Classification of Parkinson's disease severity using gait stance signals in a spatiotemporal deep learning classifier.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative nervous system disorder involving motor disturbances. Motor alterations affect the gait according to the progression of PD and can be used by experts in movement disorders to rate the severity of the disease. However, this rating depends on the expertise of the clinical specialist. Therefore, the diagnosis may be inaccurate, particularly in the early stages of PD where abnormal gait patterns can result from normal aging or other medical conditions. Consequently, several classification systems have been developed to enhance PD diagnosis. In this paper, a PD gait severity classification algorithm was developed using vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) signals. The VGRF records used are from a public database that includes 93 PD patients and 72 healthy controls adults. The work presented here focuses on modeling each foot's gait stance phase signals using a modified convolutional long deep neural network (CLDNN) architecture. Subsequently, the results of each model are combined to predict PD severity. The classifier performance was evaluated using ten-fold cross-validation. The best-weighted accuracies obtained were 99.296(0.128)% and 99.343(0.182)%, with the Hoehn-Yahr and UPDRS scales, respectively, outperforming previous results presented in the literature. The classifier proposed here can effectively differentiate gait patterns of different PD severity levels based on gait signals of the stance phase.

KCNQ1 p.D446E Variant as a Risk Allele for Arrhythmogenic Phenotypes: Electrophysiological Characterization Reveals a Complex Phenotype Affecting the Slow Delayed Rectifier Potassium Current (IKs) Voltage Dependence by Causing a Hyperpolarizing Shift and a Lack of Response to Protein Kinase A Activation.

Genetic testing is crucial in inherited arrhythmogenic channelopathies; however, the clinical interpretation of genetic variants remains challenging. Incomplete penetrance, oligogenic, polygenic or multifactorial forms of channelopathies further complicate variant interpretation. We identified the KCNQ1/p.D446E variant in 2/63 patients with long QT syndrome, 30-fold more frequent than in public databases. We thus characterized the biophysical phenotypes of wildtype and mutant IKs co-expressing these alleles with the ß-subunit minK in HEK293 cells. KCNQ1 p.446E homozygosity significantly shifted IKs voltage dependence to hyperpolarizing potentials in basal conditions (gain of function) but failed to shift voltage dependence to hyperpolarizing potentials (loss of function) in the presence of 8Br-cAMP, a protein kinase A activator. Basal IKs activation kinetics did not differ among genotypes, but in response to 8Br-cAMP, IKs 446 E/E (homozygous) activation kinetics were slower at the most positive potentials. Protein modeling predicted a slower transition of the 446E Kv7.1 tetrameric channel to the stabilized open state. In conclusion, biophysical and modelling evidence shows that the KCNQ1 p.D446E variant has complex functional consequences including both gain and loss of function, suggesting a contribution to the pathogenesis of arrhythmogenic phenotypes as a functional risk allele.

Clinical manifestations and expression of CD18 to guide the diagnosis of leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1: Mexico experience.

BACKGROUND: Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 (LAD-1) is an inborn error of immunity characterized by a defect in leukocyte trafficking. METHODS: Patients with clinical suspicion of LAD-1 were referred to our institution. Complete blood count and flow cytometric analysis, to identify the expression of CD18, CD11b, and the lymphocyte population phenotyping, were performed, and statistical analysis was completed. RESULTS: We report clinical manifestations and immunological findings of six Mexican patients diagnosed with LAD-1. The diagnosis was based on typical clinical presentation, combined with laboratory demonstration of leukocytosis, and significant reduction or near absence of CD18 and its associated molecules CD11a, CD11b, and CD11c on leukocytes. We found atypical manifestations, not described in other countries, such as early-onset autoimmunity or infections caused by certain microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with LAD-1 may present with atypical manifestations, making flow cytometry an indispensable tool to confirm the diagnosis. We present the first report of LAD-1 patients in a Latin American country.

[Absceso cerebral como manifestación inicial de Deficiencia especifica de anticuerpos].

