CD39 identifies a specific CD8 + T cell population in lung adenocarcinoma-related metastatic pleural effusion.

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE), which is a complex microenvironment that contains numerous immune and tumour signals, is common in lung cancer. Gene alterations, such as driver gene mutations, are believed to affect the components of tumour immunity in the microenvironment (TIME) of non-small-cell lung cancer. In this study, we have shown that pleural CD39 + CD8 + T cells are selectively elevated in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) with wild-type epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRwt) compared to those with newly diagnosed mutant EGFR (EGFRmu). Furthermore, these CD39 + CD8 + T cells are more prevalent in MPE with acquired resistance to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (AR-EGFR-TKIs). Our analysis reveals that pleural CD39 + CD8 + T cells exhibit an exhausted phenotype while still retaining cytolytic function. Additionally, they have a higher T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire clonality compared to CD39-CD8 + T cells, which is a unique characteristic of LUAD-related MPE. Further investigation has shown that TCR-Vß clonality tends to be more enhanced in pleural CD39 + CD8 + T cells from MPE with AR-EGFR-TKIs. In summary, we have identified a subset of CD8 + T cells expressing CD39 in MPE, which may potentially be tumour-reactive CD8 + T cells. This study provides new insights into the dynamic immune composition of the EGFRmu tumour microenvironment.

Combining local cryoablation with PD-L1 blockade synergistically eradicates established murine lung cancer by modulating mitochondrial in PD-1+CD8+ T cell.

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has shown improvement in overall survival for lung cancer in clinical trials. However, monotherapies have limited efficacy in improving outcomes and benefit only a subset of patients. Combination therapies targeting multiple pathways can augment an immune response to improve survival further. Here, we demonstrate that combinatorial anti-PD-L1/cryoablation therapy generated a synergistic antitumor activity in the established lung cancer model. Importantly, it was observed that this favorable antitumor immune response comes predominantly from the PD-1+CD8+ T cells generated after the combination therapy, referred as improvement of IFN-γ production and mitochondrial metabolism, which resembled highly functional effectors CD8+ T cells. Notably, the cellular levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen and mitochondria mass excessively coincided with alteration of IFN-γ secretion in PD-1+CD8+T cell subset. So far, anti-PD-L1/cryoablation therapy selectively derived the improvement of depolarized mitochondria in PD-1+CD8+T cell subset, subsequently rebuild the anti-tumor function of the exhausted CD8+ T cells. Collectively, there is considerable interest in anti-PD-L1 plus cryoablation combination therapy for patients with lung cancer, and defining the underlying mechanisms of the observed synergy.

The protective effects of EGCG was associated with HO-1 active and microglia pyroptosis inhibition in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), which has high mortality and disability rate is associated with microglial pyroptosis and neuroinflammation, and the effective treatment methods are limited Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been found to play a cytoprotective role by regulating the anti-inflammatory response to pyroptosis in other systemic diseases. However, the role of EGCG in microglial pyroptosis and neuroinflammation after ICH remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of EGCG pretreatment on neuroinflammation-mediated neuronal pyroptosis and the underlying neuroprotective mechanisms in experimental ICH. EGCG pretreatment was found to remarkably improved neurobehavioral performance, and decreased the hematoma volume and cerebral edema in mice. We found that EGCG pretreatment attenuated the release of hemin-induced inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-18, and TNF-α). EGCG significantly upregulated the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and downregulated the levels of pyroptotic molecules and inflammatory cytokines including Caspase-1, GSDMD, NLRP3, mature IL-1ß, and IL-18. EGCG pretreatment also decreased the number of Caspase-1-positive microglia and GSDMD along with NLRP3-positive microglia after ICH. Conversely, an HO-1-specific inhibitor (ZnPP), significantly inhibited the anti-pyroptosis and anti-neuroinflammation effects of EGCG. Therefore, EGCG pretreatment alleviated microglial pyroptosis and neuroinflammation, at least in part through the Caspase-1/GSDMD/NLRP3 pathway by upregulating HO-1 expression after ICH. In addition, EGCG pretreatment promoted the polarization of microglia from the M1 phenotype to M2 phenotype after ICH. The results suggest that EGCG is a potential agent to attenuate neuroinflammation via its anti-pyroptosis effect after ICH.

