Incorporation of phenolic-rich ingredients from integral valorization of Isabel grape improves the nutritional, functional and sensory characteristics of probiotic goat milk yogurt.

This study elaborated different probiotic goat milk yogurt formulations with addition of a low-calorie Isabel "Precoce" grape preparation and flour from derived solid by-products. Physicochemical characteristics, probiotic counts, phenolic and protein/peptide molecular weight profile, antioxidant capacity (AC) and sensory acceptance of different yogurt formulations were evaluated. Yogurts with Isabel grape ingredients (IGI) had high nutritional value, distinct phenolic profile and high AC. High counts of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus La-05 were found in yogurts during storage. AC of yogurts with IGI increased during a simulated gastrointestinal digestion with breakdown of high molecular weight proteins and release of protein-bound phenolics. AC of yogurts with IGI should be linked to goat milk peptides and Isabel grape phenolics. Yogurts with IGI had enhanced sensory acceptance. Incorporation of Isabel grape preparation and derived by-product flour into probiotic goat milk yogurt resulted in an added-value product with multifunctional characteristics and improved sensory characteristics.

Effect of Increased Salt Water Intake on the Production and Composition of Dairy Goat Milk.

Due to its necessity and magnitude, water is essential for animal nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of water salinity on the quality of goat milk in the Brazilian semiarid region. Twenty-four multiparous Alpine goats, with an average live weight of 38.0 ± 4.0 kg and an average lactation period of 30 days, distributed entirely at random, were used. The experiment lasted 64 days including an initial period of 14 days of adaption to the diet. The experimental treatments consisted of water with different levels of total dissolved solids (TDS): 640, 3188, 5740, and 8326 mg L-1, obtained using sodium chloride (NaCl). Increasing the levels of TDS in drinking water from 640 to 8326 mg L-1 did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect the production and the physicochemical composition of the milk. There was a linear increase (p < 0.05) in the water consumption and acidity variables as a function of the total dissolved solid levels. The mineral composition of the milk was not altered with increasing levels of TDS in water from 640 to 8326 mg L-1. There was no negative effect (p > 0.05) for any of the sensorial attributes analyzed in relation to the treatments. Therefore, as a general conclusion, based on the analyses carried out in this experiment, it was found that water with total dissolved solids, when supplied for short periods of up to 48 days, does not alter the production, physicochemical characteristics, or the organoleptic properties of goat's milk.

Fatty acid profile of milk from Nordestina donkey breed raised on Caatinga pasture.

In this research communication we describe the composition of fatty acids (FA) present in the milk of the Nordestina donkey breed, and how they differ during lactation. Milk samples were taken from 24 multiparous lactating Nordestina donkeys that grazed the Caatinga, comprising 5 animals at each of around 30, 60 and 90 d in milk (DIM) and a further 9 animals ranging from 120 to 180 DIM. The milk fat content was analysed by mid infrared spectroscopy and the FA profile by gas chromatography. The milk fat percentage ranged from 0.45 to 0.61%. The main FA found in milk were 16:0 and 18:1c9. These did not differ among DIM classes and comprised 23% and 25% of total FA. Notably, the α-Linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) was the third most abundant FA and differed (P < 0.05) with DIM, being lowest in the 30 and 60 DIM samples (around 10.7% of total FA) and highest in the 60 and 90 DIM classes (around 14.6% of total FA). The low-fat content and the FA profile of the donkey milk gives it potential as a functional ingredient, which could help to preserve the commercial viability of the Nordestina donkey breed.

Maternal consumption of conjugated linoleic acid improves tolerance to glucose and hdl-cholesterol in the rat progeny.