Background: Specific antibody deficiency (SAD) is an inborn error of immunity, in patients older than 2 years, characterized by normal immunoglobulin levels and IgG subclasses, but with recurrent infections and decreased antibody responses to polysaccharide antigens. Case report: A 10-year-old female, previously healthy, with no significant family history. She is known in this institution for symptoms of headache, vomiting and paresis. A CT scan of the skull was performed, where 4 brain abscesses, edema and displacement of the midline were observed, a right frontal trephine was performed and abscess drainage, antimicrobial management for infectology, blood cultures, Gram staining and cultures of negative drainage material. Assessed for allergy and immunology, for abscesses in deep focus, an approach was performed to rule out inborn error of immunity, immunoglobulins, isohemagglutinins, flow cytometry and response to normal protein antigens. Antibodies against post-vaccination polysaccharide antigens are requested, where a response to only 2 serotypes (18.1% response) is observed, with normal IgG subclasses, a diagnosis of specific antibody deficiency is integrated and management with immuno- globulin at replacement doses is started, as well as annual vaccination with 13 valent. Conclusion: SAD has been considered a problem that can be resolved over time, especially in children, but in others it can evolve into more severe forms of humoral immunodeficiency. Decisions to treat with prophylactic antibiotics and/or gamma globulin are guided by clinical judgment, small studies, and recent consensus documents, which may evolve over time.

Antecedentes: La deficiencia especifica de anticuerpos (SAD) es un error innato de la inmunidad, en pacientes de más de 2 años, caracterizada por niveles de inmunoglobulinas y subclases de IgG normales, pero con infecciones recurrentes y respuestas de anticuerpos disminuidas a antígenos polisacáridos. Reporte de caso: Femenina de 10 años, previa sana, sin antecedentes heredofamiliares de importancia. Conocida en esta institución por cuadro de cefalea, vómi- tos y paresias. Se realiza TAC de cráneo, donde se observan 4 abscesos cerebrales, edema y desplazamiento de la línea media, se realiza trepano frontal derecha y drenaje de abscesos, manejo antimicrobiano por infectología, hemocultivos, tinción de Gram y cultivos de material de drenaje negativos. Valorado por alergia e inmunología, por abscesos en foco profundo, se realizó abordaje para descartar error innato de la inmunidad, inmunoglobulinas, isohemaglutininas, citometría de flujo y respuesta a antígenos proteicos normales. Se solicitan anticuerpos contra antígenos polisacáridos post vacunación, donde se observa respuesta a solo 2 serotipos (respuesta del 18.1%), con subclases de IgG normales, se integra diagnóstico de deficiencia especifica de anticuerpos y se inicia manejo con inmuno- globulina a dosis de reemplazo, asi como vacunación anual con 13 valente. Conclusión: El SAD se ha considerado un problema que puede resolverse con el tiempo, especialmente en niños, pero en otros puede evolucionar hacia formas más severas de inmunodeficiencia humoral. Las decisiones de tratar con antibióticos profilácticos y/o gammaglobulina están guiadas por el juicio clínico, estudios pequeños y documentos de consenso recientes, que pueden evolucionar con el tiempo.

AI-Enhanced Analysis Reveals Impact of Maternal Diabetes on Subcutaneous Fat Mass in Fetuses without Growth Alterations.

Pregnant women with diabetes often present impaired fetal growth, which is less common if maternal diabetes is well-controlled. However, developing strategies to estimate fetal body composition beyond fetal growth that could better predict metabolic complications later in life is essential. This study aimed to evaluate subcutaneous fat tissue (femur and humerus) in fetuses with normal growth among pregnant women with well-controlled diabetes using a reproducible 3D-ultrasound tool and offline TUI (Tomographic Ultrasound Imaging) analysis. Additionally, three artificial intelligence classifier models were trained and validated to assess the clinical utility of the fetal subcutaneous fat measurement. A significantly larger subcutaneous fat area was found in three-femur and two-humerus selected segments of fetuses from women with diabetes compared to the healthy pregnant control group. The full classifier model that includes subcutaneous fat measure, gestational age, fetal weight, fetal abdominal circumference, maternal body mass index, and fetal weight percentile as variables, showed the best performance, with a detection rate of 70%, considering a false positive rate of 10%, and a positive predictive value of 82%. These findings provide valuable insights into the impact of maternal diabetes on fetal subcutaneous fat tissue as a variable independent of fetal growth.