Characterization of laser cooling in microgravity via long-term operations in TianGong-2 space lab.

The invention of laser cooling has fundamentally influenced the research frontier of atomic physics and quantum physics, and recently an intense focus has been on the studies of cold atom physics in microgravity environments. Herein, we report the results of our laser cooling experiment in TianGong-2 space lab, which operated for 34 consecutive months in orbit. Over such an extended operation time, the quality of laser cooling did not experience any significant decline, while the properties of laser cooling in orbital microgravity were systematically studied. In particular, we demonstrate magneto-optical trapping and polarization-gradient cooling in orbit and carefully examine their performances. A comparison of the in-orbit and on-ground results indicates that a higher cooling efficiency exists in microgravity, including a smaller loss rate during the trapping and cooling process and lower ultimate temperature of laser-cooled atoms. Our progress has laid the technical foundations for future applications of cold atoms in space missions with operation times of the order of years.

Diabetes influences the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes in SH-SY5Y cells and induces Aß deposition and cognitive dysfunction in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Diabetes has been regarded as an independent risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our previous study found that diabetes activated autophagy, but lysosome function was impaired. Autophagy-lysosome dysfunction may be involved in Aß deposition in diabetic cognitive impairment. In the present study, we used STZ-induced diabetic rats and SH-SY5Y cells to investigate whether diabetes inhibits autophagosome fusion with lysosomes. We found that in the in vivo study, STZ-induced diabetic rats exhibited cognitive dysfunction, and the lysosome function-related factors CTSL, CTSD, and Rab7 were decreased (P < 0.05). In an in vitro study, the mRFP-GFP-LC3 assay showed that the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes was partly blocked in SH-SY5Y cells. High glucose treatment downregulated the number of autophagolysosomes, downregulated CTSD, CTSL, and Rab7 expression (P < 0.05), and then influenced the function of ACP2 to partly block the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes to inhibit Aß clearance. These findings indicate that high glucose treatment affected lysosome function, interfered with the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, and partly blocked autophagic flux to influence Aß clearance.

Imbalance of Circulating Monocyte Subsets in Subjects with Newly Emerged and Recurrent Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia.

OBJECTIVE: Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is one of the most common diseases in the intensive care unit, where the development of disease is closely related with the host immune response. Monocytes play an important role in both innate and adaptive immune system. We aimed to investigate the changes of circulating monocyte subsets in subjects with HAP to explore its value in monitoring HAP. METHODS: In total, 60 HAP patients and 18 healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. Human monocyte subsets are classified into 3 groups: nonclassical (NC), intermediate (ITM), and classical (CL). Also, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on circulating monocyte subsets was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Data showed that the ratio of NC, ITM, and CL among monocytes was comparable between HAP patients and healthy controls (P > .05). There was a remarkable imbalance of NC and CL in newly emerged HAP compared to healthy controls (P < .05), subsequently reaching normalization in recurrent HAP (P > .05). Furthermore, although PD-L1 was seemly constitutively expressed by NC, ITM, and CL groups regardless of disease status, it was noted that PD-L1 was dominantly expressed in the CL group (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Given distinct PD-L1 expression, a shift of CL/NC in newly emerged HAP would constitute an inhibitory anti-pathogen immune response. Normalization of circulating monocyte subsets on recurrence of HAP might be the consequence of immune memory of bacterial infection.