Our study evaluates the impacts of maternal consumption of different levels of CLA during pregnancy and lactation on physical and metabolic changes in the rat progeny. Three groups were formed: control (CG) - diet without CLA; CLA1 - diet containing 1% CLA; and CLA3 - diet containing 3% CLA. Murinometry, body fat collection, biochemical analysis, glycemic curves, liver fat amount, and fatty acid profiles of the liver were studied. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, followed by the Tukey test (p < 0.05). The CLA3 group presented highest body weight, feed intake and BMI (p < 0.05). The retroperitoneal fat, epididymal fat, and body fat index were higher in the CLA1 and CLA3 groups (p < 0.05) but no difference was observed for mesenteric fat. Yet in contrast, the experimental groups presented lower abdominal circumference and glycemic curves when compared to the CG (p < 0.05). CLA1 and CLA3 groups presented higher values of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.05), yet no difference was found in serum triglycerides or LDL. The CLA3 group presented less n-3, n-6, total PUFA, and arachidonic acid in liver fat (p < 0.05). The CLA1 and CLA3 groups were higher in total MUFA in the liver fat. In conclusion, CLA when consumed during gestation and lactation increased: tolerance to glucose, HDL, and the body fat index in the offspring. Only the CLA3 group presented reduced total PUFA, n-3, n-6 and arachidonic acid in the offspring's liver.

Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of xique-xique (Pilosocereus gounellei A. Weber ex K. Schum. Bly. Ex Rowl) juice on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by severe mucosal damage in the intestine and a deregulated immune response. Natural products derived from plants that are rich in bioactive compounds are used by many patients with IBD. Xique-xique (Pilosocereus gounellei) is a cactus of the Caatinga family that has been used by the local population for food and medicinal purposes. The intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of xique-xique cladode juice was evaluated in the present study. A dose of 5 mL kg-1 had a protective effect on intestinal inflammation, with an improvement in macroscopic damage, and a decrease in pro-inflammatory markers and oxidative stress, in addition to preserving the colonic tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the downregulation of IL-17, NF-κB, and iNOS, and upregulation of SOCs-1, ZO-1, and MUC-2. These protective effects could be attributed to the phenolic compounds as well as the fibers present in xique-xique juice. Further studies are needed before suggesting the use of xique-xique juice as a new alternative for treating IBD.

Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Memory and Reflex Maturation in Rats Treated During Early Life.

In the critical period of neurodevelopment (gestation and lactation), maternal consumption of essential fatty acids (FAs) can alter the offspring cognitive function permanently causing damage. Lipids can regulate neurotrophin and compose brain tissue. However, the effects of maternal consumption of a mixture of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on an offspring nervous system are not completely clear. We aimed to investigate the impacts of different CLA concentrations mixed into the maternal diet during early life on neonatal reflex maturation and cognitive functions of the offspring. Three groups were formed: control (CG): receiving a standard diet; CLA1: receiving a diet containing 1% of CLA, and CLA3: receiving a diet containing 3% of CLA, offered during gestation and lactation. After birth, the reflex responses of the offspring were observed from the 1st to the 21st day. After weaning, the animals' anxiety and memory were assessed using open field (OF) and novel object recognition tests. Fatty acids in the breast milk and the offspring's brain were also quantified. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test. CLA1 presented accelerated palmar grasp disappearance versus CLA3 and negative-geotaxis versus CG; and the CLA3 presented increases for most reflexes (cliff-avoidance, vibrissa-placing, negative-geotaxis, and auditory-startle response), and decrease in reflexes palmar grasp and free-fall righting versus CG (p < 0.05). CLA3 group explored less of the OF in the second exposure. CLA1 and CLA3 presented an increased exploration ratio for new objects, which indicates memory improvement. The milk tested from CLA3 demonstrated an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and a decrease in monounsaturated fatty acids. The amount of CLA in milk was greater in CLA1 and CLA3 and in the brain offspring both presented moderated amounts of CLA. Maternal treatment with the CLA mixture induced anticipated reflex maturation and improved memory in the offspring. Even though CLA was detected in the brains in only trace amounts, offspring's brain PUFA and SFA levels were increased. Further studies aimed to delineate the effect of maternal CLA supplementation on offspring's brain lipid metabolism and long-term neurologic outcome are needed to confirm these findings.

Maternal suppplementation with conjugated linoleic acid reduce anxiety and lipid peroxidation in the offspring brain.