A Deep Learning Approach for Predicting Multiple Sclerosis.

This paper proposes a deep learning model based on an artificial neural network with a single hidden layer for predicting the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The hidden layer includes a regularization term that prevents overfitting and reduces the model complexity. The purposed learning model achieved higher prediction accuracy and lower loss than four conventional machine learning techniques. A dimensionality reduction method was used to select the most relevant features from 74 gene expression profiles for training the learning models. The analysis of variance test was performed to identify the statistical difference between the mean of the proposed model and the compared classifiers. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed artificial neural network.

The role of acid sensing ion channels in the cardiovascular function.

Acid Sensing Ion Channels (ASIC) are proton sensors involved in several physiological and pathophysiological functions including synaptic plasticity, sensory systems and nociception. ASIC channels have been ubiquitously localized in neurons and play a role in their excitability. Information about ASIC channels in cardiomyocyte function is limited. Evidence indicates that ASIC subunits are expressed in both, plasma membrane and intracellular compartments of mammalian cardiomyocytes, suggesting unrevealing functions in the cardiomyocyte physiology. ASIC channels are expressed in neurons of the peripheral nervous system including the nodose and dorsal root ganglia (DRG), both innervating the heart, where they play a dual role as mechanosensors and chemosensors. In baroreceptor neurons from nodose ganglia, mechanosensation is directly associated with ASIC2a channels for detection of changes in arterial pressure. ASIC channels expressed in DRG neurons have several roles in the cardiovascular function. First, ASIC2a/3 channel has been proposed as the molecular sensor of cardiac ischemic pain for its pH range activation, kinetics and the sustained current. Second, ASIC1a seems to have a critical role in ischemia-induced injury. And third, ASIC1a, 2 and 3 are part of the metabolic component of the exercise pressure reflex (EPR). This review consists of a summary of several reports about the role of ASIC channels in the cardiovascular system and its innervation.

Recurrence quantification analysis during a mental calculation task.

The identification of brain dynamical changes under different cognitive conditions with noninvasive techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG) is relevant for the understanding of their underlying neural mechanisms. The comprehension of these mechanisms has applications in the early diagnosis of neurological disorders and asynchronous brain computer interfaces. In both cases, there are no reported features that could describe intersubject and intra subject dynamics behavior accurately enough to be applied on a daily basis. The present work proposes the use of three nonlinear features (recurrence rate, determinism, and recurrence times) extracted from recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) to describe central and parietal EEG power series complexity in continuous alternating episodes of mental calculation and rest state. Our results demonstrate a consistent mean directional change of determinism, recurrence rate, and recurrence times between conditions. Increasing values of determinism and recurrence rate were present from the rest state to mental calculation, whereas recurrence times showed the opposite pattern. The analyzed features in the present study showed statistically significant changes between rest and mental calculation states in both individual and population analysis. In general, our study described mental calculation EEG power series as less complex systems in comparison to the rest state. Moreover, ANOVA showed stability of RQA features along time.

