Comparative Evaluation of Microshear Bond Strength of 5(th), 6(th) and 7(th) Generation Bonding Agents to Coronal Dentin Versus Dentin at Floor of Pulp Chamber: An In vitro Study.

BACKGROUND: Lack of seal and adhesion between the final restoration and tooth structure adversely affects the results of root canal treatment. Lots of adhesive bonding agents are marketed to overcome this deficiency and achieve successful restoration. So the study compares and evaluates the micro shear bond strength of coronal dentin and pulp chamber dentin using three different generation dentin bonding systems and to know clinical efficiency for clinical use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: DIFFERENT GENERATION DENTIN BONDING SYSTEMS USED WERE: (1) One bottle total etch system (XP Bond-5(th) generation), (2) Two-step self-etch system (Clearfil SE Bond-6(th) generation) and (3) All-in-one system (G Bond-7(th) generation). Thirty human mandibular molars were collected out of which sixty samples were prepared by sectioning each tooth into coronal dentin and pulpal floor dentin. They were divided into two major groups. Group I: 30 Coronal dentin samples. Group II:30 Pulpal floor dentin samples. Both the groups were further subdivided depending on the bonding agent used. Subgroup Ia:XP Bond, Subgroup Ib:Clearfil SE Bond, Subgroup Ic:G Bond, Subgroup IIa:XP Bond, Subgroup IIb:Clearfil SE Bond, Subgroup IIc:G Bond. Resin composite was bonded to these samples and tested for micro-shear bond strength. The mean bond strengths and standard deviations were calculated and analyzed using one-way ANOVA test and Student's t-test (unpaired) and honestly significant difference post-hoc tests. RESULTS: Coronal dentin showed higher values of micro shear bond strength than the pulpal floor dentin. All-in-one system (G Bond) showed least bond strength values to both the regions coronal dentin and pulpal floor dentin. CONCLUSION: Factors affecting the shear bond strength are dependent on material (adhesive system), substrate depth and adhesive/depth interaction. Hence composition and substrate treatment should be considered for good adhesive. Chemical composition of adhesive system determines clinical successes.

5-Aminosalicylic acid attenuates allergen-induced airway inflammation and oxidative stress in asthma.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines regulate the magnitude of allergic reactions during asthma. Tumor necrosis factor--alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) play a crucial role in aggravating the inflammatory conditions during allergic asthma. In addition, oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of asthma by altering the physiological condition resulting in the development of status asthmaticus. Anti-inflammatory corticosteroids are being widely used for treating allergic asthma. In the present study 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), a salicylic acid derivative, was evaluated, in vivo for its potential to suppress TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-13 using ovalbumin (OVA) induced allergic asthma in Balb/C mice. Oral administration of 65, 130 and 195 mg/kg 5-ASA significantly reduced the OVA induced total and differential leucocyte count, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-13, nitrite, nitrate, MDA, MPO and TPL levels in the lung lavage samples. Collectively, these findings suggest that 5-ASA is a potent immunomodulator and suppresses key Th2 cytokines production and oxidative stress in OVA-induced asthma.

Assessment of inhibitory potential of Pothos scandens L. on ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in balb/c mice.

Pothos scandens L. was used in Indian traditional medicine as an antiasthmatic drug. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts were prepared with aerial parts of P. scandens (PSE & PSA). ESI MS/MS of PSE ethanolic extract was carried out for the determination of chemical constituents. CP1 is isolated from the PSE, structurally confirmed with NMR and LCMS/MS. PSE, PSA and CP1 are evaluated against ovalbumin (OVA) induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in balb/c mice. The test drugs are administered p.o. prior to challenge with aerosolized 2.5% w/v OVA. Total and differential leucocyte count, nitrite (NO2), nitrate (NO3), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-13 (IL-13) are estimated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Similarly, myeloperoxidase (MPO), malonaldehyde (MDA) and total lung protein (TLP) are estimated in the lungs. The results reveal a significant increase in total and differential leucocyte count, NO2, NO3, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-13 in OVA induced AHR. However, these parameters are significantly decreased in PSE and PSA tested doses (PSE 100 & 200mg/kg). While, treatment with CP1 is less effective at 5 & 10mg/kg doses. Similar observations obtain for MPO and MDA in lungs. However, the mean value indicated that the PSE at 200mg/kg showed a significant restoration in all the parameters. Pro-inflammatory mediators are known to be responsible for AHR. Histopathology revealed justifies the effectiveness. The present investigations suggest PSE are interesting molecules for further research for asthma, with an approach through pro-inflammatory inhibitory pathway. P. scandens is a potential herbal medicine for allergy induced asthma.