BACKGROUND: Maternal consumption of fatty acids can alter neuronal membrane function, synaptic connections, and protect the brain from alterations caused by disturbances such as lipid peroxidation and anxiety in the offspring. We aimed to investigate how the maternal consumption of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) interferes in anxiety behavior of the offspring and cerebral lipid peroxidation. METHODS: Three groups were formed: control (CG) - diet without CLA; CLA1 - diet containing 1% of CLA; and CLA3 - diet containing 3% of CLA. These diets were offered to the mothers from the 7th day of gestation until the end of lactation. The following behavioral tests were used: Elevated plus maze (EPM), Open Field (OF) and Light-dark Box (LDB). Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione were measured in the offspring's brains. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Holm-Sidak post-test or the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: CLA1 and CLA3 showed higher number of entries in the open arms and time spent in the central area in EPM, they translocated and ambulated more in the clear area of the LDB and presented more rearing in the OF compared to CG (p < 0.05); moreover, they presented higher concentration of glutathione and lower MDA in brain tissue (p < 0.05). LIMITATIONS: We evaluated the effect of maternal consumption of CLA on anxiety and lipid peroxidation in rats' offspring, but a similar study should be performed in humans. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal intake of CLA induced a decrease in the parameters of anxiety and cerebral lipid peroxidation in the offspring.

Goat whey ameliorates intestinal inflammation on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats.

Complementary or alternative medicine is of great interest for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, with the aim of ameliorating the side effects of the drugs commonly used or improving their efficacy. In this study, we evaluated the ability of goat whey to prevent intestinal inflammation in the experimental model of acetic acid-induced rats and compared it to sulfasalazine. Pretreatment with goat whey (1, 2, and 4g/kg) and sulfasalazine (250mg/kg) on colitic rats improved colonic inflammatory markers, including myeloperoxidase activity, leukotriene B4 levels, as well as the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1ß and tumor necrosis factor-α. Furthermore, the administration of goat whey significantly reduced the colonic oxidative stress by reducing malondialdehyde levels and increased total glutathione content, a potent antioxidant peptide. The histological evaluation of the colonic specimens from colitic rats confirmed these beneficial effects, as goat whey preserved the colonic tissue, especially in those rats treated with the highest dose of goat whey or with sulfasalazine. The immunohistochemistry analysis of the colonic tissue evaluation also revealed a reduction in the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and matrix metalloproteinase-9, together with an increased expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1. These results suggest that goat whey exerted a preventive effect against the intestinal damage induced by acetic acid, showing a similar efficacy to that shown by sulfasalazine, therefore making it a potential treatment for human inflammatory bowel disease.

Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of yoghurts made from goat and cow milk.

Substituting goats' milk for cows' milk could improve the quality of dairy products, because it adds new sensorial characteristics. The aim of this study was to develop a type of yoghurt using goats' milk (25, 50, 75 and 100%) in place of cows' milk and to compare their characteristics. Physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics were evaluated using a nine-point hedonic scale and purchase intention test. The data obtained in the physicochemical analysis were submitted to regression analysis and the sensory results were evaluated through analysis of variance. Among the physicochemical characteristics of the yoghurts, variation (P < 0.05) of ash, acidity and lactose was observed. Tasters in the sensory analysis indicated that yoghurts up to 50% of goats' milk received favorable averages; with lower scores for higher goats' milk concentrations (75% and 100%). No difference was reported in acidity. Replacing cows' milk with goats' milk in yoghurt preparation promotes variations in the physicochemical characteristics for ash, acidity and lactose. However, it does not cause alterations in the sensory attributes (50% goat milk) and therefore could be considered as an alternative for the production of dairy products. © 2016 Japanese Society of Animal Science.

Acceleration of reflex maturation and physical development in suckling rats: effects of a maternal diet containing lipids from goat milk.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of lipids from goat milk containing conjugated linoleic acids on body weight and reflex ontogeny of neonatal rats treated during the prenatal and suckling periods. METHODS: Three groups were studied: soybean oil (S), coconut oil (C), and goat milk lipids (GM). Reflex maturation (palm grasp, righting reflex, cliff avoidance, vibrissae placing, negative geotaxis, auditory startle, and free-fall righting) as well as body weight evolution were recorded during lactation. RESULTS: Data demonstrated that the lipids from goat milk accelerated body weight evolution as well as all the reflex maturation investigated (P < 0.05). DISCUSSION: The supply of goat's milk offered to Wistar rats during pregnancy and lactation provided a variety of fatty acids necessary to accelerate the development of offspring.

