Associations of spicy food flavour and intake frequency with blood lipid levels and risk of abnormal serum lipid levels in Chinese rural population: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current study was to investigate associations between spicy food intake and serum lipids levels in Chinese rural population. DESIGN: Information on spicy food flavour and intake frequency was obtained using a two-item questionnaire survey. Dietary data were collected using a validated thirteen-item FFQ. Fasting blood samples were collected and measured for total cholesterol (TC), TAG, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were employed to examine the relationship between spicy food and serum lipids levels according to the spicy food flavour and intake frequency, respectively. SETTING: A cross-sectional study in Henan Province. PARTICIPANTS: 38 238 participants aged 18-79 years old. RESULTS: Spicy flavour and intake frequency were consistently associated with decreased TC and non-HDL-cholesterol levels but mildly associated with elevated TAG levels. Each level increment in spicy flavour was inversely associated with high TC (OR: 0·91; 95 % CI 0·88, 0·93) and high non-HDL-cholesterol (OR: 0·88; 95 % CI 0·85, 0·91) but positively associated with high TAG (OR: 1·04; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·07). Similarly, 1-d increment in spicy food intake frequency was also inversely associated with high TC (OR: 0·92; 95 % CI 0·91, 0·94) and high non-HDL-cholesterol (OR: 0·91; 95 % CI 0·89, 0·93) but positively associated with high TAG (OR: 1·04; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·06). CONCLUSIONS: Spicy food intake was mildly associated with increased risk of abnormal TAG level, significantly associated with decreased risk of abnormal TC and non-HDL levels. Spicy food intake may be contribute to the management of lipid levels.

Androgen receptor DNA methylation is an independent determinant of glucose metabolic disorders in women; testosterone plays a moderating effect.

BACKGROUND: We have previously shown that serum testosterone was associated with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Testosterone can be acting through binding the androgen receptor (AR). Therefore, we aimed to explore the independent associations of AR DNA methylation (ARm) with IFG and T2D and the moderation effects of serum testosterone on the associations. METHODS: A case-control study with 1065 participants including 461 men and 604 women was performed. ARm in peripheral blood sample and serum testosterone were measured using pyrosequeuncing and liquid chromatography-tandem mass, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to estimate the associations of ARm (including 2 cytosine-phosphoguanine [CpG] islands and average methylation levels) with different glucose status. Serum testosterone was used as a moderator to estimate the moderation effect. RESULTS: After multivariate adjustment, CpG 1, 2 and CpG average methylation were all significantly associated with IFG (CpG 1: Odds ratio (OR) = 4.80, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.24-10.27; CpG 2: OR = 4.35, 95% CI: 2.50-7.58; CpG average: OR = 11.73, 95% CI: 5.36-25.67) in women. In addition, testosterone played negative moderation effects in above associations. Moreover, no significant independent associations of methylation levels with T2D was observed both in men and women. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that ARm was positively associated with IFG in women and the associations would be weakened by testosterone. The individuals experiencing low testosterone and ARm levels reported a lower state of IFG than those who experienced high levels of testosterone and ARm in women.

Mediation effect of body mass index on the association between spicy food intake and hyperuricemia in rural Chinese adults: the Henan rural cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The relationship of spicy food intake with hyperuricemia remains unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the association between spicy food intake and hyperuricemia, and whether this association was mediated by body mass index (BMI) in Chinese rural population. METHODS: 38, 027 adults aged 18-79 years were recruited from the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Information on spicy food intake was obtained using a validated questionnaire survey. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to estimate the association between spicy food intake and hyperuricemia, multiple linear regression model was performed to estimate the relationships between spicy food intake, BMI and serum urate level. BMI was used as a mediator to evaluate the mediation effect. RESULTS: After adjusting for potential confounders, compared with no spicy food flavor, the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of mild, middle, and heavy flavor for hyperuricemia were 1.09 (1.00-1.19), 1.10 (0.97-1.24), and 1.21 (1.10-1.46), respectively (Ptrend = 0.017). Similarly, compared with those without intake in spicy food, the multivariable adjusted OR (95% CI) of 1-2 days/week, 3-5 days/week, and 6-7 days/week were 1.15 (1.01-1.31), 1.14 (1.01-1.30) and 1.15 (1.05-1.26), respectively (Ptrend = 0.007). However, when we further controlling for BMI, the associations were substantially attenuated. Furthermore, mediation analysis showed that BMI play a full mediating role in the relationship of spicy food intake with hyperuricemia. CONCLUSION: Spicy food flavor and intake frequency are positively related with hyperuricemia in Chinese rural population. BMI may play a full mediating role in the relationship. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The Henan Rural Cohort Study registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Register (Registration number: ChiCTR-OOC-15006699 ). Date of registration: 2015-07-06.

