Remineralization Rate of Lytic Lesions of the Spine in Multiple Myeloma Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE: In general, Multiple Myeloma (MM) patients are treated with systemic therapy including chemotherapy. Radiation therapy can have an important supportive role in the palliative management of MM-related osteolytic lesions. Our study aims to investigate the degree of radiation-induced remineralization in MM patients to gain a better understanding of its potential impact on bone mineral density and, consequently, fracture prevention. Our primary outcome measure was percent change in bone mineral density measured in Hounsfield Units (Δ% HU) between pre- and post-radiation measurements, compared to non-targeted vertebrae. METHODS: We included 119 patients with MM who underwent radiotherapy of the spine between January 2010 and June 2021 and who had a CT scan of the spine at baseline and between 3-24 months after radiation. A linear mixed effect model tested any differences in remineralization rate per month (ßdifference) between targeted and non-targeted vertebrae. RESULTS: Analyses of CT scans yielded 565 unique vertebrae (366 targeted and 199 non-targeted vertebrae). In both targeted and non-targeted vertebrae, there was an increase in bone density per month (ßoverall = .04; P = .002) with the largest effect being between 9-18 months post-radiation. Radiation did not cause a greater increase in bone density per month compared to non-targeted vertebrae (ßdifference = .67; P = .118). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that following radiation, bone density increased over time for both targeted and non-targeted vertebrae. However, no conclusive evidence was found that targeted vertebrae have a higher remineralization rate than non-targeted vertebrae in patients with MM.

Consensus guidelines and recommendations for the management and response assessment of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in clinical practice for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: a report from the International Myeloma Working Group Immunotherapy Committee.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has shown promise in patients with late-line refractory multiple myeloma, with response rates ranging from 73 to 98%. To date, three products have been approved: Idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel) and ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel), which are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, the European Medicines Agency, Health Canada (ide-cel only), and Brazil ANVISA (cilta-cel only); and equecabtagene autoleucel (eque-cel), which was approved by the Chinese National Medical Products Administration. CAR T-cell therapy is different from previous anti-myeloma therapeutics with unique toxic effects that require distinct mitigation strategies. Thus, a panel of experts from the International Myeloma Working Group was assembled to provide guidance for clinical use of CAR T-cell therapy in myeloma. This consensus opinion is from experts in the field of haematopoietic cell transplantation, cell therapy, and multiple myeloma therapeutics.

International Myeloma Working Group immunotherapy committee consensus guidelines and recommendations for optimal use of T-cell-engaging bispecific antibodies in multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma remains an incurable disease, despite the development of numerous drug classes and combinations that have contributed to improved overall survival. Immunotherapies directed against cancer cell-surface antigens, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy and T-cell-redirecting bispecific antibodies, have recently received regulatory approvals and shown unprecedented efficacy. However, these immunotherapies have unique mechanisms of action and toxicities that are different to previous treatments for myeloma, so experiences from clinical trials and early access programmes are essential for providing specific recommendations for management of patients, especially as these agents become available across many parts of the world. Here, we provide expert consensus clinical practice guidelines for the use of bispecific antibodies for the treatment of myeloma. The International Myeloma Working Group is also involved in the collection of prospective real-time data of patients treated with such immunotherapies, with the aim of learning continuously and adapting clinical practices to optimise the management of patients receiving immunotherapies.

Practical Aspects of Immunotherapy: A Report from the 20th International Myeloma Society (IMS) Annual Meeting.

Immunotherapeutic strategies, specifically T-cell-redirected therapies, have been transformative in the context of multiple myeloma (MM). With the approval of two chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) drug products and three bispecific antibodies/T-cell engagers (bsAbs/TCEs) in relapsed/refractory MM (RRMM), the 20th annual IMS meeting dedicated a session to the practical aspects of these therapies. Here, we highlight the discussion during this session, including the role of CAR-T and bsAb therapies in frontline MM treatment, management of acute toxicities, prevention and management of infections, and finally treatment sequencing of T-cell redirected therapies.