Characterization of microbiome and metabolite analyses in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease and type II diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: State-of-the-art renewal has indicated the improvement of diagnostics of patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and/or type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by dissecting the clinical characteristics as well as genomic analysis. However, the deficiency of the characterization of microbial and metabolite signatures largely impedes the symptomatic treatment. METHODS: For the purpose, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 20 patients with MAFLD (short for "M"), 20 cases with MAFLD and T2DM (short for "MD"), together with 19 healthy donors (short for "Ctr"). Microbial and metabolite analyses were further conducted to explore the similarities and differences among the aforementioned populations based on feces and blood samples, respectively. RESULTS: Compared with those in the Ctr group, patients with M or MD revealed multifaceted similarities (e.g., Age, ALP, LDL, BUN) and distinctions in clinical indicators of liver (e.g., BMI, ALT, PCHE, CAP). With the aid of microbial and metabolite analyses as well as bioinformatic analyses, we found that the characteristics of gut microbiota (e.g., abundance, hierarchical clustering, cladogram, species) and lipid metabolism (e.g., metabolite, correlation coefficient and scatter plot) were distinct among the indicated groups. CONCLUSIONS: The patients with MD revealed multifaceted similarities and distinctions in characteristics of microbiome and metabolites with those in the M and HD groups, and in particular, the significantly expressed microbes (e.g., Elusimicrobiota, Berkelbacteria, Cyanobacteria, Peregrinibacteria) and lipid metabolites (e.g., Lipid-Q-P-0765, Lipid-Q-P-0216, Lipid-Q-P-0034, Lipid-Q-P-0800), which would collectively benefit the clinical diagnosis of MAFLD and T2DM.

Serum miR-195-5p Exhibits Clinical Significance in the Diagnosis of Essential Hypertension with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Targeting DRD1.

OBJECTIVES: Diagnosis and management of essential hypertension (EH) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by combining comprehensive treatment and classificatory diagnosis have been continuously improved. However, understanding the pathogenesis of EH patients with concomitant T2DM and subsequent treatment remain the major challenges owing to the lack of non-invasive biomarkers and information regarding the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Herein, we collected 200 serum samples from EH and/or T2DM patients and healthy donors (N). Gene-expression profiling was conducted to identify candidate microRNAs with clinical significance. Then, a larger cohort of the aforementioned patients and 50 N were used to identify the correlation between the tumor suppressor miR-195-5p and EH and/or T2DM. The dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to explore the target genes of miR-195-5p. The suppressive effects of miR-195-5p on the 3'-UTR of the dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) transcript in EH patients with concomitant T2DM were verified as well. RESULTS: Compared with that in other groups, serum miR-195-5p was highly downregulated in EH patients with concomitant T2DM. miR-195-5p overexpression efficiently suppressed DRD1 expression by binding to the two 3'-UTRs. Additionally, two single nucleotide polymorphisms, including 231T-A and 233C-G, in the miR-195-5p binding sites of the DRD1 3'-UTR were further identified. Collectively, we identified the potential clinical significance of DRD1 regulation by miR-195-5p in EH patients with concomitant T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggested that miR-195-5p circulating in the peripheral blood served as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for EH and T2DM, which could eventually help address major challenges during the diagnosis and treatment of EH and T2DM.

Design and operation of a transportable 87Rb atomic fountain clock.

A transportable fountain clock with high reliability is important for high-precision time-frequency measurements. Because of its relatively small cold atoms' collision frequency shift and ease of attaining high quantum state preparation efficiency, the rubidium atomic fountain clock has an indicated higher stability and reliability. This paper reports the design and operation of a transportable rubidium atomic fountain clock developed by the Shanghai Institute of Optical and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science. After being transported more than 1000 km from Shanghai to the Changping Campus of the National Institute of Metrology, China, the optical platform and other hardware of the fountain clock did not need to be adjusted. The rubidium fountain clock maintained a stability of 4.0 × 10-13τ1/2, reaching 5.0 × 10-16 at 300 000 s. After transportation, the rubidium fountain clock and a cesium fountain clock (NIM5) were operated together against the reference frequency of a hydrogen maser. In three separate operating periods, over a total of nearly three months, the average frequency repeatability of the rubidium fountain was less than 3.8 × 10-15.

A positive COX-2/IL-1ß loop promotes decidualization by upregulating CD82.