Development and quality of a Brazilian semi-hard goat cheese (coalho) with added probiotic lactic acid bacteria.

The effects of the addition of different strains of lactic acid bacteria on different quality parameters of a Brazilian goat semi-hard cheese (coalho) were assessed during 7 days of storage (10°C) as follows: Control, Lactobacillus lactis subsp. lactis and L. lactis subsp. cremoris (standard); C2, L. acidophilus; C3, L. paracasei; C4, Bifidobacterium lactis; and C5, L. acidophilus, L. paracasei and B. lactis. There were no differences for the proteolysis index and depth of proteolysis among the assessed cheeses. The cheeses presented increase in hardness, gumminess and chewiness during the storage. Regarding the ability to melt, all evaluated cheeses showed a reduction in diameter. Cheeses presented high luminosity with predominance of the yellow component; and number of lactic bacteria greater than 106-107 cfu/g during the 7 days of storage. C5 had better sensory scores in the acceptance test, purchase intention and preference ranking test. Coalho goat cheese could be a potential carrier of probiotic lactic acid bacteria.

Adhesion and biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus from food processing plants as affected by growth medium, surface type and incubation temperature

This study assessed the effect of different growth media [BHI broth, BHI broth plus glucose (10 g/100 mL) and BHI broth plus NaCl (5 g/100 mL)] and incubation temperatures (28 or 37 ºC) on the adherence, detachment and biofilm formation on polypropylene and stainless steel surfaces (2 x 2 cm coupons) for a prolonged period (24-72 h) by some strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S3, S28 and S54) from food processing plants. The efficacy of the sanitizers sodium hypochlorite (250 mg/mL) and peracetic acid (30 mg/mL) in reducing the number of viable bacterial cells in a preformed biofilm was also evaluated. S. aureus strains adhered in highest numbers in BHI broth, regardless of the type of surface or incubation temperature. Cell detachment from surfaces revealed high persistence over the incubation period. The number of cells needed for biofilm formation was noted in all experimental systems after 3 days. Peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite were not efficient in completely removing the cells of S. aureus adhered onto polypropylene and stainless steel surfaces. From these results, the assayed strains revealed high capacities to adhere and form biofilms on polypropylene and stainless steel surfaces under the different growth conditions, and the cells in biofilm matrixes were resistant to total removal when exposed to the sanitizers sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes meios de crescimento [caldo BHI, caldo BHI adicionado de glucose (10 g/100 mL) e caldo BHI adicionado de NaCl (5 g/100 mL)] e temperaturas de incubação (28 e 37 ºC) sobre a adesão, separação e formação de biofilme sobre superfícies (2 x 2 cm) de polipropileno e aço inoxidável durante longo tempo de incubação (24-72 h) por parte de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus (S3, S58 e S54) isoladas de plantas de processamento de alimentos. Também foi avaliada a eficácia dos sanitizantes hipoclorito de sódio (250 mg/mL) e ácido peracético (30 mg/mL) na redução do número de células bacterianas viáveis presentes em um biofilme pré-formado. As cepas de S. aureus aderiram em número mais elevado quando incubadas em caldo BHI em ambos os tipos de superfícies e temperaturas de incubação testadas. A separação das células das superfícies revelou alta persistência ao longo do período de incubação. Número de células necessário para a formação do biofilme foi detectado depois de três dias de incubação em todos os sistemas experimentais. O ácido peracético e o hipoclorito de sódio não foram eficientes em remover completamente a células de S. aureus aderidas sobre as superfícies de polipropileno e aço inoxidável. Os resultados obtidos revelaram alta capacidade das cepas ensaiadas em aderir e formar biofilme sobre superfícies de polipropileno e aço inoxidável sobre diferentes condições de crescimento e que as células na matriz do biofilme apresentaram-se resistentes à total remoção quando expostas aos sanitizantes hipoclorito de sódio e ácido peracético.

