Analysis of Protection and Immune Response against Teladorsagia circumcincta in Goats Immunised with Thiol-Binding Proteins from Adult Worms.

In view of the increasing occurrence of anthelmintic-resistant strains of gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants, various alternative control strategies have been investigated, such as those based on the induction of protective immune responses by immunisation with parasite antigens. In this study, the protective activity of somatic antigens from adult worms of Teladorsagia circumcincta purified by affinity chromatography on thiol-sepharose was analysed in goats. After challenge, the enriched products induced a slight reduction in the cumulative faecal egg counts (21%) and in the number of worms (23.3%), with a greater effect on female worms, which also showed a reduction in parameters related to their fertility. These parasitological findings were associated with a Th2 immune response, with a prominent local humoral response and an eosinophilic infiltrate in the gastric mucosa (negatively associated with the fertility of female worms and the number of worms, respectively), as well as an infiltration of MCHII+, CD4+, IgG+ and IgA+ cells. However, several analyses showed an increase in CD8+ cells in the mucosa, as well as IL-2 expression in the gastric lymph nodes, which may have been associated with inhibition of protective responses or with the development of mixed Th1/Th2 responses, a finding that should be analysed in future studies.

Local immune response of Canarian Majorera goats infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta.

BACKGROUND: Due to increased anthelmintic resistance, alternative methods to drugs are necessary to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs). Some of the most promising alternatives are based on the immune response of the host, such as the selection of genetically resistant breeds or the use of vaccines against these parasites. Given the limited information available on the immune response against GINs in goats, this study investigated the local immune response of goat kids of an indigenous Canary Islands breed (Majorera breed) experimentally infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta, one of the most pathogenic and prevalent GIN species. METHODS: For this purpose, the relationship between different parasitological (number of mature and immature worms, worm length, and number of intrauterine eggs) and immunological parameters at the local level (related to both the humoral and cellular immune response) was analyzed at early (1 week post-infection [wpi]) and late (8 wpi) stages of infection. RESULTS: Primary infection of goat kids with T. circumcincta infective larvae (L3) generated a complex immune response that could be defined as Th2 type, characterized by increased infiltration in abomasal tissues of several effector cells as well as a progressive presence of specific antibodies against parasitic antigens in the gastric mucus. Cellular responses were evidenced from 1 wpi onward, showing an increase in antigen-presenting cells and various lymphocyte subsets in the gastric mucosa. CONCLUSIONS: The complexity of the host response was evidenced by statistically significant changes in the number of all these subpopulations (MHCII+, CD4+, CD8+, γδ+, CD45R+, IgA+, and IgG+), as well as in the evolution of the relative cytokine gene expression. From a functional point of view, negative associations were observed between the number of most of the immune cells (CD4, IgA, IgG, and CD45R cells) and parameters that could be related to the fecundity of worms, a phenomenon that was especially evident when the number of IgG and CD45R cells or the specific IgA levels of the gastric mucus were compared with parasitological parameters such as the female worm length or fecal egg counts at 8 wpi.

Significado de la experiencia de tatuarse el cuerpo en adultos jóvenes pertenecientes a familias monoparentales / Meaning of the experience of tattooing the body on young adults belonging to single-parent families

Introducción: El propósito del estudio fue analizar los significados que atribuyen un grupo de adultos jóvenes a la experiencia de plasmar inscripciones en su cuerpo. Método: Se implementó el método cualitativo con diseño narrativo. La técnica para recolectar la información es una entrevista libre. Se seleccionaron cuatro participantes (dos mujeres y dos varones) por medio de un muestreo intencional. Las entrevistas se grabaron en audio y se transcribieron literalmente para su posterior análisis. Se realizó una categorización inductiva. El análisis implementado permitió identificar factores individuales y también establecer similitudes y diferencias entre participantes. Resultados: Los hallazgos evidencian que: Este grupo de jóvenes realizan las inscripciones corporales tomando como referencia experiencias vitales y familiares significativas. Conclusión: El tatuaje es una expresión narrativa que determina propiedad sobre el cuerpo y la posibilidad de ser comprendido y validado socialmente. La elección de la parte del cuerpo, diseño y extensión; dependen de la importancia que tiene lo que quieren representar.

Background: The purpose of the study was to analyze the meanings attributed by a group of young adults to the experience of recording inscriptions in their bodies. Method: The qualitative method with narrative design was implemented. The technique to collect the information is a free interview. He selected four participants (two women and two men) through a sample intentional. The interviews were recorded on audio and transcribed literally for later analysis. An inductive categorization was carried out. The analysis implemented allowed identifying individual factors and also establishing similarities and differences among participants. Results: The findings show that: This group of young people perform the corporal inscriptions taking as reference significant life and family experiences. Conclusion: It is concluded that the tattoo is a narrative expression that determines ownership over the body and the possibility of being understood and socially validated. The choice of the body part, design and extension; they depend on the importance of what they want to represent.