Illusory inferences in conditional expressions.

A robber points a gun at a cashier and says: "Only one of these two options is true: If you conceal the combination to the safe, then I kill you; otherwise, if you don´t conceal the combination to the safe, then I kill you." Hearing this statement, most people conclude that, in either case, "I kill you." This is an illusory response, in fact; the valid conclusion states "I don´t kill you." The research reported here studied the roles that different expressions of conditionals ("if-then," "only if," and "if and only if") play in the illusory response. Three experiments show that participants inferred the conclusion "I kill you" from the conditional "if-then" and "I may or may not kill you" from the conditional "only if," while selecting both options with similar frequency for the biconditional "if and only if." These results shed light on the main theories of deductive reasoning.

The Participatory Implications of Racialized Policy Feedback.

How do involuntary interactions with authoritarian institutions shape political engagement? The policy feedback literature suggests that interactions with authoritarian policies undercut political participation. However, research in racial and ethnic politics offers reason to believe that these experiences may increase citizens' engagement. Drawing on group attachment and discrimination research, we argue that mobilization is contingent on individuals' political psychological state. Relative to their counterparts, individuals with a politicized group identity will display higher odds of political engagement when exposed to authoritarian institutions. To evaluate our theory, we draw on the 2016 Collaborative Multiracial Post-Election Study to examine the experiences of Blacks, Latinos, and Asian Americans. For all subgroups and different types of institutions, we find that, for those with a politicized group identity, institutional contact is associated with higher odds of participation. Our research modifies the classic policy feedback framework, which neglects group-based narratives in the calculus of collective action.

[Risk of sarcopenia and malnutrition related to COVID-19 in an institutionalized population of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain): determined by R-MAPP.] / Riesgo de sarcopenia y desnutrición relacionado con COVID-19 en una población institucionalizada de Castilla-La Mancha: determinado por R-MAPP.

OBJECTIVE: Knowing the risk status of malnutrition and sarcopenia in institutionalized patients is essential to understand the current context after the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS: This research used a retrospective, observational study. The results of the Remote Malnutrition APP test (R-MAPP) are described: risk factors for malnutrition (including COVID-19), the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and the SARC-F, in a selected sample of 402 residents of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) during 2021. An inferential analysis was performed to determine which factors were related to the MUST (≥2 points) and SARC-F (≥4 points) response measures. With the factors that obtained statistical significance, a multivariate regression model was performed, adjusting for each one. of those factors. RESULTS: Mean age was 84.2 years, 70.1% women. Most frequent risk factor for malnutrition was aging (85.1%). The mean body mass index was 26.5 (SD 11.6). MUST≥2 points was obtained in 16.2%, and a SARC-F≥4 in 69.9%. COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.13-0.92; p 0.03) was a protective factor against the risk of malnutrition. The risk of sarcopenia was related to aging (OR 8.16; 95% CI 4.13-16.20; p 0.00), COVID-19 (OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.17-3.29; p 0.01) and COPD (OR 2.44; 95% CI 1.21-4.89; p 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: No relationship is found between COVID-19 and high risk of malnutrition. Aging, COVID-19 and COPD are risk factors for sarcopenia.

OBJETIVO: Conocer el estado de riesgo de desnutrición y sarcopenia de las personas institucionalizadas es clave para entender el contexto actual tras la repercusión que ha tenido la pandemia por coronavirus (COVID-19). METODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo. Se describen los resultados de la prueba Remote Malnutrition APP (R-MAPP): factores de riesgo de desnutrición (incluyendo la COVID-19), Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) y la SARC-F, en una muestra seleccionada de 402 residentes de Castilla-La Mancha (España) durante 2021. Se llevó a cabo un análisis inferencial para determinar qué factores tenían relación con las medidas de respuesta MUST (≥2 puntos) y SARC-F (≥4 puntos). Con los factores que obtuvieron significación estadística se realizó un modelo de regresión multivariante ajustando por cada uno de esos factores. RESULTADOS: La edad media fue de 84,2 años, con un 70,1% de mujeres. El factor de riesgo de desnutrición más frecuente fue el envejecimiento (85,1%). El Índice de Masa Corporal medio fue 26,5 (DE 11,6). Se obtuvo un MUST mayor o igual a 2 puntos en un 16,2%, y un SARC-F igual o mayor de 4 en el 69,9%. Se observó, como factor protector, la EPOC (enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / OR 0,35; IC 95% 0,13-0,92; p 0,03) contra el riesgo de desnutrición. El riesgo de sarcopenia se relacionó con envejecimiento (OR 8,16; IC 95% 4,13-16,20; p 0,00), COVID-19 (OR 1,96; IC 95% 1,17-3,29; p 0,01) y EPOC (OR 2,44; IC 95% 1,21- 4,89; p 0,01). CONCLUSIONES: No se halla relación entre COVID-19 y riesgo alto de desnutrición. Envejecimiento, COVID-19 y EPOC son factores de riesgo de sarcopenia.