Elaboração de iogurte com leite caprino e geleia de frutas tropicais / Development of a goat milk yogurt flavored with tropical fruits

O objetivo desse estudo foi elaborar o iogurte caprino com adição de frutas tropicais e realizar a caracterização físico-química, microbiológica e sensorial das amostras. Aos iogurtes foram adicionadas diferentes concentrações (15 por cento e 20 por cento) de geleia de abacaxi, cajá, maracujá e umbu. Os valores médios obtidos na determinação do extrato seco total, resíduo mineral fixo, acidez, proteínas, carboidratos totais e lipídeos variaram, respectivamente, entre 15,30 – 20,58 por cento; 0,63 – 0,72 por cento=; 0,75 – 1,13 por cento; 2,61 – 3,33 por cento;3,24 – 8,40 por cento e 1,40 – 5,90 por cento Não foi detectada a presença de coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes ou Salmonella nas amostras. Os atributos aparência, sabor, textura e avaliação global dos iogurtes naturais, abacaxi, cajá e maracujá foram semelhantes (p>0,05). Da mesma maneira, a cor dos iogurtes natural e sabor maracujá, e o aroma para os iogurtes sabor abacaxi e maracujá não apresentaram diferenças (p>0,05). O iogurte de umbu indicou menores escores médios em relação a todos os atributos avaliados. No que diz respeito à intenção de compra, todos receberam boa aceitação pelos consumidores.

Caracterização físico-química e sensorial de queijo de coalho produzido com mistura de leite de cabra e de leite de vaca / Quality and acceptance of goat milk coalho cheese with inclusion of cow milk

Nessa pesquisa objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adição de leite bovino na fabricação de queijo coalho de leite de cabra nas características físico-químicas e sensoriais a fim de corroborar com a melhora da qualidade e aceitação do produto. Os queijos foram preparados com cinco proporções de mistura de leite caprino:bovino: Q1 (4:0); Q2 (3:1); Q3 (1:1); Q4 (1:3); Q5 (0:4), nas quais se utilizou um modelo estatístico inteiramente casualizado constando de cinco tratamentos e três repetições. As amostras foram submetidas às análises: microbiológicas, como controle de qualidade; físico-químicas: colorimétrica, derretimento, rendimento, umidade, gordura, proteína, extrato seco total, pH, atividade de água (Aw) e sensorial: teste de aceitabilidade e ordenação da preferência. Os valores médios mostraram-se significativos (p<0,05) para as análises de umidade, Extrato Seco Total (EST), proteína, cinzas, acidez e parâmetro colorimétrico b*. A avaliação global e a preferência dos consumidores, na análise sensorial, diferiram significativamente para o queijo elaborado com 100% de leite de cabra. A elaboração de queijos coalho a partir de misturas desses leites apresenta-se viável, tanto do ponto vista nutricional, quanto sensorial, representando uma potencial alternativa para a agroindústria de produtos lácteos.

Ocorrência de Staphylococcus spp. e S. aureus em superfícies de preparo de alimentos em unidades de alimentação e nutrição / Occurrence of Staphylococcus spp. and S. aureus on surfaces used for preparing food in a food service

This study aimed to assess the occurrence and population kinetics of Staphylococcus spp. and S. aureus on surfaces used for preparing foods in ten food services in the city of João Pessoa, State of Paraíba, Brazil.Out of 160 samples collected from ten different food services, 70 (43.5%)were collected from surfaces used for preparing meat, 67 (41.87%) from surfaces used for preparing vegetables, and 14 (8.75%) from surfaces used for handling ready-to-eat food items. The counts of Staphylococcus spp. ranged from < 10¹ (15%) from > 10

Este trabajo ha evaluado la ocurrencia y la dinámica poblacional de Staphylococcus spp. y S. aureus en superficies de unidades de alimentación y nutrición de la ciudad de João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil. De 160 muestras recogidas en diez unidades distintas de alimentación y nutrición, 70 (43,75%) fueron de superficies de preparación de carnes;67 (41,87%) de superficies de preparación de vegetales; 14 (8,75%) de superficies de preparación de alimentos variados y 9 (5,63%) de alimentos procesados. El conteo de Staphylococcus spp osciló entre < 10¹ (15%) y > 10

