 231, and MCF-7 cells were treated with the fraction of Stylissa carteri and MTT assay was then performed. The effect on spheroid growth was evaluated in HCC-1954 cells. The combined effect of the ethyl acetate fraction and paclitaxel were analyzed using combination index (CI) and immunoblotting on the pro-apoptotic protein Mcl-1S. Furthermore, compounds in this fraction were identified using GC-MS. RESULTS: Data showed that both the MDA MB 231 and HCC-1954 cells were interestingly more sensitive to the fraction as compared with MCF-7 cells. The IC50 of the ethyl acetate fraction on HCC-1954, MDA MB 231 and MCF-7 were 4.1 µg/ml, 3.9 µg/ml, and 123.8 µg/ml, respectively. In addition, the fraction triggered spheroid destruction within 10 days. The CI of paclitaxel and ethyl acetate fraction of Stylissa carteri were less than 0.52. Moreover, this combination induced upregulation of the Mcl-1S protein. Furthermore, some fatty acid-based structures were predicted as the major compounds in this fraction. CONCLUSION: The ethyl acetate fraction of Stylissa carteri induces cell death and spheroid destruction in aggressive breast cancer cells. It has a synergistic cytotoxic effect with paclitaxel on MDA MB 231 cell death and upregulates Mcl-1S protein.

The Ethanol Extract of Marine Sponge Aaptos suberitoides Suppress Cell Viability, Cell Proliferation and Cell Migration in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Cell Line.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity, anti-proliferation and anti-migration effect of the ethanol extract of Aaptos suberitoides on trastuzumab-resistant HER2+ breast cancer cell line. METHODS: Aaptos suberitoides was collected from Tinjil Island, Banten, Indonesia, and was processed with maceration and ethanol extraction. HCC-1954 cells were treated with the ethanol extract and then followed by 3- [4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] -2.5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to assess cytotoxicity, clonogenic assay and three-dimensional (3D) spheroid assay to evaluate anti-proliferative effect in two-dimensional and 3D model, respectively, and wound healing assay to determine anti-cell migration effect. Four parametric regression was used to analyse the IC50. RESULTS: This study revealed that the ethanol extract of Aaptos suberitoides suppressed cell viability in correlation with cell death induction. The IC50 values of the ethanol extract of Aaptos suberitoides using MTT assay and clonogenic assay were 12.0 ppm and 4.36 ppm, respectively. The extract demonstrated an inhibition effect on spheroid growth. In low concentration, the extract of Aaptos suberitoides inhibited cell migration. Furthermore, MS analysis showed that the most abundant compounds in this extract has molecular weight m/z 229.81 [M+H]+. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that the ethanol extract of Aaptos suberitoides demonstrates cytotoxicity, anti-proliferation and anti-migration effect as well as inhibition effect on three-dimensional spheroid growth in trastuzumab-resistant HER2+ breast cancer cell line.
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Bioactive Compounds in the Ethanol Extract of Marine Sponge Stylissa carteri Demonstrates Potential Anti-Cancer Activity in Breast Cancer Cells

Objective: Despite advanced treatment options available, drug resistance develops in breast cancer (BC) patients requiring novel effective drugs. Stylissa carteri, a marine sponge predominantly living in Indonesia territories, has not been extensively studied as anti-cancer. Therefore, this study targeted to assess the anti-tumor activity of the ethanol extract of S. carteri in BC cells. Methods: S. carteri was collected from Pramuka Island, at Kepulauan Seribu National Park, Jakarta, Indonesia and extracted using ethanol. Different BC cells including MDA MB 231, MDA MB 468, SKBR3, HCC-1954 and MCF-7 cells were treated with this extract for cytotoxic analysis using MTT assay. Spheroid growth assay and apoptosis assay were conducted in HCC-1954 cells. In addition, cell migration analysis and synergistic activity with doxorubicin or paclitaxel were conducted in MDA MB 231 cells. This extract was subjected also for GC-MS analysis. Results: The results show that ethanol extract of S. carteri demonstrated a cytotoxic activity in BC cells. The IC50 of this extract was lower 15 µg/ml in MDA MB 231, MDA MB 468, SKBR3, and HCC-1954 cells. Moreover, this extract inhibited spheroids growth and induced apoptosis in HCC-1954 cells. It inhibited cell migration and demonstrated a synergistic activity with doxorubicin or paclitaxel on triggering cell death in MDA MB 231 cells. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis indicated that this extract contained 1,2-Benzenediol, Dibutyl phthalate and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, ethyl ester. Conclusion: Our preliminary data indicate a potential anti-tumor activity of ethanol extract of S. carteri in breast cancer cells.