A successful pregnancy requires sufficient decidualization of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). CD82, a metastasis suppressor, is a critical regulator for trophoblast invasion but the effect in decidualization was largely unknown. Here we reported that there was a high level of CD82 in DSC by the immunohistochemistry staining and flow cytometer analysis. Stimulation with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) elevated the expression of CD82 in ESCs. In contrast, celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, significantly downregulated the expression of CD82 in decidual stromal cells (DSCs). Bioinformatics analysis and further research showed that recombinant human interleukin (IL)-1ß protein (rhIL-1ß) upregulated CD82 in ESCs. Of note, blocking IL-1ß signaling with anti-human IL-1ß neutralizing antibody could reverse the stimulatory effect of PGE2 on CD82 in ESCs. Silencing CD82 resulted in the decease of the decidualization markers PRL and IGFBP1 mRNA levels in DSCs. More importantly, we observed rhIL-1ß also upregulated the expression of COX-2, and the upregulation of PRL and IGFBP1 induced by rhIL-1ß could be abolished by celecoxib in ESCs or CD82 deficiency in DSCs. This study suggests that CD82 should be a novel promotor for decidualization under a positive regulation of the COX-2/PGE2/IL-1ß positive feedback loop.

Serum mir-195-5p exhibits clinical significance in the diagnosis of essential hypertension with type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVES: Diagnosis and management of essential hypertension (EH) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by combining comprehensive treatment and classificatory diagnosis have been continuously improved. However, understanding the pathogenesis of EH patients with concomitant T2DM and subsequent treatment remain the major challenges owing to the lack of non-invasive biomarkers and information regarding the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Herein, we collected 200 serum samples from EH and/or T2DM patients and healthy donors (N). Gene-expression profiling was conducted to identify candidate microRNAs with clinical significance. Then, a larger cohort of the aforementioned patients and 50 N were used to identify the correlation between the tumor suppressor miR-195-5p and EH and/or T2DM. The dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to explore the target genes of miR-195-5p. The suppressive effects of miR-195-5p on the 3′-UTR of the dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) transcript in EH patients with concomitant T2DM were verified as well. RESULTS: Compared with that in other groups, serum miR-195-5p was highly downregulated in EH patients with concomitant T2DM. miR-195-5p overexpression efficiently suppressed DRD1 expression by binding to the two 3′-UTRs. Additionally, two single nucleotide polymorphisms, including 231T-A and 233C-G, in the miR-195-5p binding sites of the DRD1 3′-UTR were further identified. Collectively, we identified the potential clinical significance of DRD1 regulation by miR-195-5p in EH patients with concomitant T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggested that miR-195-5p circulating in the peripheral blood served as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for EH and T2DM, which could eventually help address major challenges during the diagnosis and treatment of EH and T2DM.

LncPRYP4-3 serves as a novel diagnostic biomarker for dissecting subtypes of metabolic associated fatty liver disease by targeting RPS4Y2.

Longitudinal studies have improved current diagnostics and management of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) patients by liver biopsy and therapeutic intervention, yet the deficiency of biomarker spectrum for dissecting subtypes largely hinders the symptomatic treatment. We originally enriched serum from peripheral blood of 618 healthy donors (HD) and 580 MAFLD (400 NAFL, 180 NASH) patients according to multiple clinicopathological indicators. Microarray profiling and qRT-PCR were conducted to identify lncRNAs as candidate biomarkers of MAFLD. Then, we analyzed the matching score of the indicated lncRNA with CAP or MAFLD-associated pathological parameters as well. Additionally, we took advantage of interaction network together with gene expression profiling analysis to further explore the underlying target genes of the identified lncRNA. Herein, we found CAP in nearly all of the NAFL (399/400) and NASH (179/180) patients was higher than that in the HDs (611/618). The differentially expressed lncRNAs were involved in multiple metabolic or immunologic processes by regulating MAFLD-associated pathways. Of them, serum lncPRYP4-3 was identified as a novel candidate biomarker of MAFLD, which was further confirmed by correlation analysis with clinical indicators. Thereafter, we deduced PRS4Y2 was a candidate target of lncPRYP4-3 and mediated the dysfunction in NAFL and NASH patients. Serum lncPRYP4-3 served as a novel biomarker of MAFLD and helped distinguish the subtypes and benefit precise intervention therapy. Our findings also provided overwhelming new evidence for the alteration in biological processes and gene ontology in MAFLD patients.

