Analysis of E-cadherin (CDH1) Gene Polymorphism and Its Association with Cervical Cancer Risk in Bangladeshi Women.

BACKGROUND: E-cadherin (CDH1), a tumor suppressor gene, encodes a transmembrane glycoprotein that helps in maintaining squamous epithelium integrity of the cervix. We aimed to investigate the association between -160C/A genetic polymorphism in CDH1 and the risk of cervical cancer in Bangladeshi females. METHOD: The present case-control study included 117 cervical cancer cases and 147 age-matched controls. The genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and genotyped by using PCR-RFLP analysis. RESULTS: Genotyping results demonstrated that the occurrences of normal homozygous (-160C/C), heterozygous (-160C/A) and variant homozygous (-160A/A) genotypes were 64.10, 27.35 and 8.55% in cases, and 77.55, 19.73 and 2.72% in controls, respectively. Compared to normal C/C genotype, variant A/A and combined (C/A+A/A) or 'any A' genotypes exhibited 3.80-fold (95% CI=1.150-12.561, P=0.029) and 1.93-fold (95% CI=1.126-3.323, P=0.017) increased risk of cervical cancer development. The -160C allele was found to be positively linked to cervical cancer incidence and raised the risk by 1.81-fold (OR= 1.814, 95% CI=1.152-2.857, p=0.01). Moreover, women carrying -160A/A variant homozygosity along with an early marital history (<18 years) were more susceptible to cervical cancer development (χ2 =6.605, p=0.037). CONCLUSION: The study suggests that the (A/A) and combined (C/A +A/A) genotypes are associated with greater risk of cervical cancer in Bangladeshi women.

Antiviral activities of ginseng and its potential and putative benefits against monkeypox virus: A mini review.

Due to the Covid-19 pandemic more than 6 million people have died, and it has bought unprecedented challenges to our lives. The recent outbreak of monkeypox virus (MPXV) has brought out new tensions among the scientific community. Currently, there is no specific treatment protocol for MPXV. Several antivirals, vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) and smallpox vaccines have been used to treat MPXV. Ginseng, one of the more famous among traditional medicines, has been used for infectious disease for thousands of years. It has shown promising antiviral effects. Ginseng could be used as a potential adaptogenic agent to help prevent infection by MPXV along with other drugs and vaccines. In this mini review, we explore the possible use of ginseng in MPXV prevention based on its antiviral activity.

Telemedicine Use and the Perceived Risk of COVID-19: Patient Experience.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 outbreak resulted in an increased demand for telemedicine worldwide. Telemedicine is a technology-based virtual platform that allows the exchange of clinical data and images over remote distances. This study aims to examine the impact of the perceived risk of COVID-19 on telemedicine use in Bangladesh. METHODS: This explanatory study was conducted in hospital settings across Dhaka city in Bangladesh. Patients were eligible to participate if they were aged 18 years or over and had used telemedicine in a hospital at least once since the COVID-19 outbreak. Outcome variables included sociodemographic, the perceived risk of COVID-19, and telehealth use. Study data were collected using an online and paper-based survey. RESULTS: A total of 550 patients participated in this study, mostly male (66.4%), single (58.2%), and highly educated (74.2%). The means of the different domains of telemedicine use reflected a high degree of perceived benefit, accessibility, and satisfaction but a lower degree of privacy and discomfort, care personnel expertise, and usability. COVID 19 perceived risk predicted between 13.0% and 26.6% of variance in telemedicine domains, while the effects of demographic variables were controlled or removed. The perceived risk of COVID-19 was negatively correlated with privacy and discomfort, as well as care personnel concerns. Low and high levels of perceived COVID-19 risk were less likely to encourage the use of telemedicine as a risk reduction tool. DISCUSSION: The participants were mainly satisfied with telemedicine, finding it beneficial and accessible; however, many were concerned about privacy, care personnel expertise, and its usability. The perceived risk of COVID-19 was a strong predictor (contributor) of telemedicine use, suggesting that risk perception can be used to encourage telemedicine use as a risk reduction strategy during pandemics; however, a medium level of risk was more promising.

Assessing the Self-reported After Events Following Immunization of COVID-19 Vaccines in Turkey and Bangladesh.

