ABSTRACT
The aerosol inhalation delivery of composite particles consisting of Ag nanoparticles enveloped by polyvinylpyrrolidone was investigated in experiments with mice. An ultrasonic nebulizing system was created for the generation of aerosols with a mean diameter and mass concentration of 700 ± 50 nm and 65 ± 5 mg/m3, respectively. The mass fraction of Ag in the composite particles was α = 0.061. The aerosol delivery was performed in a whole-body chamber with an exposition time of 20 min. Pharmacokinetic measurements were taken and the silver concentrations in the blood and lungs of the mice were measured as a function of time after exposition by means of electrothermal (graphite furnace) atomic absorption spectrometry. The inhalation dose and other pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. The antibacterial effect of aerosolized silver was assessed for mice infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae 82 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25953. The survival rate of the infected mice after the aerosol exposure demonstrated the high antibacterial efficiency of Ag nanoparticles after inhalation delivery.
ABSTRACT
The formation of singlet oxygen 1O2 provided by the photoexcitation of the encounter complexes of isoprene with oxygen (C5H8-O2) in the gas phase within the spectral region 253.5-355 nm has been observed at the elevated pressure of oxygen. Singlet oxygen has been detected with its NIR luminescence centered near 1.27 µm. The photogeneration of 1O2 is found to be a one-photon process. In the UV-C region (253-278 nm) the quantum yield of 1O2 is measured. This yield of 1O2 is governed mainly by photoexcitation of O2 molecules to the Herzberg III (3Δu) state via enhanced absorption by C5H8-O2 collision complexes. So excited triplet O2 gives rise to singlet oxygen because of triplet-triplet annihilation in the collisions with unexcited O2 molecules. In the UV-B (308 nm) region the appearance of 1O2 is attributed to the excitation of a double spin-flip (DSF) transition in complex C5H8-O2. In the UV-A region (355 nm) besides DSF the O2-assisted T1 â S0 excitation of isoprene to the triplet state takes place, which is a sensitizer of 1O2 formation. The contribution of the encounter complexes C5H8-O2 to the production of singlet oxygen and to the lifetime of isoprene in the Earth's troposphere are estimated.
ABSTRACT
The channel of singlet oxygen O2((1)Δg) photogeneration from van der Waals complexes of oxygen X-O2 has been investigated to discriminate between two possible mechanisms based on charge-transfer (CT) or double spin-flip (DSF) transitions. The results obtained in this work for complexes with X = ethylene C2H4, 1,3-butadiene C4H6, deuterated methyl iodide CD3I, benzene C6H6 and water H2O and for those investigated previously indicate the DSF mechanism as a source of singlet oxygen. The formation of O2((1)Δg) is observed only when the energy of exciting quantum is sufficient for DSF transition. Universally detected low vibrational excitation of O2((1)Δg) arising in the photodissociation of van der Waals complexes X-O2 indicates the DSF mechanism as its source. For complex of ethylene C2H4-O2ab initio calculations of vertical energy ΔE(vert) for DSF and CT transitions have been carried out. The positive results of singlet oxygen formation from C2H4-O2 can be explained by the DSF but not by the CT mechanism.