The role of zygotic genome activation in genetic-related reproductive medicine: Technological perspective, religious and bioethical concerns, challenges and benefits.

Zygotic Genome Activation (ZGA) is a crucial developmental milestone in early embryogenesis, marking the transition from maternal to embryonic control of development. This process, which varies in timing across species, involves the activation of the embryonic genome, paving the way for subsequent cell differentiation and organismal development. Recent advances in genomics and reproductive medicine have highlighted the potential of ZGA in the realm of genetic screening, providing a window into the genetic integrity of the developing embryo at its earliest stages. The intersection of ZGA and genetic screening primarily emerges in the context of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). These techniques, often employed during assisted reproductive technologies, aim to detect potential genetic abnormalities or chromosomal imbalances before embryo implantation. Given that ZGA represents the onset of embryonic gene expression, understanding its intricacies can significantly enhance the accuracy and predictive power of these screening processes. With the advent of next-generation sequencing and other high-throughput genomic techniques, detailed mapping of the transcriptomic changes during ZGA has become feasible. Such advancements have deepened our insights into the dynamics of early embryonic development and the onset of genetic disorders. As our knowledge in this realm expands, it promises to revolutionize our capabilities in detecting, understanding, and potentially rectifying genetic anomalies at the earliest stages of human life, thereby optimizing reproductive outcomes.

Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics for patients with autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis and umbrella review.

Background and objective: The potential impact of gut health on general physical and mental well-being, particularly in relation to brain function, has led to a growing interest in the potential health advantages of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics for the management of ASD. A comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review was conducted in order to evaluate the effectiveness and protection of many drugs targeted at manipulating the microbiota in the treatment of ASD. Methods: The present study employed a comprehensive examination of various electronic databases yielded a total of 3,393 records that were deemed possibly pertinent to the study. RCTs encompassed a total of 720 individuals between the ages of 2 and 17, as well as 112 adults and participants ranging from 5 to 55 years old, all of whom had received a diagnosis of ASD. Results: Overall, 10 studies reported Autism-Related Behavioral Symptoms (ARBS). Regarding the enhancement of autism-related behavioral symptoms, there wasn't a statistically significant difference between the intervention groups (combined standardized mean difference = -0.07, 95% confidence interval: -0.39 to 0.24, Z = 0.46, p = 0.65). We observed that in the patients with ASD treated with probiotic frontopolar's power decreased significantly from baseline to endpoints in beta band (Baseline: 13.09 ± 3.46, vs. endpoint: 10.75 ± 2.42, p = 0.043, respectively) and gamma band (Baseline: 5.80 ± 2.42, vs. endpoint: 4.63 ± 1.39, p = 0.033, respectively). Among all tested biochemical measures, a significant negative correlation was found between frontopolar coherence in the gamma band and TNF-α (r = -0.30, p = 0.04). Conclusion: The existing body of research provides a comprehensive analysis of the developing evidence that indicates the potential of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics as therapeutic therapies for ASD. Our findings revealed that those there was no significant effect of such therapy on autism-related behavioral symptoms, it has significant effect on the brain connectivity through frontopolar power in beta and gamma bands mediated by chemicals and cytokines, such as TNF-α. The psychobiotics showed no serious side-effects.

Scientometric analysis of trends in global research on acne treatment.

Acne or acne vulgaris is the most common chronic inflammatory disease of the sebaceous follicles. Objectives: The present study aims to identify the main lines of research in the field of acne treatment using reproducible scientometric methods. In this article, we reviewed the following research trends: facial acne, different antibiotics, retinoids, anti-inflammatory drugs, epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors therapy, and associated diseases. Methods: The analysis of publications from the PubMed collection was carried out from 1871 to 2022. All data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The evolution of the terminological portrait of the disease is shown. Results: Trends in the use of various groups of antibiotics, retinoids, anti-inflammatory drugs, and photodynamic therapy for acne treatment have been found. There is a growing interest in clindamycin and doxycycline (polynomial and exponential growth, respectively). The effects of isotretinoin are also being studied more frequently (active linear growth). The publication of studies on spironolactone is increasing (linear growth). There is also a steady interest in the use of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in the recent years. There is active research on acne and polycystic ovary syndrome (exponential growth). Limitations: Only articles in English were selected. The most frequent terms were considered. Conclusions: The dynamics of publication activity in the field of acne was considered. The aim of the current scientometric study was to analyze the global trends in acne treatments. The trend analysis made it possible to identify the most explored areas of research, as well as indicate those areas in dermatology in which interest is declining.