Though mass vaccination programs helped to reduce the severity of the ongoing pandemic, various unwanted effects were reported in Turkey and Bangladesh after taking vaccines. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the adverse effects of several vaccines in Turkey and Bangladesh and how the population of both countries prioritizes the continuation of vaccination compared to the side effects. An online survey with a pretest was conducted to gather data over the research period from July 10, 2021 to December 10, 2021. Finally, the questionnaire was shared with the mass population of Turkey and Bangladesh who have received at least one or two doses of the COVID-19 vaccines. The quality of the questionnaire was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha test. The study consisted of 1508 respondents from Bangladesh and 602 respondents from Turkey. Among the total 2110 respondents, 50.0% were male 66.8% were from the 18-30 years age range, and 77.5% reported living in the city area. Among all the respondents, 64.99% of those vaccinated in Bangladesh and 67.28% of those vaccinated in Turkey reported side effects after vaccinations. Participants receiving mRNA vaccines (Pfizer and Moderna) experienced the most side effects, with many reporting pain at the injection site in both nations. Following that, fever, body pain, and headache were common in Bangladesh, whereas body pain, fatigue, and arm numbness were common in Turkey. The study found no significant adverse events reported in Turkey and Bangladesh following the first and second doses of COVID-19 vaccination. These COVID-19 vaccines showed similar patterns of efficacy and safety during the short period of analysis. Vaccines from different manufacturers showed a non-significant level of adverse events during this binational AEFI approach to COVID-19 vaccines. More studies are recommended on the efficacy and safety of several vaccines to discover unexpected effects.

Comprehensive Genome-Wide Analysis and Expression Pattern Profiling of PLATZ Gene Family Members in Solanum Lycopersicum L. under Multiple Abiotic Stresses.

PLATZ (plant AT-rich sequence and zinc-binding) family proteins with two conserved zinc-dependent DNA-binding motifs are transcription factors specific to the plant kingdom. The functions of PLATZ proteins in growth, development, and adaptation to multiple abiotic stresses have been investigated in various plant species, but their role in tomato has not been explored yet. In the present work, 20 non-redundant Solanum lycopersicum PLATZ (SlPLATZ) genes with three segmentally duplicated gene pairs and four tandemly duplicated gene pairs were identified on eight tomato chromosomes. The comparative modeling and gene ontology (GO) annotations of tomato PLATZ proteins indicated their probable roles in defense response, transcriptional regulation, and protein metabolic processes as well as their binding affinity for various ligands, including nucleic acids, peptides, and zinc. SlPLATZ10 and SlPLATZ17 were only expressed in 1 cm fruits and flowers, respectively, indicating their preferential involvement in the development of these organs. The expression of SlPLATZ1, SlPLATZ12, and SlPLATZ19 was up- or down-regulated following exposure to various abiotic stresses, whereas that of SlPLATZ11 was induced under temperature stresses (i.e., cold and heat stress), revealing their probable function in the abiotic stress tolerance of tomato. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis corroborated the aforementioned findings by spotlighting the co-expression of several stress-associated genes with SlPLATZ genes. Confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed the localization of SlPLATZ−GFP fusion proteins in the nucleus, hinting at their functions as transcription factors. These findings provide a foundation for a better understanding of the structure and function of PLATZ genes and should assist in the selection of potential candidate genes involved in the development and abiotic stress adaptation in tomato.

User Utility Maximization in Narrowband Internet of Things for Prioritized Healthcare Applications.

Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a promising technology for healthcare applications since it reduces the latency necessary in acquiring healthcare data from patients, as well as handling remote patients. Due to the interference, limited bandwidth, and heterogeneity of generated data packets, developing a data transmission framework that offers differentiated Quality of Services (QoS) to the critical and non-critical data packets is challenging. The existing literature studies suffer from insufficient access scheduling considering heterogeneous data packets and relationship among them in healthcare applications. In this paper, we develop an optimal resource allocation framework for NB-IoT that maximizes a user's utility through event prioritization, rate enhancement, and interference mitigation. The proposed Priority Aware Utility Maximization (PAUM) system also ensures weighted fair access to resources. The suggested system outperforms the state-of-the-art works significantly in terms of utility, delay, and fair resource distribution, according to the findings of the performance analysis performed in NS-3.

Putative Anticancer Compounds from Plant-Derived Endophytic Fungi: A Review.