Association between daily egg intake and lipid profiles in adults from the Henan rural cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The association between daily egg intake and dyslipidemia remains a contentious issue. Therefore, our study was aimed to explore the relation of daily egg intake to lipid profile; and whether the association was mediated by body mass index (BMI). METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 39,021 participants (18-79 years) were enrolled from the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Data on egg consumptions and blood lipid indices were collected with standardized processes. Logistic regression and restricted cubic splines were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Mediation analysis using bootstrap was performed to examine the contribution of BMI to daily egg intake and HDL-C. The participants were divided into 3 egg intake groups (＜26.79 g/d, 26.79-62.50 g/d, ＞62.5 g/d). According to our results, comparing with the low daily egg consumption group, medium and high egg intake tertiles were related with increased high-TC (ORmedium = 1.546, 95%CI (1.417,1.688); ORhigh = 1.902,95%CI (1.703, 2.124)), high LDL-C (ORmedium = 1.224, 95%CI (1.121, 1.337); ORhigh = 1.368,95%CI (1.220, 1.534)) and non-HDL-C(ORmedium = 1.486,95%CI(1.358,1.625); ORhigh = 1.715,95%CI (1.499, 1.888)), as well as inversely associated with high-TG (ORmedium = 0.825, 95% CI(0.778, 0.875); ORhigh = 0.778,95%CI(0.718,0.844)) and low HDL-C (ORmedium = 0.914, 95%CI (0.858, 0.973); ORhigh = 0.756,95%CI(0.693,0.825)). Moreover, mediation analysis showed that both of BMI and WC partly mediated the relationship between daily egg intake and HDL-C. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that the daily egg intake may have a role in effect on lipid profiles, and the effect of daily egg intake on HDL-C may be partly mediated by BMI and WC.

Association of long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants with prolonged sleep latency: The Henan Rural Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged sleep latency is associated with far-reaching public health consequences. Although evidence about the effect of air pollution on sleep problem has been shown, the effect on sleep latency remained unknown. The study aimed to analyze the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and prolonged sleep latency in rural China. METHODS: In all, 27935 participants were included in the study from Henan Rural Cohort Study. A satellite-based spatiotemporal model was used to evaluate the 3-year average concentration of air pollutants at the home address of participants before the baseline survey. Air pollutants included NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), PM1 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤1 µm), PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5 µm), and PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diametes ≤ 10 µm). A logistic regression model was conducted to assess the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) between air pollutants and prolonged sleep latency. RESULTS: There were 5825 (20.85%) participants with prolonged sleep latency. The average concentration of NO2, PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 were 38.22 (2.54) µg/m3, 56.29 (1.75) µg/m3, 72.30 (1.87) µg/m3, and 130.01 (4.58) µg/m3. The odds ratio (95%CI) of prolonged sleep latency with an IQR increase of NO2, PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 were 1.59 (1.33-1.90), 1.23 (1.13-1.33), 1.28 (1.13-1.45) and 1.43 (1.22-1.67). The stratified analysis showed the effect of air pollutants was stronger among those with stroke. CONCLUSION: Long-term exposure to NO2, PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 were associated with prolonged sleep latency. The adverse impact of air pollution should be considered when treating sleep problems.