Machine learning algorithms for diagnosis of hip bone osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis study.

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a significant health problem in the skeletal system, associated with bone tissue changes and its strength. Machine Learning (ML), on the other hand, has been accompanied by improvements in recent years and has been in the spotlight. This study is designed to investigate the Diagnostic Test Accuracy (DTA) of ML to detect osteoporosis through the hip dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) images. METHODS: The ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, CINAHL, Science Direct, PROSPERO, and EMBASE were systematically searched until June 2023 for studies that tested the diagnostic precision of ML model-assisted for predicting an osteoporosis diagnosis. RESULTS: The pooled sensitivity of univariate analysis of seven studies was 0.844 (95% CI 0.791 to 0.885, I2 = 94% for 7 studies). The pooled specificity of univariate analysis was 0.781 (95% CI 0.732 to 0.824, I2 = 98% for 7 studies). The pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 18.91 (95% CI 14.22 to 25.14, I2 = 93% for 7 studies). The pooled mean positive likelihood ratio (LR+) and the negative likelihood ratio (LR-) were 3.7 and 0.22, respectively. Also, the summary receiver operating characteristics (sROC) of the bivariate model has an AUC of 0.878. CONCLUSION: Osteoporosis can be diagnosed by ML with acceptable accuracy, and hip fracture prediction was improved via training in an Architecture Learning Network (ALN).

Association of the corona virus (Covid-19) epidemic with environmental risk factors.

The current outbreak of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (coronavirus disease 2019; previously 2019-nCoV), epicenter in Hubei Province (Wuhan), People's Republic of China, has spread too many other countries. The transmission of the corona virus occurs when people are in the incubation stage and do not have any symptoms. Therefore, the role of environmental factors such as temperature and wind speed becomes very important. The study of Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) indicates that there is a significant relationship between temperature and virus transmission and three important factors, namely temperature, humidity and wind speed, cause SARS transmission. Daily data on the incidence and mortality of Covid-19 disease were collected from World Health Organization (WHO) website and World Meter website (WMW) for several major cities in Iran and the world. Data were collected from February 2020 to September 2021. Meteorological data including temperature, air pressure, wind speed, dew point and air quality index (AQI) index are extracted from the website of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. Statistical analysis carried out for significance relationships. The correlation coefficient between the number of infected people in one day and the environmental variables in the countries was different from each other. The relationship between AQI and number of infected was significant in all cities. In Canberra, Madrid and Paris, a significant inverse relationship was observed between the number of infected people in one day and wind speed. There is a significant positive relationship between the number of infected people in a day and the dew point in the cities of Canberra, Wellington and Washington. The relationship between the number of infected people in one day and Pressure was significantly reversed in Madrid and Washington, but positive in Canberra, Brasilia, Paris and Wuhan. There was significant relationship between Dew point and prevalence. Wind speed showed a significant relationship in USA, Madrid and Paris. AQI was strongly associated with the prevalence of covid19. The purpose of this study is to investigate some environmental factors in the transmission of the corona virus.

The Probable Protective Effect of Photobiomodulation on the Immunologic Factor's mRNA Expression Level in the Lung: An Extended COVID-19 Preclinical and Clinical Meta-analysis.

