Quality of Colonoscopy and Spectrum of Lower Gastrointestinal Disease as Determined by Colonoscopy.

OBJECTIVE: To document the quality of colonoscopy practice and the pattern of colonic disease including polyp detection rate at Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan. STUDY DESIGN: An observational study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from May 2013 to June 2014. METHODOLOGY: This retrospective study recorded demographics of patients, indications and quality indices of 505 colonoscopies performed during the study period. Preparation was done with low residue diet and polyethylene glycol. Conscious sedation was generally used. Quality indices studied were compared with guideline standard. RESULTS: Out of 505 colonoscopy patients, 305 were males and 200 were females. The indications for colonoscopic examination were lower gastrointestinal bleeding (26.5%, n=134), screening for colorectal cancer (14.1%, n=71), chronic diarrhea (12.9%, n=65), abdominal pain (10.9%, n=55), anemia (9.1%, n=46), constipation (7.3%, n=37), hematochezia and diarrhea (6.3%, n=32), altered bowel habits (5.1%, n=26), weight loss (3.6%, n=18), colonic thickening on CT scan (3.0%, n=15) and others (1.2%, n=6). Bowel preparation was adequate (in 92%, n=465) cases. Cecal intubation rate was 88.71% (n=448). Endoscopic diagnoses were hemorrhoids (36.2%, n=183), normal (22%, n=111), polyps (11.3%, n=57), ulcerative colitis (8.7%, n=44), cancer (4%, n=20), diverticulosis (3.4%, n=17), infective colitis (2.6%, n=13), intestinal TB (2.6%, n=13), non-specific colitis (2.2%, n=11), proctitis (1.8%, n=9) and others (5.3%, n=27). CONCLUSION: There is room for improvement in quality of colonoscopy, cecal intubation rate is slightly below the recommended standard and polyp detection rate is quite low however, it is not clear if the low rate of polyp detection is due to missed lesions or low population incidence. Time to reach caecum and withdrawal time should clearly be documented in the notes which can help to evaluate quality of the procedure in a better way.

Comparison of once a day rifaximin to twice a day dosage in the prevention of recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with chronic liver disease.

BACKGROUND: Rifaximin has been used for prevention of recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy in twice a day dosage. The drug is expensive and lower dising may be possible. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of rifaximin once a day dose in the prevention of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in patients with liver cirrhosis as compared with twice daily dose of rifaximin. METHODS: This Randomized control trial was carried out at the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan from November 2012 to February 2014. Patients with known chronic liver disease with at least one episode of HE in the past were randomized to group A (rifaximin 550 mg OD) and group B (rifaximin 550 mg BD), after fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Each patient was followed for 6 months for any episode of HE. Patients in each group were identified for any breakthrough episode of encephalopathy during this period. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Chi-squared test and t-test were applied where required to determine the significant difference between the two groups. RESULTS: There were a total of 306 patients: 128 patients in Group A while 178 in group B. Majority of patients (75.81%) had hepatitis C virus with mean age of 52.30 ± 9.92, MELD score 13.58 ± 8.3, and 55.22% were in Child-Pugh B. Eighty-one patients had an episode of HE during the study period. There were 27 patients in group A and 54 patients in group B with breakthrough episode of HE (P = 0.088). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that there is no significant difference in rifaximin once a day or twice daily dose in preventing HE.

Renal failure in patients with end stage liver disease and its impact on clinical outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of renal failure (RF) in the patients of end stage liver disease (ESLD), to determine the causes of RF in these patients and its impact on patient's outcome. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive, analytical study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from May 2011 to March 2013. METHODOLOGY: A total of 523 patients with end stage liver disease (ESLD) were evaluated, renal failure (RF) and its causes were recognized in these patients according to established criteria. Outcome of these patients was assigned as reversal of RF or mortality. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16. Chi-square test was used for comparing proportions and t-test was used for comparing mean values. P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Out of 523 patients, 261 (49.9%) had RF. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was the most common presentation seen in 160 (61%) patients. Hypovolemia and infections were the most frequent causes of RF. Mortality was significantly higher in the patients with RF, when compared to the patients without RF (31% vs. 4.5%, p < 0.001). Reversal of RF was seen in 98 (37%) of the affected patients. Reversal was more common in the patients with hypovolemia. The mortality was higher in the patients with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) and infections. CONCLUSION: Renal failure in the end stage liver disease is an important prognostic factor. Etiology of RF is the key factor in patients' outcome. Patients of ESLD with RF had higher mortality. Majority of the cases of RF were reversible in patients of ESLD coming in the setup.