Association between dietary patterns and dyslipidemia in adults from the Henan Rural Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to explore the association between dietary patterns and lipid levels in Henan rural area. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Fasting blood samples, information on dietary intakes (with food frequency questionnaires) and other data were collected from the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Principal component analysis was used to identify the dietary patterns. Binary logistic regression and restricted cubic spline regression models were performed to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The study recruited 38,983 available participants aged from 18 to 79 from rural areas in Henan province. RESULTS: The study showed that, three patterns were identified by higher factor loadings: namely the "meat" (high intakes of red meat, white meat and fish), "grain-egg-nut complex" (high intakes of nuts, milk, eggs, grains and beans), and "vegetablesstaple food-fruits" pattern (high intakes of vegetables, staple food and fruits). "Grain-egg-nut complex" pattern was significantly positively related to the risk of dyslipidemia (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.05-1.16, p<0.05). The multivariable- adjusted ORs across tertiles of each dietary pattern were significantly associated with each component of dyslipidemia indexes. CONCLUSIONS: Grain-egg-nut complex dietary pattern was positively associated with dyslipidemia. All three dietary patterns were associated with blood lipid profiles aberrations.

Long-term effects of ambient air pollutants on suicidal ideation in China: The Henan Rural Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The association between ambient air pollutants exposure and suicidal ideation (SI) has rarely been explored, especially in Chinese population. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the long-term effects of ambient air pollutants on SI among a Chinese rural population. METHOD: We recruited 29997 participants from the Henan Rural Cohort study in 2016-2017. SI was evaluated by using the ninth item of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in the baseline survey. We adopted a satellite-based spatiotemporal model to estimate participants' exposure to particulate matters (PMs) (PM with an aerodynamic diameter ≤1 µm (PM1), ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) or ≤10 µm (PM10), respectively) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and then calculated the 3-year average concentrations of the four pollutants. We used logistic regression models to explore the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and SI. In addition, we conducted several stratified analyses to examine effect modification of selected factors. RESULTS: The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals [CI]) of SI in response to each 1 µg/m3 increase in PM1, PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 concentrations were 1.08 (1.01, 1.15), 1.10 (1.02, 1.19), 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) and 1.12 (1.04, 1.21), respectively. Individuals exposed to PM1, PM2.5, PM10 or NO2 concentrations in the fourth quartile had a 1.36-fold (95%CI: 1.08, 1.72), 1.69-fold (95%CI: 1.05, 2.72), 1.49-fold (95%CI: 1.09, 2.05) or 1.71-fold (95%CI: 1.15, 2.85) risks of SI, compared to the ones with corresponding air pollutants in the first quartile. Besides, the risks of SI increased with the quartiles of air pollutants (PM1: Ptrend = 0.002, PM2.5: Ptrend = 0.003, PM10: Ptrend = 0.010, NO2: Ptrend = 0.010). Stratified analyses suggested that males, highly educated participants, ever-drinkers and people aged range 36-64 years were more vulnerable to the adverse effects of air pollutants. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided evidence for the long-term effects of ambient PMs and NO2 on SI in rural Chinese adults, particularly for males, highly educated participants, ever-drinkers and people aged range 36-64 years.

Long-term exposure to air pollution might increase prevalence of osteoporosis in Chinese rural population.

OBJECTIVES: The associations of long-term exposure to air pollution with osteoporosis are rarely reported, especially in rural China. This study aimed to explore the association among rural Chinese population. METHODS: A total of 8033 participants (18-79 years) derived from the Henan Rural Cohort Study (n = 39,259) were included in this cross-sectional study. Exposure to air pollutants was estimated using machine learning algorithms with satellite remote sensing, land use information, and meteorological data [including particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤1.0 µm (PM1), ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5), and ≤10 µm (PM10), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)]. The bone mineral density of each individual was measured by using ultrasonic bone density apparatus and osteoporosis was defined based on the T-score ≤ -2.5. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the association of air pollution and osteoporosis prevalence. RESULTS: We observed that per 1 µg/m3 increase in PM1, PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 were associated with a 14.9%, 14.6%, 7.3%, and 16.5% elevated risk of osteoporosis. Compared with individuals in the first quartile, individuals in the fourth quartile had higher odds ratio (OR) of osteoporosis (P-trend < 0.001), the ORs (95% confidence interval) were 2.08 (1.72, 2.50) for PM1, 2.28 (1.90, 2.74) for PM2.5, 1.93 (1.60, 2.32) for PM10, and 2.02 (1.68, 2.41) for NO2. It was estimated that 20.29%-24.36% of osteoporosis cases could be attributable to air pollution in the rural population from China. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposure to air pollutants were positively associated with high-risk of osteoporosis, indicated that improving air quality may be beneficial to improve rural residents health.