Development and validation of anthropometric-based fat-mass prediction equations using air displacement plethysmography in Mexican infants.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Fat-mass (FM) assessment since birth using valid methodologies is crucial since excessive adiposity represents a risk factor for adverse metabolic outcomes. AIM: To develop infant FM prediction equations using anthropometry and validate them against air-displacement plethysmography (ADP). SUBJECTS/METHODS: Clinical, anthropometric (weight, length, body-mass index -BMI-, circumferences, and skinfolds), and FM (ADP) data were collected from healthy-term infants at 1 (n = 133), 3 (n = 105), and 6 (n = 101) months enrolled in the OBESO perinatal cohort (Mexico City). FM prediction models were developed in 3 steps: 1) Variable Selection (LASSO regression), 2) Model behavior evaluation (12-fold cross-validation, using Theil-Sen regressions), and 3) Final model evaluation (Bland-Altman plots, Deming regression). RESULTS: Relevant variables in the FM prediction models included BMI, circumferences (waist, thigh, and calf), and skinfolds (waist, triceps, subscapular, thigh, and calf). The R2 of each model was 1 M: 0.54, 3 M: 0.69, 6 M: 0.63. Predicted FM showed high correlation values (r ≥ 0.73, p < 0.001) with FM measured with ADP. There were no significant differences between predicted vs measured FM (1 M: 0.62 vs 0.6; 3 M: 1.2 vs 1.35; 6 M: 1.65 vs 1.76 kg; p > 0.05). Bias were: 1 M -0.021 (95%CI: -0.050 to 0.008), 3 M: 0.014 (95%CI: 0.090-0.195), 6 M: 0.108 (95%CI: 0.046-0.169). CONCLUSION: Anthropometry-based prediction equations are inexpensive and represent a more accessible method to estimate body composition. The proposed equations are useful for evaluating FM in Mexican infants.

Ryanodine Receptor Mediated Calcium Release Contributes to Ferroptosis Induced in Primary Hippocampal Neurons by GPX4 Inhibition.

Ferroptosis, a newly described form of regulated cell death, is characterized by the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxides, glutathione depletion, mitochondrial alterations, and enhanced lipoxygenase activity. Inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), a key intracellular antioxidant regulator, promotes ferroptosis in different cell types. Scant information is available on GPX4-induced ferroptosis in hippocampal neurons. Moreover, the role of calcium (Ca2+) signaling in ferroptosis remains elusive. Here, we report that RSL3, a selective inhibitor of GPX4, caused dendritic damage, lipid peroxidation, and induced cell death in rat primary hippocampal neurons. Previous incubation with the ferroptosis inhibitors deferoxamine or ferrostatin-1 reduced these effects. Likewise, preincubation with micromolar concentrations of ryanodine, which prevent Ca2+ release mediated by Ryanodine Receptor (RyR) channels, partially protected against RSL3-induced cell death. Incubation with RSL3 for 24 h suppressed the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration increase induced by the RyR agonist caffeine or by the SERCA inhibitor thapsigargin and reduced hippocampal RyR2 protein content. The present results add to the current understanding of ferroptosis-induced neuronal cell death in the hippocampus and provide new information both on the role of RyR-mediated Ca2+ signals on this process and on the effects of GPX4 inhibition on endoplasmic reticulum calcium content.

Multimodal Early Birth Weight Prediction Using Multiple Kernel Learning.

In this work, a novel multimodal learning approach for early prediction of birth weight is presented. Fetal weight is one of the most relevant indicators in the assessment of fetal health status. The aim is to predict early birth weight using multimodal maternal-fetal variables from the first trimester of gestation (Anthropometric data, as well as metrics obtained from Fetal Biometry, Doppler and Maternal Ultrasound). The proposed methodology starts with the optimal selection of a subset of multimodal features using an ensemble-based approach of feature selectors. Subsequently, the selected variables feed the nonparametric Multiple Kernel Learning regression algorithm. At this stage, a set of kernels is selected and weighted to maximize performance in birth weight prediction. The proposed methodology is validated and compared with other computational learning algorithms reported in the state of the art. The obtained results (absolute error of 234 g) suggest that the proposed methodology can be useful as a tool for the early evaluation and monitoring of fetal health status through indicators such as birth weight.