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a ocorrência e dinâmica populacional de Staphylococcus spp. e S. aureus em superfícies de preparo de alimentos de unidades de alimentação e nutrição da Cidade de João Pessoa, Paraíba. Do total de 160 amostras coletadas de 10 diferentes unidades de alimentação e nutrição, 70 (43,75%) foram de superfícies de preparo de carnes, 67 (41,87%) de superfícies de preparo de vegetais, 14 (8,75%) de superfícies de preparo de alimentos em geral e 9 (5,63%) de superfícies de alimentos prontos. A contagem de Staphylococcus spp. variou entre < 10¹ (15%) e > 10

Qualidade microbiológica e físico-química do leite pasteurizado tipo C distribuído pelo programa "Leite da Paraíba" / Microbiological and physico-chemistry quality of pasteurized type C milk distributed by the “Milk of Paraíba” program

This study evaluated the microbiological and physico-chemical quality of the type C pasteurized cow milk distributed by the "Milk of Paraíba" program of the State of Paraíba. During two months, 48 milk samples were evaluated regarding the following microbiological parameters: mesophilic bacteria, total and fecal coliforms counts and detection of Salmonella sp. The following physico-chemical parameters were assessed:acidity, density, fat, ash, lactose, total dry extract, defatted dry extract and protein. The milk showed the following average composition: protein(3.12%); fat (3.15%); lactose (4.84%); ashes (0.66%); total dry extract (11.31%) and degreased dry extract (8.16%). The average density and acidity were 1.03249 g/cm 3 and 0.15%, respectively. The microbiological analysis showed absence of Salmonella spp., while the counts of total and fecal coliforms were lower than 0.3 MPN/mL in all samples. Mesophilic bacteria ranged from 6.0 x 102 to 9.8 x 103 CFU/mL. All assessed samples complied with the recommendation of the Brazilian current legislation, except for dry degreased extract, which was below the minimum acceptablelimit. The milk distributed by "Programa Leite da Paraíba" showed a suitable quality. Monitoring the physico-chemical and microbiological aspects of foods offered by Social Programs should be recognized as a tool to guarantee the quality of the food provided and reach their goals concerning the food and nutritional safety.

Este estudio evaluó los parámetros microbiológicosy físico-químicos de leche bovina pasteurizada tipo C distribuida por el Programa de Paraíba, en el Estado de Paraíba. Se realizó control microbiológico de 48 muestras de leche durante dos meses: recuentos de coliformes a 35 y 45ºC, bacterias aerobias mesófilas e investigación de Salmonella sp. Los parámetros físico-químicos fueron: acidez, densidad a 15ºC, grasa, lactosa, cenizas, extracto seco total y desgrasado y contenido de proteínas. Las muestras de leche presentaron los siguientes valores promedio paralas variables físico-químicas: proteínas, 3,12%; grasa, 3,15%; lactosa, 4,84%; cenizas, 0,66%, extracto seco total 11,31% y extracto seco desgrasado 8,16%. La densidad y la acidez mostraron valores de 1032,49 g/cm3 y 0,15%, respectivamente. En el análisis microbiológico no se detectó la presencia de Salmonella spp. Si bien el contado de coliformes totales fue inferior a 0,3 NMP/mL en todas las muestras. El contado de bacterias mesófilas varió entre 6,0 x 102 y 9,8 x 103 UFC/mL. Las muestras estaban conforme con las normas recomendadas por la legislación, a excepción de extracto seco, que presentó valores abajo del ecomendado por la legislación. La calidad de leche suministrada por el Programa de Leche de Paraíba se presenta satisfactoria. El compañamiento de aspectos físico-, químicos y microbiológicos de los alimentos ofrecidos en los programas sociales deben ser reconocidos como un mecanismo de asegurar la calidad del servicio y el alcance de sus metas relacionadas a la seguridad alimentar y nutriciona