The association between frequency of away-from home meals and type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural Chinese adults: the Henan Rural Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: There is a paucity of data on the association between away-from home meals (AFHs) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the dose-response relationship between AFHs and T2DM in a Chinese population. METHODS: A total of 29,910 participants were enrolled from the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Information on the weekly frequency of AFHs was collected by face-to-face questionnaires. Logistic regression and restricted cubic splines were used to estimate the relationship between the frequencies of AFHs and T2DM. Mediation analysis was performed to examine the contribution of body mass index (BMI) to the frequency of AFH-related T2DM. RESULTS: Compared with those who reported 0 AFHs per week, those who consumed ≥ 11 AFHs/week were associated with a 39% increase in the prevalence of T2DM. A nonlinear dose-response relationship between the frequency of AFHs and T2DM was found. Compared with the 0 AFHs/week group, in males, the multivariate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of the groups with 11 or more AFHs/week for T2DM were 1.36 (1.01-1.84). However, no such association was found in females. BMI partly mediated the effects of the frequency of AFHs on T2DM, and the proportion explained was 23.4%. CONCLUSIONS: A relationship between the frequency of AFHs and T2DM was observed in the rural Chinese population. An excessive frequency of AFHs was likely to increase the prevalence of T2DM. Meanwhile, BMI partially mediates the effects of the frequency of AFHs on T2DM. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The Henan Rural Cohort Study, ChiCTR-OOC-15006699, Registered 6 July 2015, https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=11375 .

Adiposity reduces the risk of osteoporosis in Chinese rural population: the Henan rural cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Adiposity plays a crucial role in the risk of osteoporosis. However, the impact of body fat distribution on the skeleton is contentious. The study was designed to explore the association of various adiposity indices with estimated bone mineral density (BMD) and the risk of osteoporosis based on body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP), waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR), waist to height ratio (WHtR), and visceral fat index (VFI). METHODS: A total of 8475 subjects derived from the Henan Rural Cohort Study were analyzed. The estimated BMD of study participants were measured by calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS). Linear regression and binary logistic regression were performed to estimate the association of adiposity and the outcomes. RESULTS: The mean age of the study participants was 55.23 ± 11.09 years and 59.61% were women. The crude and age-standardized prevalence of high osteoporosis risk was 16.24 and 11.82%. Per unit increment in adiposity indices was associated with 0.005-0.021 g/cm2 increase in estimated BMD. The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for high osteoporosis risk in per 1 SD increase of WC, WHR, WHtR, BMI, BFP, and VFI were 0.820 (0.748, 0.898), 0.872 (0.811, 0.938), 0.825 (0.765, 0.891), 0.798 (0.726, 0.878), 0.882 (0.800, 0.972), and 0.807 (0.732, 0.889), respectively. Stratified analyses indicated greater effects on individuals aged 55 years or older. CONCLUSIONS: The adiposity indices have an inverse association with the risk of osteoporosis among Chinese rural population, especially in the elderly.

Mineralocorticoids, glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Henan Rural Cohort study.

AIMS: We aimed to evaluate the associations of mineralocorticoids with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and glucose homeostasis among rural Chinese adults. METHODS: A total of 2713 participants were selected from the Henan Rural Cohort study. Serum mineralocorticoids were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Logistic regression and restricted cubic splines were employed to evaluate the associations of mineralocorticoids with pre-diabetes and T2DM. Linear regression was implemented to assess the associations of aldosterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone with different markers of glucose homeostasis by different diabetes status. RESULTS: Elevated aldosterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone were associated with an increased prevalence of pre-diabetes and T2DM (P < 0.05), with a nonlinear dose-response trend, but the association between 11-deoxycorticosterone and T2DM was no statistical significance after adjustment. A 100% increase in ln-aldosterone was associated with a 0.029 mg/dl higher fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and a 1.2% higher HOMA2-IR among those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), and related to a 0.034 mg/dl lower FPG, a 1.1% higher HbA1c and a 1.3% higher HOMA2-ß among individuals with pre-diabetes. A 100% increment in ln-11-deoxycorticosterone was associated with a 16% increase in HbA1c and a 5.6% decrease in HOMA2-ß in participants with T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: Higher aldosterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone are associated with T2DM risk and glucose homeostasis disorder among different diabetes status.