Riesgo de sarcopenia y desnutrición relacionado con COVID-19 en una población institucionalizada de Castilla-La Mancha: determinado por R-MAPP / Risk of sarcopenia and malnutrition related to COVID-19 in an institutionalized population of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain): determined by R-MAPP

FUNDAMENTOS: Conocer el estado de riesgo de desnutrición y sarcopenia de las personas institucionalizadas es clave para entender el contexto actual tras la repercusión que ha tenido la pandemia por coronavirus (COVID-19). MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo. Se describen los resultados de la prueba Remote Malnutrition APP (R-MAPP): factores de riesgo de desnutrición (incluyendo la COVID-19), Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) y la SARC-F, en una muestra seleccionada de 402 residentes de Castilla-La Mancha (España) durante 2021. Se llevó a cabo un análisis inferencial para determinar qué factores tenían relación con las medidas de respuesta MUST (≥2 puntos) y SARC-F (≥4 puntos). Con los factores que obtuvieron significación estadística se realizó un modelo de regresión multivariante ajustando por cada uno de esos factores. RESULTADOS: La edad media fue de 84,2 años, con un 70,1% de mujeres. El factor de riesgo de desnutrición más frecuente fue el envejecimiento (85,1%). El Índice de Masa Corporal medio fue 26,5 (DE 11,6). Se obtuvo un MUST mayor o igual a 2 puntos en un 16,2%, y un SARC-F igual o mayor de 4 en el 69,9%. Se observó, como factor protector, la EPOC (enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / OR 0,35; IC 95% 0,13-0,92; p 0,03) contra el riesgo de desnutrición. El riesgo de sarcopenia se relacionó con envejecimiento (OR 8,16; IC 95% 4,13-16,20; p 0,00), COVID-19 (OR 1,96; IC 95% 1,17-3,29; p 0,01) y EPOC (OR 2,44; IC 95% 1,21- 4,89; p 0,01). CONCLUSIONES: No se halla relación entre COVID-19 y riesgo alto de desnutrición. Envejecimiento, COVID-19 y EPOC son factores de riesgo de sarcopenia.(AU)

BACKGROUND: Knowing the risk status of malnutrition and sarcopenia in institutionalized patients is essential to understand the current context after the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS: This research used a retrospective, observational study. The results of the Remote Malnutrition APP test (R-MAPP) are described: risk factors for malnutrition (including COVID-19), the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and the SARC-F, in a selected sample of 402 residents of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) during 2021. An inferential analysis was performed to determine which factors were related to the MUST (≥2 points) and SARC-F (≥4 points) response measures. With the factors that obtained statistical significance, a multivariate regression model was performed, adjusting for each one. of those factors. RESULTS: Mean age was 84.2 years, 70.1% women. Most frequent risk factor for malnutrition was aging (85.1%). The mean body mass index was 26.5 (SD 11.6). MUST≥2 points was obtained in 16.2%, and a SARC-F≥4 in 69.9%. COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.13-0.92; p 0.03) was a protective factor against the risk of maln utrition. The risk of sarcopenia was related to aging (OR 8.16; 95% CI 4.13-16.20; p 0.00), COVID-19 (OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.17-3.29; p 0.01) and COPD (OR 2.44; 95% CI 1.21-4.89; p 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: No relationship is found between COVID-19 and high risk of malnutrition. Aging, COVID-19 and COPD are risk factors for sarcopenia.(AU)

Evaluation of the synergistic antifungal activity of micafungin and voriconazole plus sertraline against Candida auris.

Candida auris is an emerging global public health threat. It is an opportunistic yeast that usually affects critically ill patients in healthcare settings and is characterized by reduced susceptibility to multiple antifungal classes. Combination therapy with antifungals and repurposed drugs is a feasible alternative to overcome this problem. The aim of this study was to examine the in vitro interactions and potential synergy of micafungin (MFG) and voriconazole (VRC) plus the antidepressant sertraline (SRT) against clinical isolates of C. auris. Conventional antifungal testing was first performed with the three drugs according to the CLSI methodology. Drug interactions were determined by the checkerboard microdilution assay using the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index. Synergistic interactions were noted with the combination of MFG and SRT plus VRC with FIC values of 0.37 to 0.49 for some strains. Indifferent interactions were observed when MFG was combined with SRT with just one exception (FIC 0.53). No antagonism was observed for any combination. The combination of VRC with MCF or SRT may be relevant for treating C. auris infections.