Endophytic fungi are microorganisms that exist almost ubiquitously inside the various tissues of living plants where they act as an important reservoir of diverse bioactive compounds. Recently, endophytic fungi have drawn tremendous attention from researchers; their isolation, culture, purification, and characterization have revealed the presence of around 200 important and diverse compounds including anticancer agents, antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, immunosuppressants, and antimycotics. Many of these anticancer compounds, such as paclitaxel, camptothecin, vinblastine, vincristine, podophyllotoxin, and their derivatives, are currently being used clinically for the treatment of various cancers (e.g., ovarian, breast, prostate, lung cancers, and leukemias). By increasing the yield of specific compounds with genetic engineering and other biotechnologies, endophytic fungi could be a promising, prolific source of anticancer drugs. In the future, compounds derived from endophytic fungi could increase treatment availability and cost effectiveness. This comprehensive review includes the putative anticancer compounds from plant-derived endophytic fungi discovered from 1990 to 2020 with their source endophytic fungi and host plants as well as their antitumor activity against various cell lines.

Prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal parasites in free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in different land gradients of Bangladesh.

Rhesus macaques are considered an important reservoir of different gastrointestinal (GI) zoonotic parasites affecting livestock and humans. Loads of GI parasites in the free-ranging rhesus macaques living in close proximity to communities in Bangladesh are still unknown. To estimate the prevalence and diversity of zoonotic GI parasites in rhesus macaques of Bangladesh, a total of 182 freshly voided fecal samples were collected from macaques living in rural (N = 67), peri-urban (N = 57), urban (N = 28), and Safari park (N = 30) between October 2015 and December 2016. All samples were tested by direct smear, sedimentation, flotation, and the McMaster techniques. A total of fourteen different taxa of GI parasites were detected, revealing an overall prevalence of 54.4% (n = 99; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 46.9-61.8). The prevalence of GI parasites was found to be significantly correlated with the mean parasitic taxa per individual in a group (r = 0.90; p = 0.002). The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the overall prevalence of GI parasites in macaques was significantly higher in those inhabiting rural areas (62.69%; odds ratio [OR]: 7.22; p = 0.001) and in macaques with interactions with other animals (60.98%; OR: 5.49; p = 0.005). Our results also indicated that the prevalence of Strongyloides spp. and Balantidium coli infections varied significantly between land gradients. Our results also indicate that macaques frequently visit human settlements for food and are found interacting with domestic animals. In conclusion, the high prevalence of zoonotic GI parasite infection in rhesus macaques found in our study may pose a significant public health risk to communities, particularly in rural areas of Bangladesh. Health promotion to at-risk communities focusing on limiting contact with rhesus macaques is necessary to mitigate potential zoonotic transmission.

In Silico and Transcription Analysis of Trehalose-6-phosphate Phosphatase Gene Family of Wheat: Trehalose Synthesis Genes Contribute to Salinity, Drought Stress and Leaf Senescence.

Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) genes take part in trehalose metabolism and also in stress tolerance, which has been well documented in many species but poorly understood in wheat. The present research has identified a family of 31 TPP genes in Triticum aestivum L. through homology searches and classified them into five clades by phylogenetic tree analysis, providing evidence of an evolutionary status with Hordeum vulgare, Brachypodium distachyon and Oryza sativa. The exon-intron distribution revealed a discrete evolutionary history and projected possible gene duplication occurrences. Furthermore, different computational approaches were used to analyze the physical and chemical properties, conserved domains and motifs, subcellular and chromosomal localization, and three-dimensional (3-D) protein structures. Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) analysis predicted that TaTPP promoters consist of CREs related to plant growth and development, hormones, and stress. Transcriptional analysis revealed that the transcription levels of TaTPPs were variable in different developmental stages and organs. In addition, qRT-PCR analysis showed that different TaTPPs were induced under salt and drought stresses and during leaf senescence. Therefore, the findings of the present study give fundamental genomic information and possible biological functions of the TaTPP gene family in wheat and will provide the path for a better understanding of TaTPPs involvement in wheat developmental processes, stress tolerance, and leaf senescence.

Characterization of Maize Hybrids (Zea mays L.) for Detecting Salt Tolerance Based on Morpho-Physiological Characteristics, Ion Accumulation and Genetic Variability at Early Vegetative Stage.