Association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and obesity in a Chinese rural population: The Henan Rural Cohort Study.

Association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and obesity remains inconclusive, and the evidence from rural areas was limited. Thus, this study aimed to assess the association between ambient air pollution and obesity based on different anthropometric indices in Chinese rural adults, and further to compare the effect sizes of different air pollution types. A total of 38,824 participants (aged 18-79 years) were recruited from the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Logistic and multivariable linear regression model were used to examine the association between ambient air pollution exposure (including particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 1.0 µm (PM1), ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5), and ≤10 µm (PM10), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) and obesity as well as obese anthropometric indices (including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body fat percentage (BFP), and visceral fat index (VFI)). The potential effect modifications were also examined. Positive associations were found between long-term exposure to PM1, PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 and obesity regardless of how obesity was defined (false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05). Moreover, BMI, WC, WHR, WHtR, BFP, and VFI displayed increased trends with PM1, PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 concentrations increasing (all FDR<0.05). PM10 had the largest effects on obesity among the four types of air pollution. The elderly, women, individuals with low level of education and income, and those who had high fat diet were more vulnerable to the adverse effects of air pollution. In addition, the results of the sensitivity analysis showed that those associations between ambient air pollution and obesity remained robust. These findings suggest that long-term exposure to ambient air pollutant (particularly PM10) may be positively associated with obesity in Chinese rural adults, especially among the elderly, women, individuals with low education and income, as well as unhealthy lifestyles.

Association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and excessive daytime sleepiness in Chinese rural population: The Henan Rural Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Excessive daytime sleepiness is associated with many adverse consequences, including cardiovascular diseases and mortality. Although exposure to air pollution has been suggested in connection with excessive daytime sleepiness, evidence in China is scarce. The study aimed to explore the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and excessive daytime sleepiness in rural China. METHODS: A lot of 27935 participants (60% females) from the Henan Rural Cohort Study were included in this analysis. A satellite-based spatiotemporal model estimated a 3-year average air pollution exposure to NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), PM1 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters not more than 1 µm) and PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters not more than 2.5 µm) at the home address of participants before the baseline survey. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval between long-term air pollution and excessive daytime sleepiness. RESULTS: The average concentrations of NO2, PM1 and PM2.5 during three years preceding baseline survey were 38.22 µg/m³, 56.29 µg/m³ and 72.30 µg/m³. Exposure to NO2, PM1 and PM2.5 were all associated with excessive daytime sleepiness. Each 1 µg/m³ increment of NO2, PM1 and PM2.5 were related to a 20% (OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.13-1.27), 10% (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.05-1.16) and 17% (OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.10-1.23) increase of the prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that long-term exposure to NO2, PM1 and PM2.5 were all associated with excessive daytime sleepiness. The impact of air pollution should be considered when treating individuals with excessive daytime sleepiness.

Gender-specific prevalence and influencing factors of osteopenia and osteoporosis in Chinese rural population: the Henan Rural Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to describe distributions of the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis and identify the potential risk factors by gender in a Chinese rural population. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 8475 participants (18-79 years) were obtained from the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the calcaneus for each individual was measured by ultrasonic bone density apparatus. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations of potential risk factors with prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis. Furthermore, a meta-analysis of prevalence of osteoporosis which included eight studies was conducted to confirm this study results. RESULTS: The mean of BMD were 0.42 and 0.32 g/cm2 for men with osteopenia and osteoporosis (p<0.001), as well as 0.40 and 0.30 g/cm2 (p<0.001) for women with osteopenia and osteoporosis, respectively. The overall age-standardised prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis were 42.09% and 11.76% in all participants. The age-standardised prevalence of osteopenia in men (45.98%) was significantly higher than that in women (39.73%), whereas the age-standardised prevalence of osteoporosis in men (7.82%) was lower than that in women (14.38%). Meta-analysis results displayed pooled prevalence of osteoporosis of 18.0% (10.1%-25.8%) in total sample, 7.7% (5.7%-9.7%) in men and 22.4% (17.1%-27.6%) in women. Multivariable logistic regression models showed that ageing, women, low education level or income, drinking or underweight was related to increased risk for osteopenia or osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS: About one-sixth of the participants suffered osteoporosis in rural China, and the prevalence in women was higher than men. Although the results were lower than that of meta-analysis, osteoporosis still accounts for huge burden of disease in rural population due to limited medical service and lack of health risk awareness rather than urban area. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-OOC-15006699; Pre-results).