Clinical manifestations and expression of CD18 to guide the diagnosis of leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1

Background: Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 (LAD-1) is an inborn error of immunity characterized by a defect in leukocyte trafficking. Methods: Patients with clinical suspicion of LAD-1 were referred to our institution. Complete blood count and flow cytometric analysis, to identify the expression of CD18, CD11b, and the lymphocyte population phenotyping, were performed, and statistical analysis was completed. Results: We report clinical manifestations and immunological findings of six Mexican patients diagnosed with LAD-1. The diagnosis was based on typical clinical presentation, combined with laboratory demonstration of leukocytosis, and significant reduction or near absence of CD18 and its associated molecules CD11a, CD11b, and CD11c on leukocytes. We found atypical manifestations, not described in other countries, such as early-onset autoimmunity or infections caused by certain microorganisms. Conclusions: Patients with LAD-1 may present with atypical manifestations, making flow cytometry an indispensable tool to confirm the diagnosis. We present the first report of LAD-1 patients in a Latin American country (AU)

HRpI System Based on Wavenet Controller with Human Cooperative-in-the-Loop for Neurorehabilitation Purposes.

There exist several methods aimed at human-robot physical interaction (HRpI) to provide physical therapy in patients. The use of haptics has become an option to display forces along a given path so as to it guides the physiotherapist protocol. Critical in this regard is the motion control for haptic guidance to convey the specifications of the clinical protocol. Given the inherent patient variability, a conclusive demand of these HRpI methods is the need to modify online its response with neither rejecting nor neglecting interaction forces but to process them as patient interaction. In this paper, considering the nonlinear dynamics of the robot interacting bilaterally with a patient, we propose a novel adaptive control to guarantee stable haptic guidance by processing the causality of patient interaction forces, despite unknown robot dynamics and uncertainties. The controller implements radial basis neural network with daughter RASP1 wavelets activation function to identify the coupled interaction dynamics. For an efficient online implementation, an output infinite impulse response filter prunes negligible signals and nodes to deal with overparametrization. This contributes to adapt online the feedback gains of a globally stable discrete PID regulator to yield stiffness control, so the user is guided within a perceptual force field. Effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in real-time bimanual human-in-the-loop experiments.

Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in anticoagulated patients

Objective: to analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of a population with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) treated with oral anticoagulation at Instituto Cardiovascular del Tolima in Ibagué, Colombia. Reference framework: NVAF is a prevalent disease in Colombian patients over the age of 60, who are at greater risk of a cerebrovascular accident, which is preventable with anticoagulation treatment. However, complications inherent or secondary to the disease may occur despite treatment. Methods: a cross-sectional study which describes the baseline characteristics of a total of 146 participants with NVAF being treated with oral anticoagulants, using information from their clinical charts between 2018 and 2019. Results: of the participants, 53% were female, and 57% of the participants had permanent NVAF, this being the most frequent type in the study cohort. Ninety-nine percent were treated with non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) (76% with rivaroxaban), and 1% with a VKA (warfarin). Eighty-nine percent of the participants had a CHADS2 classification between 1-3 and 87% fell in the HASBLED 1-3 categories; of these, 95% did not have a CVA/TIA, 99% did not have a systemic embolism and 97% did not have major bleeds, respectively for each classification. There were no fatal outcomes in any of the patients. Conclusions: an association was confirmed between CHADS2, CHADS2VASC2 and HASBLED classifications and CVA/TIA and hemorrhages in the study population (p<0.05). (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2202).