Auditory hindsight bias in school-age children.

We report two experiments investigating hindsight bias in children, focusing on a rarely studied age range of 8-13 years. In Experiment 1, we asked children to complete both an auditory hindsight task and a visual hindsight task. Children exhibited hindsight bias in both tasks, and the bias decreased with age. In Experiment 2, we further explored children 's auditory hindsight bias by contrasting performance in hypothetical and memory designs (which previous research with adults had found to involve different mechanisms-fluency vs. memory reconstruction). Children exhibited auditory hindsight bias in both tasks, but only in the hypothetical design was the bias magnitude modulated by a priming manipulation designed to increase fluency, replicating and extending the pattern found in adults to children.

Inferences from the negation of counterfactual and semifactual conditionals.

Our goal was to study how people understand the negation of counterfactuals (such as "Antonio denied/said that it is false that if Messi had played, then Barcelona would have won") and semifactuals (such as "Antonio denied that even if Messi had played, Barcelona would have won"). Previous studies have shown that participants negated basic conditionals using small-scope interpretations by endorsing a new conditional with the negated consequent, but also by making large-scope interpretations, endorsing a conjunction with the negated consequent. Three experiments showed that when participants were asked whether the negation of a counterfactual (Experiments 1 and 2) or semifactual (Experiment 3) conditional was followed by a new conditional, they made a small-scope interpretation, endorsing the same conditional with the negated consequent (e.g., "if/even if Messi had played, Barcelona would not have won"). However, they also accepted the conditional with the negated antecedent for semifactuals (e.g., "even if Messi had not played, Barcelona would have won"). When participants were asked whether the negation of a counterfactual or semifactual conditional is followed by a conjunction, they endorsed the conjunction with both the negated antecedent and the consequent (e.g., "Messi did not play and Barcelona did not win"), but again they accepted the conjunction with the negated antecedent only for semifactuals (e.g., "Messi did not play and Barcelona did win"). These results have implications for the main theories of reasoning.

Immunogenicity after 6 months of BNT162b2 vaccination in frail or disabled nursing home residents: The COVID-A Study.

BACKGROUND: There is incomplete information regarding evolution of antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 after a two-dose strategy vaccination with BNT162b2 in older adults in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) with frailty, disability, or cognitive impairment. We aimed to determine IgG antibody titer loss in older adults in LTCFs. METHODS: This is a multicenter longitudinal cohort study including 127 residents (90 females and 37 males) with a mean age of 82.7 years (range 65-99) with different frailty and disability profiles in two LTCFs in Albacete, Spain. Residents received two doses of BNT162b2 as per label, and antibody levels were determined 1 and 6 months after the second dose. Age, sex, previous history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), comorbidity (Charlson Index), performance in activities of daily living (Barthel Index), frailty (FRAIL instrument), and cognitive status were assessed. RESULTS: The mean antibody titers 1 and 6 months after the second vaccine dose were 32,145 AU/ml (SD 41,206) and 6182 AU/ml (SD 13,316), respectively. Across all participants, the median antibody titer loss measured 77.6% (interquartile range [IQR] 23.8%). Notably, the decline of titers in individuals with pre-vaccination COVID-19 infection was significantly lower than in those without a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection (72.2% vs. 85.3%; p < 0.001). The median titer decrease per follow-up day was 0.47% (IQR 0.14%) and only pre-vaccination COVID-19 was associated with lower rate of antibody decline at 6 months (hazard ratio 0.17; 95% confidence interval 0.07-0.41; p < 0.001). Frailty, disability, older age, cognitive impairment, or comorbidity were not associated with the extent of antibody loss. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults in LTCFs experience a rapid loss of antibodies over the first 6 months after the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine. Only pre-vaccination COVID-19 is associated with a slower rate of antibody decrease. Our data support immunization with a third dose in this vulnerable, high-risk population.

Signalling Three-Way Intersections: Is Redundancy Better Than Only Mandatory or Prohibitory Signs?