Fruit and vegetable intake modifies the associations between suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 genetic variants and type 2 diabetes.

PURPOSE: Type 2 diabetes is a complex disease determined by variable genes and environmental factors. The study was designed to investigate the effect of interactions of four polymorphisms of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) with fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake on type 2 diabetes in a rural population of China. METHODS: A total of 4411 participants from the rural areas of Henan, China were included in the study. Multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic splines were used to estimate the associations between polymorphisms and risk allele score of SOCS3 and type 2 diabetes in different groups. Haplotype analysis was conducted to examine the effects of linkage inheritance at these four loci on type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: Three of the four polymorphisms showed significant associations with type 2 diabetes in the less F&V intake group after adjusting the covariates, the odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were 1.24 (1.08-1.41) for rs4969168, 1.16 (1.02-1.32) for rs9892622, and 1.21 (1.06-1.39) for rs9914220. No significant association was detected in the more F&V intake group. The obvious dose-response relationship between the risk allele score and type 2 diabetes was also noted only in the less F&V intake group. CONCLUSIONS: Variants of SOCS3 gene were associated with type 2 diabetes and the associations could be modified by the F&V intake.

Associations of SRD5A1 gene variants and testosterone with dysglycemia: Henan Rural Cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Multiple studies support a complex relationship between testosterone and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the transformation of testosterone is affected by several reductases. Thus, we aimed to explore the associations of steroid-5α-reductase type 1 (SRD5A1) gene polymorphism with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and T2DM and the interactive effects of testosterone and genotypes on glycometabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS: A case-control study including 2365 participants was performed. Genomic DNA was extracted from the whole blood and genotyped for the SRD5A1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) rs1691053. Multivariable logistic regression and linear regression were performed to estimate the associations of SRD5A1 rs1691053 alleles and genotypes with glycometabolism. Generalized linear models were used to investigate the modulatory effects of serum testosterone on glycometabolism indexes in males. After multivariable adjustment, the odds ratio (OR) of homozygous CC genotypes in male carriers was 2.62 (95%CI: 1.11-6.18) for IFG. Furthermore, significant associations of SRD5A1 rs1691053 polymorphisms with adverse indices of glycometabolism were observed in males. Interestingly, the opposite associations in females were observed. The interactive associations of SNP and testosterone were found and mutations were more likely to lead unfavorable metabolic phenotypes. CONCLUSION: These results showed that SRD5A1 rs1691053 gene polymorphism was independently associated with glycometabolism. The interaction between a genetic polymorphism from SRD5A1 and testosterone involved glycometabolism was identified in males. Although this preliminary data should be replicated with other rigorous researches, it highlighted the importance of the SNP-testosterone interaction over the present of glycometabolism.

Gender-specific prevalence and associated factors of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder in a Chinese rural population: the Henan rural cohort study.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) by gender in Chinese rural adults. METHODS: A total of 29,993 participants aged from 18 to 79 years from the Henan Rural Cohort Study were included in this study. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) were used to assess MDD and GAD through a face-to-face interview. Multivariate logistic regression model was conducted to analyze the associated factors for MDD and GAD. RESULTS: The age-standardized prevalence of MDD and GAD (and 95%CI) in the total sample were 5.41% (5.17-5.66%) and 4.94% (4.71-5.18%), respectively. Besides, the crude prevalence in women were significantly higher than men for both MDD (6.81% vs. 4.77%) and GAD (6.63% vs. 3.93%) (both P < 0.001). Tetrachoric correlation test showed high comorbidity between MDD and GAD (r = 0.88, P = 0.01). Further analysis revealed that age, sex, marital status, educational level, per capita monthly income, drinking, physical activity, and body mass index were associated with MDD and GAD in the overall sample. Gender difference was found among age groups for MDD (Pinteraction < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings showed that Chinese rural adults were at low risk for prevalence of MDD and GAD. Women had higher prevalence and risks for MDD and GAD compared with men, indicating that women deserved more attention. Gender-specific interventions on the modifiable associated factors are urgently needed to improve the mental conditions for Chinese rural population. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The Henan Rural Cohort Study has been registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Register (Registration number: ChiCTR-OOC-15006699). Date of registration: 2015-07-06.