Este estudo avaliou os parâmetros microbiológicose físico-químicos do leite bovino pasteurizado tipo C distribuído pelo programa "Leite daParaíba", no Estado da Paraíba. Foram analisadas 48 amostras de leite, no período de dois meses quanto às variáveis microbiológicas: contagem de coliformes a 35 e 45ºC, bactérias aeróbias mesófilas e pesquisa de Salmonella spp. Os parâmetros físico-químicos avaliados foram: acidez, densidade a 15ºC, teor de gordura, lactose, cinzas, extrato seco total e desengordurado e teor de proteína. As amostras de leite apresentaram os seguintes valores médios para as variáveis físico-químicas: proteínas 3,12%; gordura 3,15%; lactose 4,84%; cinzas 0,66%; extrato seco total 11,31%; e extrato seco desengordurado 8,16%. O índice de densidade e o teor de acidez apresentaram valores médios de 1.032,49 g/cm3 e 0,15%, respectivamente. Nas análises microbiológicas, não foi detectada a presença de Salmonella spp., enquanto que as contagens de coliformes totais foram inferiores a 0,3 NMP/mL em todas as amostras. As contagens para bactérias mesófilas oscilaram entre 6,0 x 102 e 9,8 x 103 UFC/mL. As amostras analisadas apresentaram-se de acordo com os padrões recomendados pela legislação, com exceção do extrato seco desengordurado, o qual apresentou valores abaixo do preconizado pela legislação vigente. A qualidade do leite distribuído pelo Programa Leite da Paraíba apresentou-se satisfatória. O monitoramento dos aspectos físico-químicos e microbiológicos de produtos alimentícios oferecidos em Programas Sociais devem ser reconhecidos como mecanismo de garantia da qualidade, do benefício e do alcance das suas metas relacionadas à segurança alimentar e nutricional.

Características físico-químicas, microbiológicas e perfil de ácidos graxos de queijos de leite de cabra comercializados / Goat milk cheese analysis on physical-chemical characteristics, fatty acids microbiological quality and profile aspects

Este estudo teve a finalidade de identificar as características físico-químicas, o perfil de ácidos graxos e a qualidade microbiológica dos queijos de leite de cabra comercializados no Estado da Paraíba. As amostras de queijo de leite de cabra analisadas apresentaram os seguintes valores médios nas análises físico-químicas: umidade 41,14%; proteínas 25,39 %; lipídeos 28,66 %; acidez 0,05 % e cinzas 3,95 %. Quanto ao perfil de ácidos graxos, os valores percentuais médios foram, de ácidos mirístico (C14:0)11,95; palmítico (C16:0) 27,96; e oléico (C18:1) 15,41. Os queijos analisados apresentaram-se dentro dos limites da legislação vigente em relação aos aspectos microbiológicos, contudo, a elevada contagem de micro-organismos psicrotrófilos, fungos filamentosos e leveduras sugerem que há necessidade de adoção de melhores condições higiênico-sanitárias ao longo de seu processamento. As características dos queijos apresentaram-se satisfatória, porém, maior adequação das etapas que envolvem o transporte e beneficiamento da matéria-prima poderia garantir a maior qualidade do produto final.

Avaliação físico-química e sensorial de pães de forma enriquecidos com soro de leite em pó / Physical-chemical and sensory evaluation of pan breads enriched with powder whey

O objetivo deste trabalho foi enriquecer pão de forma com soro de leite em pó, disponibilizando ao produto final maior concentração de proteínas e minerais, especialmente cálcio e fósforo, além de incentivar o consumo de derivados do soro de leite, resíduo da indústria de laticínios normalmente destinado a alimentação de animais ou ao descarte. Esse ingrediente foi adicionado nas concentrações de 5, 7,5 e 10%, sob duas diferentes formas: 1. misturado diretamente à farinha; 2. dissolvido em água e tratado termicamente. Ainda, foi elaborado pão de forma convencional, para fins de comparação. Os pães foram avaliados quanto a preferência e aceitação, e submetidos às análises de pH, acidez, volume específico e umidade. As concentrações de proteínas, lipídios, cinzas, cloretos, cálcio e fósforo foram determinadas somente nos pães selecionados nos testes sensoriais. Todos os pães foram aceitos, pois obtiveram escores médios acima de 5,0 (“não gostei, nem desgostei”), entretanto os que continham 10% de soro de leite em pó tratado termicamente e 7,5% deste ingrediente, na forma não tratada, foram selecionados, por terem sido tão bem aceitos quanto o pão convencional, com escores médios acima de 7,0 (“gostei regularmente”). O uso de 10% de soro de leite em pó promoveu incrementos de proteínas, cálcio e fósforo (30,7%, 185% e 38,5%, respectivamente), contribuindo para que o aporte diário desses nutrientes alcance os níveis de recomendação preconizados.