4-1BB Agonism Combined With PD-L1 Blockade Increases the Number of Tissue-Resident CD8+ T Cells and Facilitates Tumor Abrogation.

Although the milestone discovery of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has been translated into clinical practice, only a fraction of patients can benefit from it with durable responses and subsequent long-term survival. Here, we tested the anti-tumor effect of combining PD-L1 blockade with 4-1BB costimulation in 3LL and 4T1.2 murine tumor models. Dual treatment induced further tumor regression and enhanced survival in tumor-bearing mice more so than PD-L1 and 4-1BB mAb alone. It was demonstrated that dual anti-PD-L1/anti-4-1BB immunotherapy increased the number of intratumoral CD103+CD8+ T cells and altered their distribution. Phenotypically, CD103+CD8+ T cells expressed a higher level of 4-1BB and PD-1 than their CD103- counterparts. Administration of PD-L1 mAb and 4-1BB mAb further increased the cytolytic capacity of CD103+CD8+ T cells. In vivo, CD103-CD8+ T cells could differentiate into CD103+CD8+ progeny cells. In a human setting, more CD8+ T cells differentiated into CD103+CD8+ T cells in the peripheral tumor region of lung cancer tissues than in the central tumor region. Collectively, infiltrated CD103+CD8+ T cells served as a potential effector T cell population. Combining 4-1BB agonism with PD-L1 blockade could increase tumor-infiltrated CD103+CD8+T cells, thereby facilitating tumor regression.

Chronic ghrelin administration suppresses IKK/NF-κB/BACE1 mediated Aß production in primary neurons and improves cognitive function via upregulation of PP1 in STZ-diabetic rats.

Diabetic rats display cognition impairments accompanied by activation of NF-κB signalling and increased Aß expression. Ghrelin has been suggested to improve cognition in diabetic rats. In this study, we investigated the role of ghrelin on cognition and NF-κB mediated Aß production in diabetic rats. A diabetic rat model was established with streptozotocin (STZ) injection, and diabetic rats were intracerebroventricularly administered with ghrelin or (D-lys3)-GHRP-6 (DG). Our results showed that diabetic rats had cognition impairment in the Morris water maze test, accompanied by the higher expression of Aß in the hippocampus. Western blot analysis showed that diabetic rats exhibited significantly decreased levels of GHSR-1a and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) in the hippocampus and increased activation of the IKK/NF-κB/BACE1 pathway. Chronic ghrelin administration upregulated hippocampal PP1 expression, suppressed IKK/NF-κB/BACE1 mediated Aß production, and improved cognition in STZ-induced diabetic rats. These effects were reversed by DG. Then, primary rat hippocampal neurons were isolated and treated with high glucose, followed by Ghrelin and DG, PP1 or IKK. Similar to the in vivo results, high glucose suppressed the expression levels of GHSR-1a and PP1, activated the IKK/NF-κB/BACE1 pathway, increased Aß production. Ghrelin suppressed IKK/NF-κB/BACE1 induced Aß production. This improvement was reversed by DG and a PP1 antagonist and was enhanced by the IKK antagonist. Our findings indicated that chronic ghrelin administration can suppress IKK/NF-κB/BACE1 mediated Aß production in primary neurons with high glucose treatment and improve the cognition via PP1 upregulation in diabetic rats.