Epidemiology of sudden cardiac death in rural South India - insights from the andhra pradesh rural health initiative.

BACKGROUND: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a common initial presentation of coronary artery disease (CAD). Despite the growing epidemic of CAD in India, the epidemiology of SCD is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to define the prevalence and determinants of sudden cardiac deaths in rural South India. METHODS: Prospective mortality surveillance was conducted in 45 villages (180,162 subjects) in rural South India between January 2006 and October 2007. Trained multipurpose health workers sought to do verbal autopsies within 4 weeks of any death. Detailed questionnaires including comorbidities and circumstances surrounding death were recorded. SCD was adjudicated using the modified Hinkle-Thaler classification. RESULTS: A total of 1916 deaths occurred in the study population over the 22 month time period and verbal autopsy was obtained in 1827 (95%) subjects. Overall mean age of the deceased was 62 ± 20 years and 1007 (55%) were men. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases together accounted for 559 deaths (31%), followed by infectious disease (163 deaths, 9%), cancer (126 deaths, 7%) and suicide (93 deaths, 5%). Of the 1827 deaths, after excluding accidental deaths (89 deaths), 309 deaths (17%) met criteria for SCD. Cardiovascular disease was the underlying causes in the majority of the SCD events (231/309 (75%)). On multivariate analyses, previous MI/CAD (p < 0.001, OR 14.25), hypertension (p < 0.001, OR 1.84), and age groups between 40-60 yrs (p=0.029) were significantly associated with SCD. CONCLUSION: Sudden cardiac death accounted for up to half of the cardiovascular deaths in rural Southern India. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors were strongly associated with SCD.

Chronic diseases now a leading cause of death in rural India--mortality data from the Andhra Pradesh Rural Health Initiative.

INTRODUCTION: India is undergoing rapid epidemiological transition as a consequence of economic and social change. The pattern of mortality is a key indicator of the consequent health effects but up-to-date, precise, and reliable statistics are few, particularly in rural areas. METHODS: Deaths occurring in 45 villages (population 180 162) were documented during a 12-month period in 2003-04 by multipurpose primary healthcare workers trained in the use of a verbal autopsy tool. Algorithms were used to define causes of death according to a limited list derived from the international classification of disease version 10. Causes were assigned by two independent physicians with disagreements resolved by a third. RESULTS: A total of 1354 deaths were recorded with verbal autopsies completed for 98%. A specific underlying cause of death was assigned for 82% of all verbal autopsies done. The crude death rate was 7.5/1000 (95% confidence interval, 7.1-7.9). Diseases of the circulatory system were the leading causes of mortality (32%), with similar proportions of deaths attributable to ischaemic heart disease and stroke. Second was injury and external causes of mortality (13%) with one-third of these deaths attributable to deliberate self harm. Third were infectious and parasitic diseases (12%). Tuberculosis and intestinal conditions each caused one-third of deaths within this category. HIV was assigned as the cause for 2% of all deaths. The fourth and fifth leading causes of death were neoplasms (7%) and diseases of the respiratory system (5%). CONCLUSION: Non-communicable and chronic diseases are the leading causes of death in this part of rural India. The observed pattern of death is unlikely to be unique to these villages and provides new insight into the rapid progression of epidemiological transition in rural India.