At intersections, drivers need to infer which ways are allowed by interpreting mandatory and/or prohibitory traffic signs. Time and accuracy in this decision-making process are crucial factors to avoid accidents. Previous studies show that integrating information from prohibitory signs is generally more difficult than from mandatory signs. In Study 1, we compare combined redundant signalling conditions to simple sign conditions at three-way intersections. In Study 2, we carried out a survey among professionals responsible for signposting to test whether common practices are consistent with experimental research. In Study 1, an experimental task was applied (n=24), and in Study 2, the survey response rate was 17%. These included the main cities in Spain such as Madrid and Barcelona. Study 1 showed that inferences with mandatory signs are faster than those with prohibitory signs, and redundant information is an improvement only on prohibitory signs. In Study 2, prohibitory signs were those most frequently chosen by professionals responsible for signposting. In conclusion, the most used signs, according to the laboratory study, were not the best ones for signposting because the faster responses were obtained for mandatory signs, and in second place for redundant signs.

Bioactive Compounds of Opuntia spp. Acid Fruits: Micro and Nano-Emulsified Extracts and Applications in Nutraceutical Foods.

The acid fruit of the "xoconostle" cactus belongs to the genus Opuntia family of cacti. It is used as a functional food for its bioactive compounds. Several studies reported that xoconostle fruits have a high amount of ascorbic acid, betalains, phenols, tannins, and flavonoids. These compounds confer antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective gastroprotective activity. Xoconostle fruit extracts were tested by in vitro assays where the digestion conditions were simulated to measure their stability. At the same time, the extracts were protected by encapsulation (microencapsulation, multiple emulsions, and nanoemulsions). Applications of encapsulated extracts were probed in various food matrices (edible films, meat products, dairy, and fruit coatings). The xoconostle is a natural source of nutraceutical compounds, and the use of this fruit in the new food could help improve consumers' health.

Necesidad y tipo de tratamiento en cirugía bucomaxilofacial durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en un servicio de urgencias odontológicas del AMBA / Need and type of treatment in maxillofacial surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in a dental emergency department in the AMBA

Objetivo: Analizar y describir los requerimientos de atención quirúrgica bucomaxilofacial de urgencia en el Servicio de Urgencias Odontológicas y Orientación de Pacientes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires durante el aislamiento social preventivo y obligatorio por la pandemia de COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de análisis retrospectivo durante el período de aislamiento social preventivo y obligatorio inicial de 93 días, comprendido entre el 20 de marzo y el 20 de junio de 2020. Se evaluó la totalidad de historias clínicas de los pacientes que acudieron al Servicio de Urgencias Odontológicas y Orientación de Pacientes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires y se caracterizó a aquellos que requerían distintos tipos de tratamiento quirúrgico bucal y maxilofacial. Resultados: Durante el período estudiado, se atendieron 4564 pacientes, de los cuales 1337 (29,3%) requirieron tratamientos quirúrgicos como terapéutica para la resolución de la urgencia. De estos, el 93,2% fueron exodoncias de piezas erupcionadas o retenidas; el 1,7%, biopsias quirúrgicas; el 2,4%, tratamientos agudos de infecciones que involucran espacios anatómicos vecinos; el 0,8%, resolución de traumatismos en los maxilares, y el 1,9%, tratamientos de complicaciones posquirúrgicas. Conclusión: Los resultados ponen de relieve la necesidad de disponer de servicios de guardia odontológica en el ámbito del AMBA que cuenten con recursos humanos calificados y entrenados para resolver urgencias de tipo quirúrgico

Aim: The objective of this study was to analyze and describe the requirements for the emergency care of oral and maxillofacial surgical treatment in the emergency dental department of the School of Dentistry of the University of Buenos Aires during the Preventive and Mandatory Social Isolation. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of a descriptive observational study during the initial period of 93 days of Preventive and Compulsory Social Isolation, from March 20, 2020 to June 20, 2020. All the medical records of the patients who attended the emergency dental department of the School of Dentistry of the University of Buenos Aires were evaluated and those who required different types of oral and maxillofacial surgical treatment were characterized. Results: A total of 4564 patients were attended during the period studied, of which 1337 (29.3%) required surgical treatment as a therapy for the resolution of their emergencies. Of these, 93.2% were exodontia of erupted or retained teeth, 1.7% surgical biopsies, 2.4% acute treatment of infections involving neighboring anatomical spaces, 0.8% resolution of maxillary alveolar trauma and 1.9% treatment of post-surgical complications. Conclusion: The results highlight the need to have dental emergency services in the AMBA area that have qualified and trained human resources to solve the surgical type emergencies that may arise (AU)

Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 vaccine in frail or disabled nursing home residents: COVID-A study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The safety and immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine in older adults with different frailty and disability profiles have not been well determined. Our objective was to analyze immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in older adults across frailty and disability profiles. DESIGN: Multicenter longitudinal cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 134 residents aged ≥65 years with different frailty and disability profiles in five long-term care facilities (LTCFs) in Albacete, Spain. INTERVENTION AND MEASUREMENTS: Residents were administered two vaccine doses as per the label, and antibody levels were determined 21.9 days (SD 9.3) after both the first and second dose. Functional variables were assessed using activities of daily living (Barthel Index), and frailty status was determined with the FRAIL instrument. Cognitive status and comorbidity were also evaluated. RESULTS: Mean age was 82.9 years (range 65-99), and 71.6% were female. The mean antibody titers in residents with and without previous COVID-19 infection were 49,878 AU/ml and 15,274 AU/ml, respectively (mean difference 34,604; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 27,699-41,509). No severe adverse reactions were observed, after either vaccine dose. Those with prevaccination COVID-19 had an increased antibody level after the vaccine (B = 31,337; 95% CI: 22,725-39,950; p < 0.001). Frailty, disability, older age, sex, cognitive impairment, or comorbidities were not associated with different antibody titers. CONCLUSIONS: The BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in older adults is safe and produces immunogenicity, independently of the frailty and disability profiles. Older adults in LTCFs should receive a COVID-19 vaccine.

Eficacia de la ozonoterapia en el tratamiento de la hernia de disco: Revisión Sistemática / Effectiveness of ozone therapy in the treatment of disc hernia: Systematic Review

La hernia discal es el resultado de la degeneración del núcleo pulposo y del anillo fibroso del disco intervertebral, de modo que el primero sale por el anillo o incluso puede salir del espacio intervertebral, convirtiéndose en un fragmento libre en el interior del canal raquídeo.Se suele asociar a espondilosis, sobreesfuerzo físico o traumatismos (menores de repetición o mayor único). Son más frecuentes en edades media de la vida, teniendo un pico de incidencia sobre la cuarta década. La clínica se caracteriza por un comienzo con dolor lumbar paravertebral y dolor a la percusión de las apófisis espinosas, acompañado de contractura muscular paravertebral. En las hernias lumbares el dolor se suele irradiar a la extremidad inferior debido a la compresión de la raíz nerviosa.Se ha realizado un estudio sobre el tratamiento de las hernias discales, concretamente sobre la ozonoterapia, debido a que: La ozonoterapia como indicación para la hernia discal es un tratamiento de reciente aparición, con resultados muy discutibles y sin criterios consensuados para determinar su indicación como tratamiento.(AU)

The herniated disc is the result of the degeneration of the nucleus pulposus and the fibrous ring of the intervertebral disc, so that the former leaves the ring or can even leave the intervertebral space, becoming a free fragment inside the spinal canal.It is usually associated with spondylosis, physical overexertion or trauma (minor repetition or single major). They are more frequent in middle life ages, having a peak incidence over the fourth decade. The clinic is characterized by an onset with paravertebral low back pain and pain on percussion of the spinous processes, accompanied by paravertebral muscle contracture. In lumbar hernias, pain usually radiates to the lower limb due to compression of the nerve root.I have carried out a study on the treatment of herniated discs, specifically on ozone therapy, because: Ozone therapy as an indication for herniated disc is a recent treatment, with highly debatable results and without agreed criteria to determine its indication as a treatment.(AU)

Conditional content, explicit information and generating cases: Sources for suppressing inferences.

In the present study, we evaluate the suppression effect by asking participants to make inferences with everyday conditionals ("if A, then B"; "if Ana finds a friend, then she will go to the theatre"), choosing between three possible conclusions ("she went to the theatre"; "she did not go to the theatre"; "it cannot be concluded"). We test how these inferences can be influenced by three factors: a) when the content of the conditional induces us to think about disabling conditions that prevent us from accepting the consequent (A and ¬B) or alternative conditions that induce us to think about other antecedents that could also lead to the consequent (¬A and B), b) when explicit information is given about what really happened (e.g. Ana found a friend but they did not go to the theatre; or Ana did not find a friend but she went to the theatre) and c) when participants have to look for concrete disabling (e.g. Ana's friend had to work) and alternative cases (e.g. Ana's sister wanted to go to the theatre) before making the inferences. Previous studies have shown what were called "suppression effects": disabling conditions reduced valid inferences while considering alternatives led to a reduction in fallacies. These two "suppression effects" were shown in Experiment 1: a) in an Implicit condition that included just the content factor of the conditional and b) with a greater magnitude in a second Explicit condition that included the three factors (content, explicit information and search for counterexamples). Experiment 2 compared the same Explicit condition with another in which participants, instead of looking for counterexamples, completed a control task of looking for synonyms. In addition, half the participants looked for a few items (2 cases) and the other half for many items (5 cases). Results again showed the suppressing effect in all the conditions, but the magnitude was greater in the counterexample condition. No relevant differences were obtained according to the number of cases generated; the most relevant result was that the factors provided an additive effect on the suppression.