Effect of hepatitis B vaccination in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of hepatitis B vaccination on the antibody titer in patients with chronic hepatitis C and to compare it with response in normal healthy subjects. STUDY DESIGN: Interventional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from January 2007 to January 2012. METHODOLOGY: Hepatitis vaccination (Heberbiovac-HB 20) was given intramuscularly to the patients of chronic hepatitis C (HCV group) and normal healthy subjects (control group) at 0, 1 and 6 months intervals. Anti-HBs titer was determined after second and third injection to assess the antibody response. RESULTS: There were 46 patients in the HCV group and 45 patients in the control group. Mean age was 40.9 ± 9.8 years in the HCV group and 33.18 ± 8.35 years in the control group. Weight was 67.04 ± 13.5 kg in the HCV group and 71.78 ± 14.63 kg in the control group. Height was 162.45 ± 9.06 cm in the HCV group and 167.03 ± 7.83 cm in the control group. Anti-HBs antibody levels after the second injection were 253.89 ± 76.76 mlU/mL in the HCV group and 245.81 ± 72.65 mlU/mL in the control group (p=0.172). After third injection, the antibody levels were slightly higher in both groups. CONCLUSION: In patients with chronic hepatitis C and normal healthy subjects, Heberbiovac HB in standard dosage gave sero-protective levels in both groups and antibody titers were not significantly different in control and HCV group.

Cancer Antigen-125 as a marker of ascites in patients with liver cirrhosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between Cancer Antigen-25 (CA-125) levels with the amount of ascites in patients with liver cirrhosis. STUDY DESIGN: Observational, analytical study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, from March 2012 to February 2013. METHODOLOGY: A total of 130 patients with liver cirrhosis (with and without ascites) had serum CA-125 levels measured. The amount of ascites was classified according to physical examination and ultrasound (USG) findings. CA-125 levels were compared and correlated with amount of ascites. RESULTS: Majority of patients (57%) had hepatitis C virus and 60% were in class Child Pugh C. There was moderate correlation between amount of ascites and CA-125 levels (r = 0.642, p < 0.001) with significant raised levels of CA-125 in patients with ascites (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There was a moderate correlation between CA-125 levels and presence and amount of ascites.

Ammonia levels and the severity of hepatic encephalopathy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between ammonia levels with the severity of HE in patients coming to the tertiary care hospital with liver cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy (HE). STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive, analytical study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, from January 2011 to February 2012. METHODOLOGY: A total of 135 patients with liver cirrhosis and HE had serum ammonia levels measured on admission. The diagnosis of HE was based on clinical criteria, and its severity was graded according to the West Haven Criteria for grading of mental status. Ammonia levels were correlated with the severity of HE using Spearman rank correlation. RESULTS: Out of 20 patients with normal ammonia levels, 13 (65%) were in HE I-II, 6 (30%) were in grade-III, while 1 (5%) patient was in grade-IV HE. Out of 45 patients with mild hyperammonemia, 27 (60%) were in grade I-II, 12 (26%) were in grade-III and 6 (13%) were in grade-IV HE. Out of 34 patients with moderate hyperammonemia, 9 (26%) were in grade I-II, 18 (53%) were in grade-III, and 7 (20%) were in grade-IV HE. Out of 36 patients with severe hyperammonemia, 31 (86%) patients were in grade-IV HE (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Ammonia levels correlated with the severity of hepatic encephalopathy. Greater the ammonia level, severe is the grade of hepatic encephalopathy.

Correlation of hyponatremia with hepatic encephalopathy and severity of liver disease.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of low serum sodium levels and to correlate it with the severity of liver disease and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in patients coming to the tertiary care hospital. STUDY DESIGN: Observational study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, from January 2011 to January 2012. METHODOLOGY: A total of 202 patients with hepatic encephalopathy and chronic liver disease had serum sodium measured. The HE was graded according to the West Haven classification (4 grades). Relationship of hyponatremia was correlated with severity grade of encephalopathy using Spearman rank correlation test. RESULTS: Out of 202 patients, 62 (30.7%) patients had serum sodium less than 130 meq/l. Out of 202, HE was present in 69 (34.15%) patients and out of these, 38 had grade III-IV HE and 31 had grade I - II HE. Out of 69 patients with HE 57 had sodium less than 135 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Hyponatremia was a common feature in patients with cirrhosis and its severity increased with the severity of liver disease. The existence of serum sodium concentration < 135 mmol/L was associated with greater frequency of hepatic encephalopathy compared with patients with serum sodium concentration > 135 mmol/L.