Background: Different expression of cytokine genes in the body determines the type of immune response (Th1 or Th2), which can play an important role in the pathogenesis of the COVID-19 disease. Aims: This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the probable effect of photobiomodulation (PBMT) therapy on the cytokine's mRNA expression in the lung. Methods: We systematically searched indexing databases, including PubMed/Medline, ISI web of science, Scopus, EMBASE, and Cochrane central, using standard terms without language, study region or type restrictions. Studies on using PBM in lung injury modeling with samples collected from lung tissue to observe IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-6 mRNA expression were included. RevMan 5.3 software was used for data analysis and standardized mean difference as effect size. Results: Of the 438 studies found through initial searches, 17 met the inclusion criteria. The main properties of 13 articles on 384 animals included in this meta-analysis with a wide range of species include rats (n = 10) and rabbits (n = 3). The analysis revealed that PBMT reduced the mRNA expression of TNFα (SMD: -3.70, 95% CI: -6.29, -1.11, P = .005,I 2 = 71%) and IL-1ß (SMD: -5.85, 95% CI: -8.01, -3.69, P < .00001,I 2 = 37%) significantly, but no statistically significant reduction in IL-6 (SMD: -2.89, 95% CI: -5.79, 0.01, P = .05,I 2 = 88%) was observed compared with the model controls. Also, PBMT increased IL-10 mRNA expression significantly compared with the model controls (SMD: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.43, 1.64, P = .0008,I 2 = 17%). Conclusion: This meta-analysis revealed that the PBMT utilizes beneficial anti-inflammatory effects and modulation of the immune system on lung damage in animal models and clinical studies. However, animal models and clinical studies appear limited considering the evidence's quality; therefore, large clinical trials are still required.

Arsenic in drinking water and kidney cancer: a systematic review.

OBJECT: Arsenic as a chemical is found in rock, soil, air and used in various industries and their products, such as colors, hairs, and fertilizers. Humans may be exposed to arsenic mainly through food and drinking water. Due to its adverse health effects, its presence in drinking water has become a public health concern. METHODS: In this systematic review, we investigated the relationship between arsenic concentration in drinking water and the risk of kidney cancer in humans. For this reason, various electronic databases were searched from 1992 February to November 2021. In this review, three ecological studies, two case-control studies, and four cohort studies were investigated. RESULTS: High levels of arsenic (100 µg/L) have been reported in many countries such as southwest Taiwan, Niigata, Argentine, and northern Chile. A significant relationship was observed between kidney cancer incidence and its mortality rate with high arsenic levels in drinking water. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limitations in some previous studies, reviewing and comparing the data of different regions indicates a scientific relationship between kidney cancer incidence and high concentrations of arsenic in drinking water.

An updated systematic review on the maternal exposure to environmental pesticides and involved mechanisms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) progression risk in children.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) increased dramatically over the past 25 years because of genetic and environmental factors. This systematic review (SR) aimed to determine the association between maternal exposure during pregnancy to environmental pesticides and other associations with the risk of ASD progression in children. PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus (Elsevier) and the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science were searched using appropriate keywords up to March 2021. Twenty-four studies met the inclusion/exclusion criteria and were selected. Most studies reported that ASD increases the risk of offspring after prenatal exposure to environmental pesticides in pregnant mother's residences, against offspring of women from the same region without this exposure. The main potential mechanisms inducing ASD progressions are ROS and prostaglandin E2 synthesis, AChE inhibition, voltage-gated sodium channel disruption, and GABA inhibition. According to the included studies, the highest rates of ASD diagnosis increased relative to organophosphates, and the application of the most common pesticides near residences might enhance the prevalence of ASD.

The Pro-tumor and Anti-tumor Effects of NLRP3 Inflammasome as a New Therapeutic Option for Colon Cancer: a Meta-analysis of Pre-clinical Studies.

In this review, we aimed to elaborate on these findings and explore how NLRP3 inflammasome affects CRC and which mechanism could be a potential therapeutic target. For this purpose, major indexing databases consist of Cochrane central, ISI web of science (WOS), PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and EMBASE were systematically searched using standard terms without any language, study region, or type restrictions. After applying the exclusion criteria, the main properties of 12 articles on 326 animals included in this meta-analysis. Of 12, eight were about an anti-tumoral effect, and four were on a pro-tumoral effect of the inflammasome. NLRP3 inhibition reduced IL-1ß (SMD: -4.14, 95% CI: -5.49, -2.79, P < 0.00001, I2 = 76%), TNFα (SMD: -2.18, 95% CI: -3.23, -1.13, P < 0.00001, I2 = 82%), and IL-18 (SMD: -2.27, 95% CI: -3.38, -1.16, P = 0.0002, I2 = 74%) significantly contrasted with the model controls. Colons harvested from NLRP3 inhibition groups showed significant truncation compared with the model controls (SMD: -1.75, 95% CI: -2.69, -0.81, P = 0.0003, I2 = 60%). We demonstrated significantly decreased tumorigenesis following NLRP3 inactivation, as well as an increased survival rate compared with the model controls. To translate anti-cancer agents based on anti-NLRP3 from bench to bedside, it is necessary to identify the molecules that selectively target NLRP3 or its downstream pathways in malignant cells, as well as considering metabolic heterogeneity and the mechanisms causing such cancer-connected heterogeneity. Other studies are needed to separate the molecular and functional complexity of this network.SummarySecretion of IL-1ß is contingent upon activation of the inflammasome complex of NLRP3. It has been suggested that activation of this complex necessitates two signals. One of these signals is made available by activation of toll-like-receptor (TLR)-mediated NF-kappa and actuates the IL-1ß precursor synthesis and NLRP3 assembly. Another signal is conceivable to be mediated by hazard signals e.g., the purinergic P2X7 receptor stimulated by Adenosine triphosphate or other stimuli resulting in the efflux of potassium.

Socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome in Southwest Iran: results from Hoveyzeh Cohort Study (HCS).

BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic status (SES) strongly predicts morbidity and premature mortality, especially for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, the effect of these factors on Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is not clear yet. This study was conducted to assess the relationship between socioeconomic indicators and MetS. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, 10,009 people aged 35-70 enrolled from May 2016 to August 2018. The MetS was defined according to The Standard National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)-adult treatment panel III (ATP III) or NCEP-ATP III criteria. Demographics and socioeconomic data were gathered face-to-face through trained interviews. Also, lab, anthropometrics, and blood pressure measurements were assayed for participants. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between SES and MetS, adjusted for the potential confounding factors. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of MetS in the participants was 39.1%. The crude odds ratios were statistically significant for all the assessed variables (p < 0.05). After adjustment for age, sex, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol use as potential confounders, the results indicated significant direct independent associations between skill level (p = 0.006) and Townsend index (p = 0.002) with MetS. In contrast, no significant associations between educational level and wealth status with MetS. CONCLUSION: The results of our study showed that SES is related to MetS. Among the four assessed SES indicators, skilled levels and Townsend score are strongly associated with MetS. We recommend considering people's SES when interventional programs are planned and conducted on MetS in similar communities.

The effect of micro-osteoperforations on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement in animal model: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: The long passing time for tooth movement (TM) is one of the challenges in orthodontic. complications such as gingival recession, root resorption, and caries are common in orthodontic. To address this, there is an increased tendency to find safe and effective methods to accelerating tooth movement. A surgical method such as micro-osteoperforations (MOP) accelerating the TM. The current meta-analysis aims to investigate the outcome of MOP in accelerating TM in animal studies. Methods: In the present meta-analysis, we evaluated 6 studies that focused on the effect of MOP on TM with the following keywords: (((MOP* OR micro-osteoperforations*) AND (("accelerating tooth movement " OR " tooth movement" AND " orthodontic tooth movement " OR " orthodontic ") until May 2021. Results: The results have shown there is significant difference in TM after using MOP (MD: 0.31, 95%CI: 0.20, 0.42, P < 0.00001, I2 = 76%). Subgroup analysis revealed that though experimental duration in both less than 4-week and more than 4-week, the TM were significant difference between MOP and controls. Besides, in both force subgroups including less than 100 g and more than 100g, the TM was a significant difference between MOP and controls. Conclusion: This meta-analysis found that generally MOP has a positive effect on TM.

Progression of Contralateral Hearing Loss in Patients with Unilateral Ear Involvement: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Progression of contralateral hearing loss following otologic and neuro-otologic surgeries is a distressing and rare complication. The aim of this study was to systematically review the suspected etiologies and audiological findings in adults who experienced contralateral hearing loss. METHODS: PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Scopus databases were searched for this scoping review. The current review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. No limits were placed on language or year of publication. RESULTS: Of a total of 46 studies, 43 studies met the inclusion criteria reporting contralateral hearing loss. The included studies were classified into 3 different categories: contralateral hearing loss after skull base surgeries (n=21), contralateral hearing loss after middle ear surgeries (n=17), and contralateral hearing loss after traumatic lesions (n=5). The cerebrospinal fluid leakage and drill-generated noise were reported as the most reported etiology of contralateral hearing loss following skull base and middle ear surgeries, respectively. The onset of contralateral hearing loss varied from immediately to 18 months after surgery. The severity of contralateral hearing loss varied from a slight to a profound degree of hearing loss. CONCLUSION: Our results highlighted that contralateral hearing loss should be considered following the skull base and middle ear surgeries. Furthermore, this rare complication should be noticed after traumatic lesions.