How children and adults keep track of real information when thinking counterfactually.

Thinking about counterfactual conditionals such as "if she had not painted the sheet of paper, it would have been blank" requires us to consider what is conjectured (She did not paint and the sheet was blank) and what actually happened (She painted and the sheet was not blank). In two experiments with adults (Study 1) and schoolchildren from 7 to 13 years (Study 2), we tested three potential sources of difficulty with counterfactuals: inferring, distinguishing what is real vs conjectured (epistemic status) and comprehending linguistic conditional expressions ("if" vs "even if"). The results showed that neither adults nor schoolchildren had difficulty in the comprehension of counterfactual expressions such as "even if" with respect to "if then". The ability to infer with both of these develops during school years, with adults showing great ability. However, the third source factor is critical: we found that the key to young children's difficulty with counterfactual thinking was their inability to differentiate real and conjectured information, while adults showed little difficulty with this.

[Spanish tools of cognitive and behavior assessment of alzheimer´s disease in severe state.] / Escalas de valoración cognitiva y conductual en español para la demencia severa.

BACKGROUND: There are different scales in Spanish for cognitive and behavioral assessment of patients with severe dementia. The objective of this study was to select those scales that are more accessible, useful and with better psychometric properties, both for clinical practice and for research. METHODS: Literature review, by experts in the field, of scales of cognitive and behavioral assessment in dementia in the main scientific databases. Published in Spanish or English, excluding those not validated in Spanish. RESULTS: 11 bibliographical references were selected. Cognitive scales: Severe Impairment Battery was the one with the most cognitive areas, its abbreviated version (SIB-s) had the best internal consistency (α=0.96), Baylor Profound Mental Status Examination had very good psychometric properties with 0.99 reliability and excellent concurrent validity with Mini-Mental State Examination (r=-0.91). Severe Cognitive Impairment Profile was the only one that allowed establishing subgroups of cognitive impairment. Behavioral scales: Neuropsychiatric Inventory was the gold standard in dementias, but there was only one specific scale for severe Alzheimer's disease, the Baylor Profound Mental Status Examination behavioral subscale. CONCLUSIONS: In Spanish severe dementia, Severe Cognitive Impairment Profile and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory are the gold standard tool for cognitive assessment for research studies, and the Baylor Profound Mental Status Examination is the most useful for daily clinical practice.

OBJETIVO: Existen diferentes escalas en español para la valoración cognitiva y conductual de los pacientes con demencia severa. El objetivo de este estudio fue seleccionar aquellas escalas más accesibles, útiles y con mejores propiedades psicométricas, tanto para la práctica clínica como para fines investigadores. METODOS: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, por expertos en la materia, de escalas de valoración cognitiva y conductual sobre demencia en las principales bases de datos científicas. Debían estar publicadas en español o inglés, excluyendo aquellas no validadas al español. RESULTADOS: Se seleccionaron 11 referencias bibliográficas. En cuanto a escalas cognitivas: la Severe Impairment Battery era la que más áreas cognitivas en-globaba; su versión abreviada (SIB-s) presentaba la mejor consistencia interna (α=0,96); el Baylor Profound Mental Status Examination presentaba muy buenas propiedades psicométricas, con fiabilidad 0,99 y excelente validez concurrente con el Mini-Mental State Examination (r=-0,91); el Severe Cognitive Impairment Profile era la única que permitía establecer subgrupos de deterioro cognitivo. En cuanto a escalas conductuales: el Neuropsychiatric Inventory era el gold standard en demencias. Solo había una escala específica para la enfermedad de Alzheimer, el Baylor Profound Mental Status Examination subescala conductual. CONCLUSIONES: En demencias severas, el Severe Cognitive Impairment Profile y el Neuropsychiatric Inventory son las herramientas más completas para estudios de investigación, y el Baylor Profound Mental Status Examination la más útil para la práctica clínica.