Isatuximab, carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed, transplantation-eligible multiple myeloma (SKylaRk): a single-arm, phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Isatuximab is a CD38 monoclonal antibody approved for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. We aimed to evaluate the addition of isatuximab to weekly carfilzomib (K), lenalidomide (R), and dexamethasone (d; Isa-KRd) in transplant-eligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma and stratified maintenance by cytogenetic risk. METHODS: This single-arm phase 2 trial was done at three cancer centres (two hospitals and a cancer institute) in Boston (MA, USA). Eligible patients were aged at least 18 years and had transplant-eligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma and an ECOG performance status of 2 or less. Patients received four 28-day cycles of Isa-KRd, including isatuximab 10 mg/kg intravenously weekly for 8 weeks, then every other week for 16 weeks, and every 4 weeks thereafter; carfilzomib 56 mg/m2 intravenously on days 1, 8, and 15 (20 mg/m2 for cycle 1 day 1); lenalidomide 25 mg orally on days 1-21; and dexamethasone 20 mg orally the day of and day after all doses of carfilzomib and isatuximab. Consolidation involved either upfront haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) with two additional cycles or deferred HSCT with four additional cycles of treatment. The primary endpoint was complete response after four cycles of treatment. Analyses were by intention-to-treat. All patients who received one dose of study drug were included in the safety analyses. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04430894, and has completed enrolment. FINDINGS: Between July 31, 2020 and Jan 31, 2022, 50 patients were enrolled. Median age was 59 years (range 40-70), 54% (27 of 50 patients) were male, and 44 (88%) were White. 46% (23 of 50) of patients had high-risk cytogenetics. Median follow-up was 26 months (IQR 20·7-30·1). 32% (16 of 50 patients) achieved a complete response after four cycles. The overall response rate (ORR) was 90% (45 patients) and 78% (39 patients) achieved a very good partial response (VGPR) or better. After completion of consolidation, 58% (29 patients) achieved a complete response; the ORR was 90% (45 patients) and 86% (43 patients) achieved a VGPR or better. The most common grade 3 or 4 side-effects (≥two patients) included neutropenia (13 [26%] of 50 patients), elevated alanine aminotransferase (six [12%] patients), fatigue (three [6%] patients), thrombocytopenia (three [6%] patients), acute kidney injury (two [4%] patients), anaemia (two [4%] patients), and febrile neutropenia (two [4%] patients). Grade 1-2 infusion-related reactions were seen in 20% (ten patients), with none grade 3. Grade 1-2 hypertension was seen in 14% (seven patients) with one grade 3 (one [2%] patient). There were two deaths assessed as unrelated to treatment. INTERPRETATION: Although the study did not achieve the prespecified complete response threshold, Isa-KRd induced deep and durable responses in transplant-eligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. The treatment proved safe and consistent with similar regimens in this setting. FUNDING: Amgen, Sanofi, and Adaptive.

Design and Rationale of Prolonged Nightly Fasting for Multiple Myeloma Prevention (PROFAST): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is an established, modifiable risk factor of multiple myeloma (MM); yet, no lifestyle interventions are routinely recommended for patients with overweight or obesity with MM precursor conditions. Prolonged nightly fasting is a simple, practical dietary regimen supported by research, suggesting that the synchronization of feeding-fasting timing with sleep-wake cycles favorably affects metabolic pathways implicated in MM. We describe the design and rationale of a randomized controlled pilot trial evaluating the efficacy of a regular, prolonged nighttime fasting schedule among individuals with overweight or obesity at high risk for developing MM or a related lymphoid malignancy. OBJECTIVE: We aim to investigate the effects of 4-month prolonged nightly fasting on body composition and tumor biomarkers among individuals with overweight or obesity with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM), or smoldering Waldenström macroglobulinemia (SWM). METHODS: Individuals with MGUS, SMM, or SWM aged ≥18 years and a BMI of ≥25 kg/m2 are randomized to either a 14-hour nighttime fasting intervention or a healthy lifestyle education control group. Participants' baseline diet and lifestyle patterns are characterized through two 24-hour dietary recalls: questionnaires querying demographic, comorbidity, lifestyle, and quality-of-life information; and wrist actigraphy measurements for 7 days. Fasting intervention participants are supported through one-on-one telephone counseling by a health coach and automated SMS text messaging to support fasting goals. Primary end points of body composition, including visceral and subcutaneous fat (by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry); bone marrow adiposity (by bone marrow histology); and tumor biomarkers, specifically M-proteins and serum free light-chain concentrations (by gel-based and serum free light-chain assays), are assessed at baseline and after the 4-month study period; changes therein from baseline are evaluated using a repeated measures mixed-effects model that accounts for the correlation between baseline and follow-up measures and is generally robust to missing data. Feasibility is assessed as participant retention (percent dropout in each arm) and percentage of days participants achieved a ≥14-hour fast. RESULTS: The PROlonged nightly FASTing (PROFAST) study was funded in June 2022. Participant recruitment commenced in April 2023. As of July 2023, six participants consented to the study. The study is expected to be completed by April 2024, and data analysis and results are expected to be published in the first quarter of 2025. CONCLUSIONS: PROFAST serves as an important first step in exploring the premise that prolonged nightly fasting is a strategy to control obesity and obesity-related mechanisms of myelomagenesis. In evaluating the feasibility and impact of prolonged nightly fasting on body composition, bone marrow adipose tissue, and biomarkers of tumor burden, this pilot study may generate hypotheses regarding metabolic mechanisms underlying MM development and ultimately inform clinical and public health strategies for MM prevention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05565638; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05565638. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/51368.