The association between different predictive biomarkers and mortality of COVID-19.

Background: Immunocompromised individuals are expected to be more prone to severe diseases and, subsequently, death. Genetic disorders and polymorphisms in genes involved in the immune system, such as human leukocyte antigen (HLA), inflammatory cytokines, and killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors, can be involved in the immune system's response to various pathogens. In the current survey, the data were received from the world health organization, collected around the world. Results: Spearman's coefficient correlation test for evaluating the relationship between the Daily Death Rates (DDR) and immunological variables showed a statistically significant correlation between the DDR and all immunological variables except TNFa857T, TNFa863A IL2330G, and IL2166T (P < 0.001). Also, there was a statistically significant correlation between the DDR and some HLA markers. Conclusion: This meta-analysis study shows that predictive biomarkers and mortality of COVID-19 are associated with HLA markers. However, these results should be confirmed in a more structured agreement. It is worth noting that the design of new studies should consider potential diseases with poor prognoses because they are related to these immune genetic markers. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42269-022-00844-7.

Assessment of the diagnostic performance of two new tools versus routine screening instruments for bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis

Objective: The present meta-analysis was conducted to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the bipolarity index (BI) and Rapid Mode Screener (RMS) as compared with the Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale (BSDS), the Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32), and the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) in people with bipolar disorder (BD). Methods: We systematically searched five databases using standard search terms, and relevant articles published between May 1990 and November 30, 2021 were collected and reviewed. Results: Ninety-three original studies were included (n=62,291). At the recommended cutoffs for the BI, HCL-32, BSDS, MDQ, and RMS, the pooled sensitivities were 0.82, 0.75, 0.71, 0.71, and 0.78, respectively, while the corresponding pooled specificities were 0.73, 0.63, 0.73, 0.77, and 0.72, respectively. However, there was evidence that the accuracy of the BI was superior to that of the other tests, with a relative diagnostic odds ratio (RDOR) of 1.22 (0.98-1.52, p < 0.0001). The RMS was significantly more accurate than the other tests, with an RDOR (95%CI) of 0.79 (0.67-0.92, p < 0.0001) for the detection of BD type I (BD-I). However, there was evidence that the accuracy of the MDQ was superior to that of the other tests, with an RDOR of 1.93 (0.89-2.79, p = 0.0019), for the detection of BD type II (BD-II). Conclusion: The psychometric properties of two new instruments, the BI and RMS, in people with BD were consistent with considerably higher diagnostic accuracy than the HCL-32, BSDS, and MDQ. However, a positive screening should be confirmed by a clinical diagnostic evaluation for BD.

Assessment of the diagnostic performance of two new tools versus routine screening instruments for bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The present meta-analysis was conducted to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the bipolarity index (BI) and Rapid Mode Screener (RMS) as compared with the Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale (BSDS), the Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32), and the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) in people with bipolar disorder (BD). METHODS: We systematically searched five databases using standard search terms, and relevant articles published between May 1990 and November 30, 2021 were collected and reviewed. RESULTS: Ninety-three original studies were included (n=62,291). At the recommended cutoffs for the BI, HCL-32, BSDS, MDQ, and RMS, the pooled sensitivities were 0.82, 0.75, 0.71, 0.71, and 0.78, respectively, while the corresponding pooled specificities were 0.73, 0.63, 0.73, 0.77, and 0.72, respectively. However, there was evidence that the accuracy of the BI was superior to that of the other tests, with a relative diagnostic odds ratio (RDOR) of 1.22 (0.98-1.52, p < 0.0001). The RMS was significantly more accurate than the other tests, with an RDOR (95%CI) of 0.79 (0.67-0.92, p < 0.0001) for the detection of BD type I (BD-I). However, there was evidence that the accuracy of the MDQ was superior to that of the other tests, with an RDOR of 1.93 (0.89-2.79, p = 0.0019), for the detection of BD type II (BD-II). CONCLUSION: The psychometric properties of two new instruments, the BI and RMS, in people with BD were consistent with considerably higher diagnostic accuracy than the HCL-32, BSDS, and MDQ. However, a positive screening should be confirmed by a clinical diagnostic evaluation for BD.