Objetivo: analizar las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de una población con fibrilación auricular no valvular (FANV) tratada con anticoagulación oral en el Instituto Cardiovascular del Tolima (Ibagué, Colombia). Marco de referencia: la FANV es una patología prevalente en pacientes colombianos mayores de 60 años, quienes tienen mayor riesgo de accidente cerebrovascular, el cual es prevenible con el tratamiento de anticoagulación; sin embargo, a pesar de la terapia se pueden presentar complicaciones propias de la patología o secundarias a él. Metodología: estudio de corte transversal, que describe las características basales de un total de 146 participantes con FANV en manejo con anticoagulantes orales, con seguimiento a través del registro de su historia clínica entre 2018 y 2019. Resultados: de los participantes, el 53% corresponde a mujeres, el 57% de los participantes presentaron FANV tipo permanente siendo la más frecuente en la cohorte estudiada; recibieron manejo en 99% con anticoagulante oral no antagonista de la vitamina K (NOAC) (76% con rivaroxabán) y 1% con AVK (warfarina). El 89% de los participantes tuvo una clasificación dentro de CHADS2 de 1-3 y 87% dentro de HASBLED de 1-3; de estos, el 95% no presentó ACV/AIT, el 99% no presentó embolismo sistémico y 97% no presentó sangrados mayores, respectivamente con cada clasificación. No se documentaron eventos fatales para el 100% de los pacientes. Conclusiones: se confirma asociación para las clasificaciones de tipo CHADS2, CHADS-2VASC2, HASBLED y el desarrollo de ACV/AIT y hemorragias en la población estudiada (p<0.05). (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2202).

ECG Patient Simulator Based on Mathematical Models.

In this work, we propose a versatile, low-cost, and tunable electronic device to generate realistic electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms, capable of simulating ECG of patients within a wide range of possibilities. A visual analysis of the clinical ECG register provides the cardiologist with vital physiological information to determine the patient's heart condition. Because of its clinical significance, there is a strong interest in algorithms and medical ECG measuring devices that acquire, preserve, and process ECG recordings with high fidelity. Bearing this in mind, the proposed electronic device is based on four different mathematical models describing macroscopic heartbeat dynamics with ordinary differential equations. Firstly, we produce full 12-lead ECG profiles by implementing a model comprising a network of heterogeneous oscillators. Then, we implement a discretized reaction-diffusion model in our electronic device to reproduce ECG waveforms from various rhythm disorders. Finally, in order to show the versatility and capabilities of our system, we include two additional models, a ring of three coupled oscillators and a model based on a quasiperiodic motion, which can reproduce a wide range of pathological conditions. With this, the proposed device can reproduce around thirty-two cardiac rhythms with the possibility of exploring different parameter values to simulate new arrhythmias with the same hardware. Our system, which is a hybrid analog-digital circuit, generates realistic ECG signals through digital-to-analog converters whose amplitudes and waveforms are controlled through an interactive and friendly graphic interface. Our ECG patient simulator arises as a promising platform for assessing the performance of electrocardiograph equipment and ECG signal processing software in clinical trials. Additionally the produced 12-lead profiles can be tested in patient monitoring systems.

Ultra-Processed Food Consumption during Pregnancy and Its Association with Maternal Oxidative Stress Markers.

Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption during gestation may lead to increased oxidative stress (OS) and could affect pregnancy outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the association of UPF consumption during pregnancy with circulating levels of OS markers. Diet was assessed (average of three assessments) in 119 pregnant women enrolled in the OBESO perinatal cohort (Mexico), obtaining quantitative data and the percentage of energy that UPFs (NOVA) contributed to the total diet. Sociodemographic, clinical (pregestational body-mass index and gestational weight gain) and lifestyle data were collected. Maternal circulating levels of OS markers (malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonylation (PC), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)) were determined at the third trimester of pregnancy. Adjusted linear regression models were performed to analyze the association between UPFs and OS markers. UPFs represented 27.99% of the total energy intake. Women with a lower UPF consumption (<75 percentile°) presented a higher intake of fiber, ω-3, ω-6, and a lower ω-6/3 ratio. Linear regression models showed that UPFs were inversely associated with TAC and MDA. Fiber intake was associated with PC. UPF intake during pregnancy may result in an increase in oxidative stress. When providing nutrition care, limiting or avoiding UPFs may be an intervention strategy that could promote a better antioxidant capacity in the body.