Increasing soil salinity due to global warming severely restricts crop growth and yield. To select and recommend salt-tolerant cultivars, extensive genotypic screening and examination of plants' morpho-physiological responses to salt stress are required. In this study, 18 prescreened maize hybrid cultivars were examined at the early growth stage under a hydroponic system using multivariate analysis to demonstrate the genotypic and phenotypic variations of the selected cultivars under salt stress. The seedlings of all maize cultivars were evaluated with two salt levels: control (without NaCl) and salt stress (12 dS m-1 simulated with NaCl) for 28 d. A total of 18 morpho-physiological and ion accumulation traits were dissected using multivariate analysis, and salt tolerance index (STI) values of the examined traits were evaluated for grouping of cultivars into salt-tolerant and -sensitive groups. Salt stress significantly declined all measured traits except root-shoot ratio (RSR), while the cultivars responded differently. The cultivars were grouped into three clusters and the cultivars in Cluster-1 such as Prabhat, UniGreen NK41, Bisco 51, UniGreen UB100, Bharati 981 and Star Beej 7Star exhibited salt tolerance to a greater extent, accounting for higher STI in comparison to other cultivars grouped in Cluster-2 and Cluster-3. The high heritability (h2bs, >60%) and genetic advance (GAM, >20%) were recorded in 13 measured traits, indicating considerable genetic variations present in these traits. Therefore, using multivariate analysis based on the measured traits, six hybrid maize cultivars were selected as salt-tolerant and some traits such as Total Fresh Weight (TFW), Total Dry Weight (TDW), Total Na+, Total K+ contents and K+-Na+ Ratio could be effectively used for the selection criteria evaluating salt-tolerant maize genotypes at the early seedling stage.

A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study Assessing Self-Reported Adverse Events following Immunization (AEFI) of the COVID-19 Vaccine in Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine (Covishield) was the first to be introduced in Bangladesh to fight the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic. As this vaccine had shown some side-effects in its clinical trial, we aimed to conduct a study assessing short-term adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) in Bangladesh. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted on social and electronic media platforms by delivering an online questionnaire among people who had taken at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. The collected data were then analysed to evaluate various parameters related to the AEFIs of the respondents. RESULTS: A total of 626 responses were collected. Of these, 623 were selected based on complete answers and used for the analysis. Most of the respondents were between 30-60 years of age, and 40.4% were female. We found that a total of 8.5% of the total respondents had been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Our survey revealed that out of 623 volunteers, 317 reported various side-effects after taking the vaccine, which is about 50.88% of the total participants. The majority of participants (37.07%, 231/623) reported swelling and pain at the injection site and fever (25.84%, 162/623); these were some of the common localized and generalized symptoms after the COVID-19 vaccine administration. CONCLUSION: The side-effects reported after receiving the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine (Covishield) are similar to those reported in clinical trials, demonstrating that the vaccines have a safe therapeutic window. Moreover, further research is needed to determine the efficacy of existing vaccines in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections or after-infection hospitalization.

Recognition of human emotions using EEG signals: A review.

Assessment of the cognitive functions and state of clinical subjects is an important aspect of e-health care delivery, and in the development of novel human-machine interfaces. A subject can display a range of emotions that significantly influence cognition, and emotion classification through the analysis of physiological signals is a key means of detecting emotion. Electroencephalography (EEG) signals have become a common focus of such development compared to other physiological signals because EEG employs simple and subject-acceptable methods for obtaining data that can be used for emotion analysis. We have therefore reviewed published studies that have used EEG signal data to identify possible interconnections between emotion and brain activity. We then describe theoretical conceptualization of basic emotions, and interpret the prevailing techniques that have been adopted for feature extraction, selection, and classification. Finally, we have compared the outcomes of these recent studies and discussed the likely future directions and main challenges for researchers developing EEG-based emotion analysis methods.

EEG Channel Correlation Based Model for Emotion Recognition.

Emotion recognition using Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a fundamental prerequisite to improve Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). Recognizing emotion from Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been globally accepted in many applications such as intelligent thinking, decision-making, social communication, feeling detection, affective computing, etc. Nevertheless, due to having too low amplitude variation related to time on EEG signal, the proper recognition of emotion from this signal has become too challenging. Usually, considerable effort is required to identify the proper feature or feature set for an effective feature-based emotion recognition system. To extenuate the manual human effort of feature extraction, we proposed a deep machine-learning-based model with Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). At first, the one-dimensional EEG data were converted to Pearson's Correlation Coefficient (PCC) featured images of channel correlation of EEG sub-bands. Then the images were fed into the CNN model to recognize emotion. Two protocols were conducted, namely, protocol-1 to identify two levels and protocol-2 to recognize three levels of valence and arousal that demonstrate emotion. We investigated that only the upper triangular portion of the PCC featured images reduced the computational complexity and size of memory without hampering the model accuracy. The maximum accuracy of 78.22% on valence and 74.92% on arousal were obtained using the internationally authorized DEAP dataset.