Investigating the role of circulating CXCR5-expressing CD8+ T-cells as a biomarker for bacterial infection in subjects with pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Recently, lymphoid follicle-confined and circulating CD8+ T-cells expressing the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) were described, which was involved in anti-virus immune response. However, the dynamics and role of circulating CXCR5-expressing CD8+ T-cells during bacterial infection is unknown. So, we asked whether CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells were also generated during bacterial infections in lower respiratory tract. METHODS: The clinical data of 65 pneumonia patients were analyzed. The patients were divided into groups as tuberculosis, bronchiectasis and community or hospital acquired pneumonia (CAP, HAP). The sputum/bronchial secretion or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were taken for microbiological examination. The procalcitonin (PCT) was used to evaluate disease severity of these groups and compared among patients. We characterized the number and phenotype (PD-1 and CD103) of CXCR5 + CD8+ T cells in the peripheral circulation by flow cytometry in all individuals and analyzed their association with the serum PCT level and disease severity. RESULTS: Patients were mainly infected with Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumonia (K.p), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Of note is the finding that PCT was weakly correlated with severity of respiratory infections. Furthermore, it was revealed an increase of CXCR5-expressing CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of un-controlled CAP and progressive HAP compared controlled CAP and HAP, respectively (P < 0.05). Strikingly, the circulating CXCR5-expressing CD8+ T-cells in K.p-infected group was higher than that non-K.p-infected group (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the ratio of CXCR5 + CD8+/CD8 was positively correlated with PCT level (P < 0.05). In clinic, the determination of CXCR5-expressing CD8+ T-cells showed better results compared to PCT and can be useful for the prediction of exacerbation of CAP or HAP. Phenotypically, CXCR5+ CD8 + T cell expressed comparable level of inhibitory molecules PD-1 and lower CD103 compared to their CXCR5- counterparts. CONCLUSION: The circulating CXCR5-expressing CD8+ T-cell has diagnostic value for current pneumonia severity, and could act as a biomarker for identifying a bacteria-associated exacerbation. These cells may provide novel insight for the pathogenesis of pneumonia.

Risk factors for ischemic stroke post bone fracture.

Stroke is one of the most devastating complications after bone fracture. However, due to the rarity of the complication, the risk factor for post fracture stroke remains unknown. We retrospectively reviewed 2914 fractured adults referred to the first affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, a regional referral center of China, from January 2008 to May 2013. As a result, among the 2914 patients, 13 of them had newly onset stroke within a median of 4 days after bone fractures (ranging from 1 to 25 days). The overall prevalence of post fracture stroke was 0.446%. The post fracture stroke prevalence in patients older than 68 years old was 3.542%. Compared to patients with vertebral (0.124%) and femur (0.619%) fractures, patients with hip fractures had a higher prevalence of post fracture stroke (2.320%) (P < 0.001). Univariate analysis showed that hyperlipidemia, history of prior fracture, more comorbidities, higher CHADS2 score and higher neutrophil counts at admission were more often observed among patients who had post fracture stroke (P < 0.05). With the multiple logistic regression analysis, we identified that history of prior fracture was an independent risk factor for post fracture ischemic stroke (OR = 6.417, 95% CI = 1.581-26.051, P = 0.009). Our study illustrates that the history of prior fracture is associated with a 6.4-fold increase in the risk of post fracture ischemic stroke.

The correlation between controlled attenuation parameter and metabolic syndrome and its components in middle-aged and elderly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients.

This study aims to investigate the correlation between controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in middle-aged and elderly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients.Middle-aged and elderly patients with NAFLD, who visited our hospital from June 2016 to May 2017, were enrolled as study subjects, whereas middle-aged and elderly patients without liver disease were enrolled as controls in the same period. The prevalence of MetS, MetS components, and the different numbers of MetS components were compared among patients with different CAP values.As the CAP value increased, the prevalence of MetS, MetS components, and the different numbers of MetS components significantly increased. The CAP value was positively correlated with the prevalence of MetS, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, and the number of MetS components, and was negatively correlated with the prevalence of hypo-high-density-lipoprotein cholesterolemia.CAP values are closely correlated to MetS and its components in middle-aged and elder NAFLD patients. CAP may be an indicator of risk of MetS and the severity of metabolic disorders in middle-aged and elderly NAFLD patients.