Anemia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of obstructive lung disease that is characterized by poor airflow and airway inflammation. It is estimated that the global prevalence of COPD is about 13.1%. Anemia is associated with increased morbidity and hospitalization duration. In this systematic review, we investigate the association between all types of anemia and COPD progression. METHODS: We systematically searched electronic databases, including Scopus, Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Sciences (WOS), and Cochrane Library, using the following mesh-standardized keywords: (((anemia∗ OR anaemia∗) OR "chronic anemia disease" [Mesh] OR "CAD" OR "iron deficiency anemia" OR" IDA" OR) AND ("COPD" [Mesh] OR "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease")) until February 2022. RESULTS: Overall of 11,158 studies were included. Ultimately, 59 studies were included in the analysis. The most apparent findings from the analysis were that exacerbation of COPD, increased hospitalization, and increased long-term mortality were associated with anemia. Further analysis showed that iron deficiency (ID) is a common finding in COPD and is accompanied by an increase in the systolic pulmonary artery pressure. CONCLUSION: Despite the comfortable control of anemia, the absence of treatment can be life-threatening in patients with COPD. Our systematic results showed significant homogeneity between studies on the increased mortality rate in anemic COPD, increased hospitalization, and decreased quality of life.

Diagnostic utility of antigen detection rapid diagnostic tests for Covid-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The early detection of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection to improve disease management becomes the greatest challenge. Despite the high sensitivity of RT-PCR, not only it was reported that 20-67% of infected patients had false-negative results. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are widely used as a point-of-care test for SARS-CoV-2 detection in pharyngeal and blood specimens. It's more appealing since it's less time-consuming, doesn't seem to be as expensive, and doesn't need any specific training, but the poor sensitivity is the major limitation. Several reports indicated the rapid test of blood and pharyngeal samples has the same sensitivity as the RT-PCR, but some reports have lower sensitivity, especially in asymptomatic patients. METHODS: In the present survey, we investigate the eligible studies for the sensitivity and specificity of rapid tests and explore the factors that influence the result to help better diagnose COVID-19 infection. 20 studies met the inclusion criteria which imposed 33 different tests. RESULTS: Our findings showed the type of sample, the type of assay, the time of sampling, and the load of virus influence on the sensitivity of RDTs. CONCLUSION: This research extends our knowledge of how to improve the sensitivity of RDTs to better diagnose the infected patients to address the controlling COVID-19 pandemic.

Bone Using Stem Cells for Maxillofacial Bone Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Due to economic, cultural, environmental, and social factors, the prevalence of maxillofacial bone disorders varies in different parts of the world. The present meta-analysis was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of different type of stem cells-based scaffolds and their construction methods in maxillofacial bone disorders. We searched major indexing databases, including PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Central without any language, study region, or type restrictions. A systematic search of articles published up to July 2021 was done. Of the 428 studies found through initial searches, 36 met the inclusion criteria. After applying the exclusion criteria, the main properties of 32 articles on 643 animals and 4 experimental studies on 52 patients (age range from 43 to 74 years) included in this meta-analysis. Our pooled analysis showed that stem cells-based scaffolds significantly improved the bone regeneration and formation in maxillofacial bone disorders (Prevalence: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.64, P < 00001, I2 = 90 2). According to the results of these studies, in most studies, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been used to regenerate bone, and these cells are still the gold standard in bone tissue engineering, a growth factor that is one of the three sides of the tissue engineering triangle. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) especially BMP2 and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) are the most widely used growth factor and scaffold respectively. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is used as a scaffold and since it contains proteins, it also used as a growth factor and can be a stimulant of ossification. It seems that the future perspective of bone tissue engineering is to use the prototyping rapid method to build a composite and patient-specific scaffold from CT and MRI images, along with genetically modified stem cells.