Cholinesterase inhibitory activity of tinosporide and 8-hydroxytinosporide isolated from Tinospora cordifolia: In vitro and in silico studies targeting management of Alzheimer's disease.

Tinosporide and 8-hydroxytinosporide isolated from Tinospora cordifolia were evaluated for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitory activities. The structure of the compound was confirmed by spectroscopic analysis, whereas cholinesterase inhibition was investigated by Ellman method using donepezil as standard drug and the data were presented as IC50 (µg/ml ± SEM). Furthermore, donepezil, tinosporide and 8-hydroxytinosporide were executed for docking analysis. The results from the isolated compounds TC-16R confirmed as tinosporide promisingly inhibited AChE with IC50 value of 13.45 ± 0.144, whereas TC-19R confirmed as 8-hydroxytinosporide moderately inhibited AChE with IC50 value of 46.71 ± 0.511. In case of BuChE inhibition, the IC50 values were found to be 408.50 ± 17.197 and 317.26 ± 6.918 for tinosporide and 8-hydroxytinosporide, respectively. The in silico studies revealed that the ligand tinosporide fit with the binding sites and inhibited AChE. Overall, the study findings suggested that tinosporide would be a complementary noble molecule of donepezil which is correlated with its pharmacological activity through in vitro studies, while 8-hydroxytinosporide modestly inhibited BuChE and the results are very close to the standard donepezil.

Proteomics and Metabolomics Studies on the Biotic Stress Responses of Rice: an Update.

Biotic stresses represent a serious threat to rice production to meet global food demand and thus pose a major challenge for scientists, who need to understand the intricate defense mechanisms. Proteomics and metabolomics studies have found global changes in proteins and metabolites during defense responses of rice exposed to biotic stressors, and also reported the production of specific secondary metabolites (SMs) in some cultivars that may vary depending on the type of biotic stress and the time at which the stress is imposed. The most common changes were seen in photosynthesis which is modified differently by rice plants to conserve energy, disrupt food supply for biotic stress agent, and initiate defense mechanisms or by biotic stressors to facilitate invasion and acquire nutrients, depending on their feeding style. Studies also provide evidence for the correlation between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and photorespiration and photosynthesis which can broaden our understanding on the balance of ROS production and scavenging in rice-pathogen interaction. Variation in the generation of phytohormones is also a key response exploited by rice and pathogens for their own benefit. Proteomics and metabolomics studies in resistant and susceptible rice cultivars upon pathogen attack have helped to identify the proteins and metabolites related to specific defense mechanisms, where choosing of an appropriate method to identify characterized or novel proteins and metabolites is essential, considering the outcomes of host-pathogen interactions. Despites the limitation in identifying the whole repertoire of responsive metabolites, some studies have shed light on functions of resistant-specific SMs. Lastly, we illustrate the potent metabolites responsible for resistance to different biotic stressors to provide valuable targets for further investigation and application.

Genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair genes XRCC1 and 3 are associated with increased risk of breast cancer in Bangladeshi population.

BACKGROUND: Genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair genes, XRCC1 (Arg399Gln) and XRCC3 (Thr241Met), may affect their DNA repair capacity leading to individual variation in breast cancer susceptibility among Bangladeshi females. METHODS: The case-control study comprised 121 breast cancer patients and 133 healthy controls. Genomic DNA isolated from peripheral blood was genotyped for target SNPs using PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS: For XRCC1, heterozygous Arg/Gln and homozygous Gln/Gln genotypes showed 1.78-fold (95% CI 1.0084 to 3.1442, p = 0.0467) and 2.41-fold (95% CI 1.0354 to 5.5914, p = 0.0413) increased risk of breast cancer, respectively, when compared with Arg/Arg genotype. The presence of any XRCC1 Gln showed association with 1.93-fold increased risk. The variant Gln allele was associated with increased risk of breast cancer (95% CI 1.1885 to 2.6805, p = 0.0052). For XRCC3, Thr/Met heterozygous and combined Thr/Met + Met/Met genotypes were associated with 1.85-fold (95% CI 1.0815 to 3.1834, p = 0.0248) and 1.89-fold (95% CI 1.1199 to 3.1908, p = 0.0171) higher risk, respectively, compared to Thr/Thr genotypes. The variant Met allele showed significant association with increased breast cancer susceptibility. Among cases genotype frequencies were significantly different in patients with age 55 or above, and with menopause and diabetes. CONCLUSION: XRCC1 (Arg399Gln) and XRCC3 (Thr241Met) polymorphisms may be associated with increased breast cancer risk in Bangladeshi females.