Influence of the frying recipients in the quality of soy and refined nhandiroba vegetable oils

The main objective of this work was to quantify the migration of iron and aluminium ions and to evaluate the influence of recipients made of iron, stainless steel, aluminium and glass on the oxidative stability during frying with soy (Glycine max) and refined nhandiroba oils (Fevillea trilobata). Soy oil during the frying process in the four distinct recipients presented increased Free Fatty Acids index (FFA) and Peroxide index (PI) values and decreased Iodine index (II) values. Refined nhandiroba oil presented decreased FFA rates in all the recipients investigated. The analysis of results showed that soy oil presented relevant oxidative alterations when compared to the heating time of 72 h and the types of frying recipients used, and in iron and stainless steel recipients, these differences were higher when compared to glass and aluminium recipients. The analysis of the nhandiroba oil presented moderate oxidative modifications in all the frying recipients investigated.

O Objetivo fundamental foi quantificar a migração dos íons ferro, alumínio e avaliar a influencia dos recipientes de inox, de ferro, de alumínio e de vidro no processo de estabilidade oxidativo, durante a fritura em óleos refinados de soja (Glycine max) e de nhandiroba (Fevillea trilobata). O óleo de Soja durante o processo de fritura nos quatro tipos de recipientes apresentou valores aumentados de (AGL) e (IP) e valores diminuídos (II). O óleo de nhandiroba refinado apresentou taxas de (AGL) decrescidas nos recipientes pesquisados. As análises dos resultados mostraram que o óleo de soja apresentou alterações oxidativas relevantes, quando comparado com o tempo de aquecimento de 72 horas e os tipos de recipientes de frituras utilizados, sendo que, em recipientes de ferro e inox essas diferenças foram maiores do que em recipientes de alumínio e vidro. As análises do óleo de nhandiroba apresentaram modificações oxidativas brandas nos quatro tipos de recipientes pesquisados.

Profile of milk fatty acids from moxotó goats fed with different levels of manicoba (Manihot Glaziovii Muel Arg. ) silage

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the manicoba silage use (Manihot glaziovii Muel Arg.) in different roughage:concentrate ratios (30:70; 40:60; 50:50 and 60:40 percent) on the fatty acids profile of the milk from Moxotó goats. Eight multiparous goats with approximately 60 post-birth days and weigh 44 kg on average were used in a Double Latin Square with four treatments, four periods and four animals. Each period lasted 15 days with 10 days of adaptation to experimental diets and 5 days of milk collection. The results of the fatty acids analyses were submitted to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression. An increasing linear effect for the miristic acid (C14:0) and decreasing for the linoleic acid (C18:3) was observed in function of the silage levels in diet. The milk fat presented high contents of desirable fatty acids (C18:0 + unsaturated acids), considered as nutritionally important due to their benefits to the human health. It could be concluded that the manicoba silage could be included in the diet with the participation of up to 60 percent, presenting a nutrient supply of high nutritional value.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da utilização de silagem de maniçoba (Manihot glaziovii Muel Arg.) em diferentes relações volumoso:concentrado (30:70; 40:60; 50:50 e 60:40 por cento) no perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de cabras da raça Moxotó. Foram utilizadas oito cabras multíparas com aproximadamente 60 dias pós-parto, pesando em média 44 kg, em um Quadrado Latino duplo 4 x 4, com quatro tratamentos, quatro períodos e quatro animais. Cada período teve duração de 15 dias, com 10 de adaptação às dietas experimentais e cinco dias de colheita de leite. Foi verificado efeito linear crescente do ácido mirístico (C14:0) e decrescente para o ácido linolênico (C18:3), em função dos níveis de silagem da dieta. A gordura do leite apresentou elevado teor de ácidos graxos desejáveis (C18:0 + insaturados), considerados importantes nutricionalmente pelos seus benefícios à saúde humana.