[Effectiveness of practical theoretical teaching in high-school about cardiopulmonary resuscitation.] / Eficacia de la enseñanza teórico-práctica en institutos de reanimación cardiopulmonar.

OBJECTIVE: Cardiovascular diseases is one of the most important health problems among population. Most preventable deaths which take place in a context different from the hospital are related to coronary heart diseases. Training the population in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) may well result in an increase in the survival rate before a cardiorespiratory arrest. METHODS: An observational study -both prospective and analytical- was conducted through a sample of students in the fourth year of compulsory secondary education. They were divided in two groups: a first group was trained with a theoretical-practical course on CPR, the second group only a theoretical course on CPR. Three surveys on CPR knowledge were conducted, the first one prior to a CPR course, the second one after the course and the third carried out two months after completing it. The results were compared between the three surveys to examine the degree of acquisition and maintenance of knowledge. RESULTS: 326 students, 213 theoretical-practical group and 113 theoretical group, whose average age was 15.6 years (DE=0.7, R 15-17) and 56% were girls. The average scores of the questionnaires were: 5.1 points (DE=1.8, R 0-10) on first exam, 8.2 points (DE=1.6, R 3-10) on second exam of the theoretical-practical group versus 7.7 points (DE=1.9, R 0-10) of the theoretical group, and 7.2 points (DE=3.8, R 1-10) on third exam. In the first exam, 5.2% of them knew the frequency of chest compressions and ventilations in CPR, improving to 68.1% in the second questionnaire of the theoretical-practical group, and a 79.6% of the theoretical group. CONCLUSIONS: Increased knowledge in cardiopulmonary resuscitation reflect in an increase of 3.1 points of average after the theoretical-practical sessions and in 2.1 points two months later. The theoretical-practical group obtain a better score in the post-course exam (8.2 points) compared to the theoretical group (7.7 points).

OBJETIVO: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen uno de los problemas de salud más importantes para la población. La mayoría de las muertes evitables se deben a enfermedades coronarias en el medio extrahospitalario. Formar a la población sobre la reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) supone un aumento de la tasa de supervivencia ante una parada cardiorrespiratoria. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional, prospectivo y analítico, en una muestra de alumnos de cuarto curso de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria a los que se dividió en dos grupos. A un primer grupo se les realizó un curso teórico-práctico sobre RCP; al segundo grupo, un curso solo teórico de RCP. Se realizaron tres cuestionarios sobre conocimiento de RCP: el primero, previo al curso; el segundo, tras el curso; y el tercero, a los dos meses de finalizar el curso. Se compararon los resultados entre los cuestionarios para analizar el grado de adquisición y mantenimiento de conocimientos. RESULTADOS: Se seleccionó una muestra de 326 alumnos, 213 en el grupo teórico-práctico y 113 en el teórico. La edad media fue de 15,6 años (DE=0,7, R 15-17) y el 56% eran niñas. La puntuación media de los cuestionarios fue: primer cuestionario, 5,1 puntos (DE=1,8, R 0-10); segundo cuestionario, en el grupo teórico-práctico 8,2 puntos (DE=1,6, R 3-10) frente al grupo teórico con 7,7 puntos (DE=1,9, R 0-10); y tercer cuestionario, 7,2 puntos (DE=1,8, R 1-10). En el primer cuestionario, un 5,2% conocían la frecuencia de las compresiones torácicas y ventilaciones en la RCP, mejorando al 68,1% en el segundo cuestionario en el grupo teórico-práctico, y un 79,6% en el grupo teórico. CONCLUSIONES: Tras el curso teórico-práctico sobre RCP, aumenta en 3,1 puntos la nota media en los cuestionarios de conocimientos en RCP, y en 2,1 puntos tras dos meses de la realización del curso. El grupo teórico-práctico obtiene una puntuación mejor en la encuesta poscurso (8,2 puntos) respecto al grupo teórico (7,7 puntos).

N-doped oxidized carbon dots for methanol sensing in alcoholic beverages.

