Testosterone therapy over 60 months improves aging male symptoms scores in all men with adult-onset testosterone deficiency.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated change (Δ) in AMSS in men with adult-onset testosterone deficiency (TD) on/not on testosterone undecanoate (TU) by analysing a registry of men with adult-onset TD. METHODS: Analyses were performed using non-parametric statistics to determine ΔAMSS at 6-12 monthly intervals in men on/not on TU and movement in AMSS. Factors predicting ΔAMSS were established via linear/multiple regression. RESULTS: TU was significantly associated with lower AMSS values compared with that at baseline/prior assessment during the initial 42 months treatment; 259 of the 260 men showed improvement. In the 361 men not on TU, AMSS values increased during 60 months of follow-up compared with that at baseline/prior assessment; improvement after 60 months was evident in 1 man, whilst AMSS remained the same or worsened in 213 and 147 men, respectively. In men on TU, baseline AMSS was inversely associated with ΔAMSS (R2 = 0.97), with no other factors reaching significance. Baseline AMSS, age, serum total testosterone (TT), waist circumference (WC), and diastolic blood pressure (BP) were associated with ΔAMSS in men not on TU. DISCUSSION: We show that TU was associated with lower AMSS in men with adult-onset TD whilst non-treatment led to increased values. Baseline AMSS values inversely predicted ΔAMSS in both groups.

Howzat! Expert umpires use a gaze anchor to overcome the processing demands of leg before wicket decisions.

Cricket umpires are required to make high-pressure, match-changing decisions based on multiple complex information sources under severe temporal constraints. The aim of this study was to examine the decision-making and perceptual-cognitive differences between expert and novice cricket umpires when judging leg before wicket (LBW) decisions. Twelve expert umpires and 19 novice umpires were fitted with an eye-tracker before viewing video-based LBW appeals. Dependent variables were radial error (cm), number of fixations, average fixation duration (ms), final fixation duration (ms), and final fixation location (%). Expert umpires were significantly more accurate at adjudicating on all aspects of the LBW law, compared to the novice umpires (p < .05). The expert umpires' final fixation prior to ball-pad contact was directed significantly more towards the stumps (p < .05), whereas the novice umpires directed their final fixation significantly more towards a good length (p < .05). These data suggest that expert umpires utilize specialized perceptual-cognitive skills, consisting of a gaze anchor on the stumps in order to overcome the processing demands of the task. These data have implications for the training of current and aspiring umpires in order to enhance the accuracy of LBW decision-making across all levels of the cricketing pyramid.