Heart transplantation in Mexico. 2006-2019 productivity analysis and Pan American and Iberian comparison.

INTRODUCTION: In Mexico, heart transplants (HTs) have been performed since 1988. OBJECTIVE: To review Mexican productivity in terms of HT between 2006 and 2019 and compare it with that of American and Iberian Peninsula countries. METHODS: Mexican information was collected from HT waiting lists (WL) and from the HTs carried out annually in the period, and was expressed as rates per million population (pmp); 2019 information was compared with that reported at the Pan American and Iberian levels. RESULTS: In the studied period, the rate of HTs in Mexico went from 0.12 pmp in 2006 to 0.25 pmp in 2019, with HTs accounting for between 1 and 2% of all solid organ transplants. Among 13 countries, in 2019 Mexico ranked 12th in the HT rate pmp and 11th in the rate of patients registered for the first time in the WL for a heart (0.42 pmp). Between 2016 and 2019, only one authorized Mexican center reached a volume higher than 10 HT/year. CONCLUSIONS: Given the low figures in the main indicators related to HT in Mexico, it is urgent to rethink health policies in heart failure and HT.

INTRODUCCIÓN: En México se realizan trasplantes de corazón (TC) desde 1988. OBJETIVO: Revisar la productividad mexicana en TC entre 2006 y 2019 y compararla con la de otros países americanos y de la península ibérica. MÉTODOS: Se recabó la información mexicana de las listas de espera (LE) de TC y de los TC realizados anualmente en el periodo, que se expresaron como tasas por millón de pobladores (pmp); la información de 2019 se comparó con la reportada en América y la península ibérica. RESULTADOS: En el periodo estudiado, los TC en México pasaron de 0.12 pmp en 2006 a 0.25 pmp en 2019 y representaron entre 1 y 2 % de todos los trasplantes de órganos sólidos. Entre 13 países, en 2019 México ocupó el 12° lugar en cuanto a la tasa de TC pmp y el 11° lugar en cuanto a la tasa del número de pacientes registrados por primera vez en la LE para un corazón (0.42 pmp). Entre 2016 y 2019, solo un centro mexicano autorizado alcanzó un volumen superior a 10 TC/año. CONCLUSIONES: Debido a las bajas cifras en los principales indicadores relacionados con el TC, en México urge replantear las políticas de salud en insuficiencia cardiaca y TC.

Trasplante de corazón en México. Análisis de la productividad 2006-2019 y comparativa panamericana e ibérica / Heart transplantation in Mexico. 2006-2019 productivity analysis and Pan American and Iberian comparison

Resumen Introducción: En México se realizan trasplantes de corazón (TC) desde 1988. Objetivo: Revisar la productividad mexicana en TC entre 2006 y 2019 y compararla con la de otros países americanos y de la península ibérica. Métodos: Se recabó la información mexicana de las listas de espera (LE) de TC y de los TC realizados anualmente en el periodo, que se expresaron como tasas por millón de pobladores (pmp); la información de 2019 se comparó con la reportada en América y la península ibérica. Resultados: En el periodo estudiado, los TC en México pasaron de 0.12 pmp en 2006 a 0.25 pmp en 2019 y representaron entre 1 y 2 % de todos los trasplantes de órganos sólidos. Entre 13 países, en 2019 México ocupó el 12° lugar en cuanto a la tasa de TC pmp y el 11° lugar en cuanto a la tasa del número de pacientes registrados por primera vez en la LE para un corazón (0.42 pmp). Entre 2016 y 2019, solo un centro mexicano autorizado alcanzó un volumen superior a 10 TC/año. Conclusiones: Debido a las bajas cifras en los principales indicadores relacionados con el TC, en México urge replantear las políticas de salud en insuficiencia cardiaca y TC.