Treatment of decompensated cirrhosis secondary to hepatitis C with antiviral therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To treat decompensated hepatitis C patient with interferon, ribavirin and amantidine to ascertain the sustained viral response. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, from January 2007 to January 2012. METHODOLOGY: HCV PCR patients with decompensated hepatitis C, who had developed a complication like ascites, encephalopathy or variceal bleeding were included in the study. Those with uncontrolled ascites or other complications were excluded. Treatment with standard interferon 3 miU subcutaneously three times a week along with ribavirin 800 mg to 1200 mg and amantidine 100 mg b.i.d. was administered for 12 months. Patients were followed every month with CBC and ALT and HCV PCR was performed after 3 months to document early viral response. They had HCV PCR at the end of the treatment to document end of treatment response. All were further followed for another 6 months at monthly intervals and HCV PCR was performed at the end of this period to document sustained viral response. RESULTS: In all, 165 patients were treated. Treatment had to be discontinued in 42 (26%) patients. Out of these, 16 patients died. Thus, 123 completed treatment. Sustained viral response was documented in 58 out of the 123 (47%) patients. Hepatic encephalopathy, gastrointestinal bleeding, sepsis and development of ascites were the major complications during treatment. CONCLUSION: Forty seven percent of patients with decompensated hepatitis C cirrhosis were able to achieve sustained viral response after one year treatment with anti-viral therapy. However, complications developed during treatment and, therefore, frequent and close monitoring is necessary in these patients.

Hepatocellular carcinoma after sustained viral response to interferon and ribavirin therapy in cirrhosis secondary to chronic hepatitis C.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease secondary to hepatitis C who had achieved sustained virological response with Interferon and Ribavirin therapy. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective descriptive study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from January 2007 to January 2012. METHODOLOGY: Hepatitis C related chronic liver disease patients who were treated with interferon and ribavirin, after they achieved sustained virological response, they were followed for a mean of 42 ± 17 months. During this time, development of hepatocellular carcinoma was ascertained. All underwent surveillance with alpha-feto-protein and ultrasonography every 6 months. RESULTS: Out of the 58 patients who had achieved sustained virological response, 3 developed hepatocellular carcinoma after a mean follow-up of 38 ± 14 months. It was multifocal in 2 cases and was single lesion in the 3rd. Two patients ultimately died, one with upper GI bleeding and the other with hepatic encephalopathy, while 3rd patient with single lesion is still surviving. CONCLUSION: Three out of 58 patients of hepatitis C related chronic liver disease developed hepatocellular carcinoma during follow-up in patients who had achieved sustained virological response. These patients need closer follow-up, for development of complications, even if they have achieved sustained viral response.

Factors affecting patient satisfaction during endoscopic procedures.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the quality and patient satisfaction in Endoscopy Unit of Shifa International Hospital. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Division of Gastroenterology, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from July 2011 to January 2012. METHODOLOGY: Quality and patient satisfaction after the endoscopic procedure was assessed using a modified GHAA-9 questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16. RESULTS: A total of 1028 patients were included with a mean age of 45 ± 14.21 years. Out of all the procedures, 670 (65.17%) were gastroscopies, 181 (17.60%) were flexible sigmoidoscopies and 177 (17.21%) were colonoscopies. The maximum unsatisfactory responses were on the waiting time before the procedure (13.13 %), followed by unsatisfactory explanation of the procedure and answers to questions (7.58%). Overall, unsatisfied impression was 4.86%. The problem rate was 6.22%. CONCLUSION: The quality of procedures and level of satisfaction of patients undergoing a gastroscopy or colonoscopy was generally good. The factors that influence the satisfaction of these patients are related to communication between doctor and patient, doctor's manner and waiting time for the procedure. Feedback information in an endoscopy unit may be useful in improving standards, including the performance of endoscopists.

Severity of depression in hepatitis B and hepatitis C patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare the severity of depression in chronic hepatitis B (CHB), chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and healthy subjects. STUDY DESIGN: Comparative study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad from July 2011 to February 2012. METHODOLOGY: A total of 206 subjects were divided in three groups. Group-I (chronic hepatitis C, n = 95), group-II (chronic hepatitis B, n = 29) and group-III (healthy subjects, n = 82). They were matched for age, gender and socioeconomic status and were compared for frequency and severity of depression as measured by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). RESULTS: Some degree of depression was noted in all groups. Frequency of depression was 72.6% in group-I, 58.6% in group-II and 37.8% in group-III (p value < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Both CHC and CHB had high frequency of some degree of depression. Hepatitis C patients had more depressive features than CHB. It is worthwhile to do more close mental health observation in them. A multidisciplinary team including a psychiatric specialist can help in this approach.