Methanol (MeOH) adulteration in alcoholic beverages resulting in irreparable health damage demands highly sensitive and cost-effective sensors for its quantification. As carbon dots are emerging as new biocompatible and sustainable light-emitting detectors, this work demonstrates the hydrothermally prepared nitrogen-doped oxidized carbon dots (NOCDs) as on-off fluorescent nanoprobes to detect MeOH traces in water and alcoholic beverages. The presence of 1% of MeOH in distilled water is found to decrease the NOCD fluorescent emission intensity by more than 90% whereas up to 70% ethanol (EtOH) content changes the signal to within 20% of its initial value. HR-TEM analysis reveals the agglomeration of the nanoprobes suspended in MeOH. Due to their selectivity towards MeOH, the fluorescent nanoprobes were successfully tested using a few MeOH spiked branded and unbranded Mexican alcoholic beverages. Varying degrees of signal quenching is observed from the fluorescent nanoprobes dispersed in different pristine beverages with a detection limit of less than 0.11 v%. Herein, we establish a new perspective towards economically viable non-toxic fluorescent probes as a potential alternative for the detection of MeOH in alcoholic beverages.

Testing the visual impedance effect in children with and without reading difficulties using a new visual reasoning task.

This study examined reasoning skills in children, specifically transitive reasoning and the visual impedance effect, with a new visual/pictorial task. The visual impedance effect is the effect produced by the possible interference in the reasoning process of irrelevant details elicited from the premises of a reasoning task. The new task had no reading requirements, which made it suitable for testing reasoning in primary school children, especially children with reading difficulties (RD), such as dyslexia. The study aimed also to validate the possible use of the task for studying reasoning and detecting the visual impedance effect without the interference of reading skills and to investigate the association between transitive reasoning and reading abilities. A pilot study (N = 10) was used to test the suitability of the new task for primary school children. Afterwards, the task was tested on a larger sample of children of third to sixth Grade, with and without RD (N = 84). Results showed that the new task is able to detect the main reasoning effects as well as the visual impedance effect. The findings are discussed, with the new task considered appropriate for studying reasoning skills in child populations both with and without RD.

Escalas de valoración cognitiva y conductual en español para la demencia severa / Spanish tools of cognitive and behavior assessment of alzheimer's disease in severe state

OBJETIVO: Existen diferentes escalas en español para la valoración cognitiva y conductual de los pacientes con demencia severa. El objetivo de este estudio fue seleccionar aquellas escalas más accesibles, útiles y con mejores propiedades psicométricas, tanto para la práctica clínica como para fines investigadores. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, por expertos en la materia, de escalas de valoración cognitiva y conductual sobre demencia en las principales bases de datos científicas. Debían estar publicadas en español o inglés, excluyendo aquellas no validadas al español. RESULTADOS: Se seleccionaron 11 referencias bibliográficas. En cuanto a escalas cognitivas: la Severe Impairment Battery era la que más áreas cognitivas englobaba; su versión abreviada (SIB-s) presentaba la mejor consistencia interna (α=0,96); el Baylor Profound Mental Status Examination presentaba muy buenas propiedades psicométricas, con fiabilidad 0,99 y excelente validez concurrente con el Mini-Mental State Examination (r=-0,91); el Severe Cognitive Impairment Profile era la única que permitía establecer subgrupos de deterioro cognitivo. En cuanto a escalas conductuales: el Neuropsychiatric Inventory era el gold standard en demencias. Solo había una escala específica para la enfermedad de Alzheimer, el Baylor Profound Mental Status Examination subescala conductual. CONCLUSIONES: En demencias severas, el Severe Cognitive Impairment Profile y el Neuropsychiatric Inventory son las herramientas más completas para estudios de investigación, y el Baylor Profound Mental Status Examination la más útil para la práctica clínica

BACKGROUND: There are different scales in Spanish for cognitive and behavioral assessment of patients with severe dementia. The objective of this study was to select those scales that are more accessible, useful and with better psychometric properties, both for clinical practice and for research. METHODS: Literature review, by experts in the field, of scales of cognitive and behavioral assessment in dementia in the main scientific databases. Published in Spanish or English, excluding those not validated in Spanish. RESULTS: 11 bibliographical references were selected. Cognitive scales: Severe Impairment Battery was the one with the most cognitive areas, its abbreviated version (SIB-s) had the best internal consistency (α=0.96), Baylor Profound Mental Status Examination had very good psychometric properties with 0.99 reliability and excellent concurrent validity with Mini-Mental State Examination (r=-0.91). Severe Cognitive Impairment Profile was the only one that allowed establishing subgroups of cognitive impairment. Behavioral scales: Neuropsychiatric Inventory was the gold standard in dementias, but there was only one specific scale for severe Alzheimer's disease, the Baylor Profound Mental Status Examination behavioral subscale. CONCLUSIONS: In Spanish severe dementia, Severe Cognitive Impairment Profile and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory are the gold standard tool for cognitive assessment for research studies, and the Baylor Profound Mental Status Examination is the most useful for daily clinical practice