In-orbit operation of an atomic clock based on laser-cooled 87Rb atoms.

Atomic clocks based on laser-cooled atoms are widely used as primary frequency standards. Deploying such cold atom clocks (CACs) in space is foreseen to have many applications. Here we present tests of a CAC operating in space. In orbital microgravity, the atoms are cooled, trapped, launched, and finally detected after being interrogated by a microwave field using the Ramsey method. Perturbing influences from the orbital environment on the atoms such as varying magnetic fields and the passage of the spacecraft through Earth's radiation belt are also controlled and mitigated. With appropriate parameters settings, closed-loop locking of the CAC is realized in orbit and an estimated short-term frequency stability close to 3.0 × 10-13τ-1/2 has been attained. The demonstration of the long-term operation of cold atom clock in orbit opens possibility on the applications of space-based cold atom sensors.

SIRT3 Protects Rotenone-induced Injury in SH-SY5Y Cells by Promoting Autophagy through the LKB1-AMPK-mTOR Pathway.

SIRT3 is a class III histone deacetylase that modulates energy metabolism, genomic stability and stress resistance. It has been implicated as a potential therapeutic target in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Our previous study demonstrates that SIRT3 had a neuroprotective effect on a rotenone-induced PD cell model, however, the exact mechanism is unknown. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism. We established a SIRT3 stable overexpression cell line using lentivirus infection in SH-SY5Y cells. Then, a PD cell model was established using rotenone. Our data demonstrate that overexpression of SIRT3 increased the level of the autophagy markers LC3 II and Beclin 1. After addition of the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA, the protective effect of SIRT3 diminished: the cell viability decreased, while the apoptosis rate increased; α-synuclein accumulation enhanced; ROS production increased; antioxidants levels, including SOD and GSH, decreased; and MMP collapsed. These results reveal that SIRT3 has neuroprotective effects on a PD cell model by up-regulating autophagy. Furthermore, SIRT3 overexpression also promoted LKB1 phosphorylation, followed by activation of AMPK and decreased phosphorylation of mTOR. These results suggest that the LKB1-AMPK-mTOR pathway has a role in induction of autophagy. Together, our findings indicate a novel mechanism by which SIRT3 protects a rotenone-induced PD cell model through the regulation of autophagy, which, in part, is mediated by activation of the LKB1-AMPK-mTOR pathway.

Pathological Findings in Myasthenia Gravis Patients with Thymic Hyperplasia and Thymoma.

Thymectomy is routinely carried out in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and thymomas. However, there is still a dispute as to whether MG patients with thymic hyperplasia should undergo thymectomy. We aimed to investigate the pathological findings in the thymus in patients with co-existing MG and thymic hyperplasia or thymomas treated with thymectomy, as well as effects of immunosuppression. Thirty-three patients with MG were selected and grouped accordingly: patients with no thymic abnormalities, patients with thymic hyperplasia, and patients with thymomas. All patients were treated with methylprednisolone alongside immunosuppression. A separate cohort of 24 MG patients with thymic hyperplasia or thymomas and treated with thymectomy were selected. As controls, 5 patients with thymomas or thymic carcinoma without MG were selected. Expression of CD5, extracellular regulated protein kinases1/2 mitogen activated protein kinase (ERK1/2MAPKs) and CD95 ligand (FasL) in the thymus was examined. Methylprednisolone and immunosuppressive therapy are highly effective in MG patients with normal thymus tissue and MG patients with thymic hyperplasia compared to MG patients with thymomas alone. CD5 expression was highest in MG patients with thymic hyperplasia, correlating with expression of ERK1/2MAPKs. FasL expression was similar across all groups. Thymomas may be distinguished from thymic hyperplasia by expression of CD5 and ERK1/2MAPKs. Thymectomy is the preferred treatment for MG patients with thymomas but may not be necessary in MG patients with thymic hyperplasia who are treated with immunosuppressive therapy.