Abstract Introduction: In Mexico, heart transplants (HTs) have been performed since 1988. Objective: To review Mexican productivity in terms of HT between 2006 and 2019 and compare it with that of American and Iberian Peninsula countries. Methods: Mexican information was collected from HT waiting lists (WL) and from the HTs carried out annually in the period, and was expressed as rates per million population (pmp); 2019 information was compared with that reported at the Pan American and Iberian levels. Results: In the studied period, the rate of HTs in Mexico went from 0.12 pmp in 2006 to 0.25 pmp in 2019, with HTs accounting for between 1 and 2% of all solid organ transplants. Among 13 countries, in 2019 Mexico ranked 12th in the HT rate pmp and 11th in the rate of patients registered for the first time in the WL for a heart (0.42 pmp). Between 2016 and 2019, only one authorized Mexican center reached a volume higher than 10 HT/year. Conclusions: Given the low figures in the main indicators related to HT in Mexico, it is urgent to rethink health policies in heart failure and HT.

Linfohistiocitosis hemofagocítica secundaria/síndrome de liberación de citoquinas por SARS-CoV-2: una revisión concisa / Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohystiocytosis/cytokines release syndrome in SARS-CoV-2: a concise review / Linfohistiocitose hemofagocítica secundária/síndrome de liberação de citocina SARS-CoV-2: uma revisão concisa

Resumen: Hay evidencia creciente de una desregulación del sistema inmune asociada a la infección por SARS-CoV-2, que se relaciona directamente con la severidad y la mortalidad por COVID-19. Niveles elevados de interleucinas, en especial IL-6, IL-1 y factor de necrosis tumoral alfa, disminuyen la actividad antiviral de interferón gamma e inducen un descenso en el recuento de linfocitos T y un estado de agotamiento inmune que lleva al deterioro clínico observado en estos pacientes. Este evento fisiopatológico ha sido llamado tormenta de citoquinas y resulta común a otras entidades como la linfohistiocitosis hemofagocítica secundaria y el síndrome de activación macrofágica, visto en enfermedades autoinmunes. No hay criterios diagnósticos específicos para este síndrome de liberación de citoquinas asociado con COVID-19. Estos hallazgos abren la puerta a la utilización de tratamiento inmunomodulador, en especial a la terapia dirigida contra citoquinas, pero se requieren estudios clínicos que establezcan claramente la relación de riesgo y beneficio.

Abstract: There is increasing evidence of a dysregulation of the immune system associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is directly related to COVID-19 severity and mortality. High levels of interleukins, especially IL-6, IL-1 and TNF alpha, decrease the anti-viral activity of interferon gamma and induce a decrease in the T lymphocyte count and a state of immune exhaustion that is associated with the clinical deterioration observed in these patients. This pathophysiological event has been called a cytokine storm and is common to other entities such as secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and macrophage activation syndrome seen in autoimmune diseases. There are no specific diagnostic criteria for this cytokine release syndrome associated with COVID-19. All these findings open the door to the use of immunodulatory treatment, especially therapy directed against cytokines, but clinical studies are required that clearly establish the risk-benefit ratio.

Resumo: Há evidências crescentes de uma desregulação do sistema imunológico associada à infecção por SARS-CoV-2, que está diretamente relacionada à gravidade e mortalidade de COVID-19. Altos níveis de interleucinas, especialmente IL-6, IL-1 e fator de necrose tumoral alfa, diminuem a atividade antiviral do interferon gama e induzem uma diminuição na contagem de linfócitos T e um estado de depleção imunológica que leva à deterioração clínica. observado nesses pacientes. Esse evento fisiopatológico foi denominado tempestade de citocinas e é comum a outras entidades, como a linfo-histiocitose hemofagocítica secundária e a síndrome de ativação de macrófagos, observadas em doenças autoimunes. Não há critérios de diagnóstico específicos para essa síndrome de liberação de citocinas associada ao COVID-19. Esses achados abrem as portas para o uso de tratamento imunodulatório, especialmente terapia direcionada contra citocinas, mas são necessários estudos clínicos que estabeleçam claramente a relação. risco e benefício.