ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Tourette syndrome (TS) is a disorder characterized by a history of multiple motor tics and the emergence of at least one vocal tic during a period of the disorder. The current investigation sought to clarify the prevalence statistics for TS using a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis covered the period between 1986 and 2022. Embase, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched to locate articles pertinent to the study topic. The I2 index was used to examine the heterogeneity of the studies, and a comprehensive meta-analysis was employed to analyze the data. RESULTS: Ultimately, 30 studies (39 outcomes) were included in the meta-analysis and systematic review. The results showed the global prevalence of TS to be 0.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3% to 0.8%), with the highest rate of spread observed in the Americas at 0.6% (95% CI, 0.2% to 1.6 %). Analyzing the subgroups of the sample revealed that the highest prevalence was associated with the population of children and adolescents at 0.7% (95% CI, 0.4% to 1.4%) and males at 0.5% (95% CI, 0.2% to 1.0%). CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive review and meta-analysis revealed that the prevalence of TS worldwide is sufficiently high, such that attention of medical specialists and health policy makers is warranted.
Subject(s)
Tics , Tourette Syndrome , Child , Adolescent , Male , Humans , Tourette Syndrome/epidemiology , PrevalenceABSTRACT
This comprehensive critical review combines, for the first time, recent advances in nanoscale surface chemistry, surface science, DFT, adsorption calorimetry, and in situ XRD and TEM to provide new insights into catalyst sintering. This work provides qualitative and quantitative estimates of the extent and rate of sintering as functions of nanocrystal (NC) size, temperature, and atmosphere. This review is unique in that besides summarizing important, useful data from previous studies, it also advances the field through addition of (i) improved or new models, (ii) new data summarized in original tables and figures, and (iii) new fundamental perspectives into sintering of supported metals and particularly of chemical sintering of supported Co during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. We demonstrate how the two widely accepted sintering mechanisms are largely sequential with some overlap and highly NC-size dependent, i.e., generally, small NCs sinter rapidly by Ostwald ripening, while larger NCs sinter slowly by crystallite migration and coalescence. In addition, we demonstrate how accumulated knowledge, principles, and recent advances, discussed in this review, can be utilized in the design of supported metal NCs highly resistant to sintering. Recommendations for improving the design of sintering experiments and for new research are addressed.
ABSTRACT
Bioremediation of soil and groundwater sites contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons is known as a technically viable, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable technology. The purpose of this study is to investigate laboratory-scale bioremediation of petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated soil through development of eight bioreactors, two bioreactors for each bioremediation mode. The modes were: (1) natural attenuation (NA); (2) biostimulation (BS) with oxygen and nutrients; (3) bioaugmentation (BA) with hydrocarbon degrading isolates; (4) a combination of biostimulation and bioaugmentation (BS-BA). Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) mass balance over the bioreactors showed about 2% of initial 20,000mgkg-soil-1 TPH was removed by advection due to synthetic groundwater which was flowing through the soil, and the rest of decrease in TPH was caused by biodegradation. The BS-BA mode showed the highest TPH biodegradation percentage (89.7±0.3%) compared to the NA (51.4±0.6%), BS (81.9±0.3%) and BA (62.9±0.5%) modes. Furthermore, an increase in microbial population was another evidence of TPH biodegradation by microorganism. Reaction rate data from each bioremediation mode were fitted with a first-order reaction rate model. The Monod kinetic constants including maximum specific growth rate of microorganisms (µmax) and substrate concentration at half-velocity constant (Ks) were estimated for each bioremediation modes.