Contribution of serum lipids as effect modifiers to a relationship between mean arterial pressure and coronary heart disease in Chinese rural population: the Henan Rural Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and coronary heart disease (CHD) in Chinese rural population. In addition, we hypothesised that this relationship might be mediated by some degree of serum lipids. DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional study. SETTING: The participants were from the Henan Rural Cohort Study, initiated in five rural areas (Tongxu county of Kaifeng city, Yima county of Sanmenxia city, Suiping county of Zhumadian city, Xinxiang county of Xinxiang city and Yuzhou county of Xuchang city) in Henan Province, China, during July 2015 and September 2017. PARTICIPANTS: The study included 39 020 subjects aged 18-79 years as current research population. OUTCOME MEASURES: Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured using an electronic sphygmomanometer. MAP was calculated by one-third SBP plus two-thirds DBP. The study used restricted cubic splines and logistic regression models to evaluate the ORs and 95% CIs. Mediation analysis using bootstrap was performed to examine the contribution of serum lipids to MAP-related CHD. RESULTS: The adjusted OR (95% CI) for the highest MAP quartile with the risk of CHD was 1.45 (1.24 to 1.69) compared with the lowest quartile. Simultaneously, each 1-SD increment in MAP was significantly associated with a 12% increased risk of CHD. A linear dose-response relationship between MAP and CHD was found (p value for non-linear=0.1169) in the fully adjusted model. We further reported that 36.07% of proportion explained risk of CHD was mediated through serum lipids. CONCLUSIONS: Increased MAP was a significant marker of CHD in Chinese rural population. Meanwhile, the relationship was mediated by some degree of serum lipids, and triglyceride was the strongest mediator. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Henan Rural Cohort study has been registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR-OOC-15006699) and the stage it relates to is Post-results.

Adaptation of the two-item generalized anxiety disorder scale (GAD-2) to Chinese rural population: A validation study and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The two-item generalized anxiety disorder scale (GAD-2) has been investigated in different populations, but with limited evaluation in the Chinese population. This study aimed to validate the diagnostic accuracy of GAD-2 for identifying GAD through a validation study along with an updated meta-analysis. METHODS: We recruited 694 adults in 2015 from "the Henan Rural Cohort study" where the GAD-7 questionnaire was adopted as the gold standard diagnosis. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve and Cronbach's α were determined. Furthermore, a meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the GAD-2. RESULTS: In this study, 37 patients [5.33%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.78-7.27%] met the criteria for current GAD. The GAD-2 showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.806 and an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.954 (95% CI: 0.936-0.968). At a cutoff of 3, GAD-2 had highest Youden's index of 0.845, with a sensitivity of 0.865 and a specificity of 0.980. A total of 13 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were 0.80, 0.82 and 17.81, respectively, at the optimal cutoff of 3. CONCLUSION: GAD-2 has acceptable properties for identifying GAD at a cutoff of 3 in the Chinese rural population.

The prevalence and related factors of familial hypercholesterolemia in rural population of China using Chinese modified Dutch Lipid Clinic Network definition.

BACKGROUND: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common monogenic disease, while studies about the epidemiology for the general population in China was scarce. Aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of FH and explore related factors by the Chinese modified Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) definition. METHODS: A total of 39,205 participants (15,463 males and 23,742 females) aged 18-79 years old were enrolled from the Henan Rural Cohort Study. FH was defined by the Chinese modified DLCN definition, and score > 5 was classified as FH. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: Crude prevalence of probable/definite FH was 0.35% (0.29-0.41%), estimated by the Chinese modified DLCN definition. Prevalence in female was 0.38%, and in male, it was 0.32%. Age-standardized prevalence in female increased significantly around the age of 50 years. Moreover, there were no FH patients getting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol controlled to the recommended level. Multivariate logistic regression identified that older, overweight/obesity were positively associated with FH. CONCLUSIONS: The current study indicated that FH was not rare in rural area of China (1 in 286). Effective early detection and timely control of FH must be strengthened to reduce disease burden.