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Piper retrofractum against Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat.

The ethanol extracts of Piper retrofractum were investigated for antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity. Hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol-induced acute hepatotoxicity was estimated in Sprague-Dawley rat. In DPPH free radical assay the root and stem extracts showed IC50 values at 133 and 91 µg/mL, respectively, while ascorbic acid at 14 µg/mL. Extracts also exhibited hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and reducing power. HPLC-DAD analysis indicated the presence of some polyphenolic compounds. Treatment of extracts significantly reduced the elevated serum levels of GPT (P < 0.01), GOT (P < 0.01) and bilirubin (P < 0.001). Both extracts restored the reduced level of total proteins and albumin. A significant increase in HDL-c but decrease in LDL-c level was observed compared to induced control. In histopathological study of liver sections, both extracts showed minimal to mild multifocal and diffuse granular degeneration and mild to moderate lobular disarray compared to control group. Results suggest that both extracts can prevent paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity.

Thermomechanical investigations of PEKK-HAp-CS composites.

In this experimental study, a composite of poly-ether-ketone-ketone by reinforcement of hydroxyapatite and chitosan has been prepared for possible applications as orthopaedic scaffolds. Initially, different weight percentages of hydroxyapatite and chitosan were reinforced in the poly-ether-ketone-ketone matrix and tested for melt flow index in order to check the flowability of different compositions/proportions. Suitable compositions revealed by the melt flow index test were then taken forward for the extrusion of filament required for fused deposition modelling. For thermomechanical investigations, Taguchi-based design of experiments has been used with input variables in the extrusion process as follows: temperature, load applied and different composition/proportions. The specimens in the form of feedstock filament produced by the extrusion process were made to undergo tensile testing. The specimens were also inspected by differential scanning calorimetry and photomicrographs. Finally, the specimen showing the best performance from the thermomechanical viewpoint has been selected to extrude the filament for the fused deposition modelling process.

Genetic polymorphisms in CDH1 and Exo1 genes elevate the prostate cancer risk in Bangladeshi population.

The polymorphisms of invasion suppressor gene CDH1 and DNA mismatch repair gene Exo1 have been reported to play critical role in the development, tumorigenesis, and progression of several kinds of cancers including prostate cancer. This study was designed to analyze the contribution of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the CDH1 (-160C/A) and Exo1 (K589E) to prostate cancer susceptibility in Bangladeshi population. The study included 100 prostate cancer cases and age-matched 100 healthy controls. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to determine the genetic polymorphisms. A significant association was found between CDH1 -160C/A (rs16260) and Exo1 (rs1047840, K589E) polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk. In case of CDH1 -160C/A polymorphism, the frequencies of the three genotypes C/C,C/A, and A/A were 45%, 48%, and 7% in cases and 63%, 32%, and 5% in controls, respectively. The heterozygote C/A genotype and combined C/A + A/A genotypes showed 2.10-fold (odds ratio = 2.1000, 95% confidence interval = 1.2956-4.0905, p = 0.013) and 2.08-fold (odds ratio = 2.0811, 95% confidence interval = 1.1820-3.6641, p = 0.011) increased risk of prostate cancer, respectively, when compared with homozygous C/C genotypes. The variant A allele also was associated with increased risk of prostate cancer (odds ratio = 1.6901, 95% confidence interval = 1.0740-2.6597, p = 0.0233). In case of Exo1 (K589E) polymorphism, G/A heterozygote, A/A homozygote, and combined G/A + A/A genotypes were found to be associated with 2.30-, 4.85-, and 3.04-fold higher risk of prostate cancer, respectively (odds ratio = 2.3021, 95% confidence interval = 2.956-4.0905, p = 0.0031; odds ratio = 4.8462, 95% confidence interval = 1.0198-23.0284, p = 0.0291; OR = 3.0362, 95% confidence interval = 1.7054-5.4053, p = 0.0001, respectively). The "A" allele showed significant association with increased susceptibility (2.29-fold) to prostate cancer (odds ratio = 2.2955, 95% confidence interval = 1.4529-3.6270, p = 0.0004). Our results suggest that CDH1 -160C/A and Exo1 K589E polymorphisms are associated with increased susceptibility to prostate cancer in Bangladeshi population.