Cellular Mass Response to Therapy Correlates With Clinical Response for a Range of Malignancies.

PURPOSE: Cancer patients with advanced-stage disease have poor prognosis, typically having limited options for efficacious treatment, and genomics-based therapy guidance continues to benefit only a fraction of patients. Next-generation ex vivo approaches, such as cell mass-based response testing (MRT), offer an alternative precision medicine approach for a broader population of patients with cancer, but validation of clinical feasibility and potential impact remain necessary. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the clinical feasibility and accuracy of using live-cell MRT to predict patient drug sensitivity. Using a unified measurement workflow with a 48-hour result turnaround time, samples were subjected to MRT after treatment with a panel of drugs in vitro. After completion of therapeutic course, clinical response data were correlated with MRT-based predictions of outcome. Specimens were collected from 104 patients with solid (n = 69) and hematologic (n = 35) malignancies, using tissue formats including needle biopsies, malignant fluids, bone marrow aspirates, and blood samples. Of the 81 (78%) specimens qualified for MRT, 41 (51%) patients receiving physician-selected therapies had treatments matched to MRT. RESULTS: MRT demonstrated high concordance with clinical responses with an odds ratio (OR) of 14.80 (P = .0003 [95% CI, 2.83 to 102.9]). This performance held for both solid and hematologic malignances with ORs of 20.67 (P = .0128 [95% CI, 1.45 to 1,375.57]) and 8.20 (P = .045 [95% CI, 0.77 to 133.56]), respectively. Overall, these results had a predictive accuracy of 80% (P = .0026 [95% CI, 65 to 91]). CONCLUSION: MRT showed highly significant correlation with clinical response to therapy. Routine clinical use is technically feasible and broadly applicable to a wide range of samples and malignancy types, supporting the need for future validation studies.

Fracture rate after conventional external beam radiation therapy to the spine in multiple myeloma patients.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Conventional external beam radiation therapy (cEBRT) is used in multiple myeloma (MM) to treat severe pain, spinal cord compression, and disease-related bone disease. However, radiation may be associated with an increased risk of vertebral compression fractures (VCFs), which could substantially impair survival and quality of life. Additionally, the use of the Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS) in MM is debated in MM. PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of VCFs after cEBRT in patients with MM and to assess the applicability of the SINS score in the prediction of VCFs in MM. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective multicenter cohort study. PATIENT SAMPLE: MM patients with spinal myeloma lesions who underwent cEBRT between January 2010 and December 2021. OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of new or progressed VCFs and subdistribution hazard ratios for potentially associated factors. METHODS: Patient and treatment characteristics were manually collected from the patients' electronic medical records. Computed tomography (CT) scans from before and up to 3 years after the start of radiation were used to score radiographic variables at baseline and at follow-up. Multivariable Fine and Gray competing risk analyses were performed to evaluate the diagnostic value of the SINS score to predict the postradiation VCF rate. RESULTS: A total of 127 patients with 427 eligible radiated vertebrae were included in this study. The mean age at radiation was 64 years, and 66.1% of them were male. At the start of radiation, 57 patients (44.9%) had at least one VCF. There were 89 preexisting VCFs (18.4% of 483 vertebrae). Overall, 39 of 127 patients (30.7%) reported new fractures (number of vertebrae (n)=12) or showed progression of existing fractures (n=36). This number represented 11.2% of all radiated vertebrae. Five of the 39 (12.8%) patients with new or worsened VCFs received an unplanned secondary treatment (augmentation [n=2] or open surgery [n=3]) within 3 years. Both the total SINS score (SHR 1.77; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.54-2.03; p<.001) and categorical SINS score (SHR 10.83; 95% CI 4.20-27.94; p<.001) showed an independent association with higher rates of new or progressed VCFs in adjusted analyses. The use of bisphosphonates was independently associated with a lower rate of new or progressed VCFs (SHR 0.47 [95% CI 0.24-0.92; p=.027]). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that new or progressed VCFs occurred in 30.7% of patients within 3 years, in a total of 11.2% of vertebrae. The SINS score was found to be independently associated with the development or progression of VCFs and could thus be applied in MM for fracture prediction and possibly prevention.

Elranatamab in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: the MagnetisMM-1 phase 1 trial.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy expressing B cell maturation antigen (BCMA). Elranatamab, a bispecific antibody, engages BCMA on MM and CD3 on T cells. The MagnetisMM-1 trial evaluated its safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy. Primary endpoints, including the incidence of dose-limiting toxicities as well as objective response rate (ORR) and duration of response (DOR), were met. Secondary efficacy endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Eighty-eight patients with relapsed or refractory MM received elranatamab monotherapy, and 55 patients received elranatamab at efficacious doses. Patients had received a median of five prior regimens; 90.9% were triple-class refractory, 29.1% had high cytogenetic risk and 23.6% received prior BCMA-directed therapy. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed during dose escalation. Adverse events included cytopenias and cytokine release syndrome. Exposure was dose proportional. With a median follow-up of 12.0 months, the ORR was 63.6% and 38.2% of patients achieving complete response or better. For responders, the median DOR was 17.1 months. All 13 patients evaluable for minimal residual disease achieved negativity. Even after prior BCMA-directed therapy, 53.8% achieved response. For all 55 patients, median PFS was 11.8 months, and median OS was 21.2 months. Elranatamab achieved durable responses, manageable safety and promising survival for patients with MM. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03269136 .

Radiation therapy as a bridging and salvage strategy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma undergoing BCMA-targeted CAR T-cell therapy.

Radiation therapy (RT) may play an important role prior to and following BCMA-targeted CAR T-cell therapy in multiple myeloma (MM). We report a series of 13 patients: 5 patients received bridging RT pre-CAR T, 4 patients received salvage RT post-CAR T failure, and 4 patients received both. There was no worsening of CAR-T- or RT-related toxicities. The RT in-field local control rate was 100%, with a median follow-up after each RT course of 7.3 months. RT as a bridging and salvage strategy is safe, feasible, and offers excellent local control in MM patients treated with CAR T-cell therapy.

Clinical perspectives on the optimal use of lenalidomide plus bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.

To improve the outcomes of patients with the otherwise incurable hematologic malignancy of multiple myeloma (MM), a key paradigm includes initial treatment to establish disease control rapidly followed by maintenance therapy to ensure durability of response with manageable toxicity. However, patients' prognosis worsens after relapse, and the disease burden and drug toxicities are generally more challenging with subsequent lines of therapy. It is therefore particularly important that patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) receive optimal frontline therapy. The combination of lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (RVd) has consistently demonstrated a tolerable safety profile with significant and clinically relevant benefit, including deep and durable responses with improved survival in patients with NDMM regardless of their transplant eligibility. Furthermore, comparative studies evaluating this triplet regimen against both doublet and other triplet regimens have established RVd as a standard of care in this setting based upon its remarkable and concordant efficacy. Given the breadth of clinical data, physician familiarity, inclusion in treatment guidelines, and the emerging potential of RVd-containing quadruplet regimens, RVd will likely continue as a key cornerstone of the treatment of NDMM, and its role will therefore likely continue to grow as a therapeutic backbone in the initial treatment of MM.

Monitoring, prophylaxis, and treatment of infections in patients with MM receiving bispecific antibody therapy: consensus recommendations from an expert panel.

Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are emerging as an important novel class of immunotherapeutic agents for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), and are set to be more widely used in clinical practice. However, this new class of therapies is associated with a distinct adverse event (AE) profile that includes cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome, as well as AEs leading to increased infection risk such as cytopenias and hypogammaglobulinemia, and infections themselves. As preliminary data with this class of agents shows an increased risk of infections as compared with conventional MM treatment regimens, such as immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors, and anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), guidance on infection monitoring, prophylaxis and treatment is required. This review provides consensus recommendations from a panel of 13 global experts, following a meeting in August 2022. The meeting objective was to review existing literature and identify relevant information on infections with all BsAbs in patients with MM, as well as to discuss clinical experience of experts in managing these infections. The recommendations outlined here can be used to guide management of infection risk factors, such as hypogammaglobulinemia and neutropenia. In addition, they can be used to guide the monitoring, prophylaxis, and treatment of bacterial, viral and fungal infections, including emerging infections of interest, such as coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), and the use of vaccinations prior to and during BsAb treatment. The recommendations have been graded by the panel based on level of data available. Key recommendations include universal herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus prophylaxis, screening for hepatitis B virus reactivation risk in all patients, monthly intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for immunoparesis and in the absence of life-threatening infectious manifestations, use of colony-stimulating factors in patients with Grade 3 neutropenia, universal pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis and no routine anti-fungal prophylaxis.

Idecabtagene vicleucel for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: post hoc 18-month follow-up of a phase 1 trial.

Idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel) is a B-cell-maturation antigen (BCMA)-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. We performed a post hoc analysis of a single-arm phase 1 multicenter study in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (CRB-401) (n = 62; median follow-up, 18.1 months). The primary endpoint was safety outcomes, and secondary endpoints included overall response rate (ORR), complete response (CR) and very good partial response (VGPR). The study met its primary endpoint with low rates of grade 3/grade 4 cytokine release syndrome (6.5%) and neurotoxicity (1.6%). ORR was 75.8%; 64.5% achieved VGPR or better and 38.7% achieved CR or stringent CR. Among exploratory endpoints, median duration of response, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival were 10.3, 8.8 and 34.2 months, respectively, and ide-cel expansion in blood and bone marrow correlated with clinical efficacy and postinfusion reduction of soluble BCMA. Patients with PFS ≥ 18 months had more naive and less exhausted T cells in apheresis material and improved functional T cell phenotype in the drug product compared with those with less durable responses. These results confirm ide-cel safety, tolerability and efficacy and describe T cell qualities that correlate with durable response. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier : NCT02658929 .

Elranatamab in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: phase 2 MagnetisMM-3 trial results.

Elranatamab is a humanized B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-CD3 bispecific antibody. In the ongoing phase 2 MagnetisMM-3 trial, patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma received subcutaneous elranatamab once weekly after two step-up priming doses. After six cycles, persistent responders switched to biweekly dosing. Results from cohort A, which enrolled patients without prior BCMA-directed therapy (n = 123) are reported. The primary endpoint of confirmed objective response rate (ORR) by blinded independent central review was met with an ORR of 61.0% (75/123); 35.0% ≥complete response. Fifty responders switched to biweekly dosing, and 40 (80.0%) improved or maintained their response for ≥6 months. With a median follow-up of 14.7 months, median duration of response, progression-free survival and overall survival (secondary endpoints) have not been reached. Fifteen-month rates were 71.5%, 50.9% and 56.7%, respectively. Common adverse events (any grade; grade 3-4) included infections (69.9%, 39.8%), cytokine release syndrome (57.7%, 0%), anemia (48.8%, 37.4%), and neutropenia (48.8%, 48.8%). With biweekly dosing, grade 3-4 adverse events decreased from 58.6% to 46.6%. Elranatamab induced deep and durable responses with a manageable safety profile. Switching to biweekly dosing may improve long-term safety without compromising efficacy. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04649359 .

Respiratory infections predominate after day 100 following B-cell maturation antigen-directed CAR T-cell therapy.

Infections are an important complication after B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy and risks may differ between the early and late periods. We evaluated infections in 99 adults who received a first BCMA-directed CAR T-cell therapy (commercial and investigational autologous BCMA CAR T-cell products at the recommended phase 2 dose) for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma between November 2016 and May 2022. Infections were recorded until day 365, if patients experienced symptoms with a microbiologic diagnosis, or for symptomatic site-specific infections treated with antimicrobials. One-year cumulative incidence functions were calculated based on time to first respiratory infection using dates of infection-free death and receipt of additional antineoplastic therapies as competing risks. Secondary analysis evaluated risk factors for late respiratory infections using univariate and multivariable Cox regression models. Thirty-seven patients (37%) experienced 64 infectious events over the first year after BCMA-directed CAR T-cell therapy, with 42 early infectious events (days, 0-100), and 22 late infectious events (days, 101-365). Respiratory infections were the most common site-specific infection and the relative proportion of respiratory infections increased in the late period (31% of early events vs 77% of late events). On multivariable analysis, hypogammaglobulinemia (hazard ratio [HR], 6.06; P = .044) and diagnosis of an early respiratory viral infection (HR, 2.95; P = .048) were independent risk factors for late respiratory infection. Respiratory infections predominate after BCMA CAR T-cell therapy, particularly after day 100. Hypogammaglobulinemia and diagnosis of an early respiratory infection are risk factors for late respiratory infections that may be used to guide targeted preventive strategies.

Time-Dependent Prognostic Value of Serological and Measurable Residual Disease Assessments after Idecabtagene Vicleucel.

The role of measurable residual disease (MRD) in multiple myeloma patients treated with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells is uncertain. We analyzed MRD kinetics during the first year after idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel) infusion in 125 relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma patients enrolled in KarMMa. At month 1 after ide-cel, there were no differences in progression-free survival (PFS) between patients in less than complete response (CR) versus those in CR; only MRD status was predictive of significantly different PFS at this landmark. In patients with undetectable MRD at 3 months and beyond, PFS was longer in those achieving CR versus