Unravelling supravalvular aortic stenosis in a young patient: look beyond the valve.

A 16-year-old adolescent girl was referred to our tertiary care center for management of a failed aortic valve balloon dilatation procedure for congenital valvular aortic stenosis. The medical records revealed a residual peak-to-peak gradient of 80 mm Hg after 2 dilations with 16 x 6-mm Tyshak balloon (NuMed Inc.).

Clarifying the Anatomy of Tetralogy of Fallot with S-shaped Ascending Aorta.

We recently encountered several cases of tetralogy of Fallot with an abnormally oriented S-shaped ascending aorta. In this retrospective study, we sought to clarify morphology of this unusual under-recognized variant. Databases were reviewed to identify all patients with tetralogy of Fallot having an S-shaped ascending aorta. Computed tomographic angiography was used for the assessment of cardiac morphology. Out of the 21 patients, 18 (86%) had a right aortic arch, 2 (9%) had a left aortic arch, and the remaining patient (5%) had a double aortic arch. Patients with a right aortic arch, compared to age and sex-matched patients with a right aortic arch but normally oriented ascending aorta, had lesser aortic override (29.3 ± 14% vs 54.8 ± 13.2%; p = 0.0001) and a wider ascending aorta (25.2 ± 6.9 vs 18.0 ± 3.2 mm; p = 0.0003). The S-shaped ascending aorta was located posteriorly, with a higher sterno-aortic distance (25.5 ± 7.7 vs 9.9 ± 4.5 mm; p = 0.0001). The ascending aorta among patients with tortuosity was longer (4.12 ± 1.7 vs 3.07 ± 0.82, p = 0.03) but with similar tortuosity index (1.22 ± 0.19 vs 1.15 ± 0.17, p = 0.23). Of the cases with right aortic arch and S-shaped ascending aorta, 16 (89%) had extrinsic compression of the right pulmonary artery (p = 0.0001), while 7 (39%) had crossed pulmonary arteries (p = 0.008), with no such findings among those with normally oriented ascending aorta. Tetralogy of Fallot with an S-shaped ascending aorta is a variant with lesser aortic override and a more posteriorly located ascending aorta. Compression of the right pulmonary artery and crossed pulmonary arteries is frequent in the presence of a right-sided aortic arch. These findings have important implications for optimal diagnosis and surgical repair.

Ballerina foot in heart.

A 67-year-old woman with no known risk factors for coronary artery disease presented to the outpatient department with complaints of exertional fatigue and angina New York Heart Association class III.

Lipid clinical trials with special reference to Indian population.

Indians have a pattern of atherogenic dyslipidaemia characterised by not so high LDL-C but elevated small, dense LDL-C, elevated triglyceride levels and low HDL-C levels. In addition, different lipid-lowering drugs exhibit pharmacokinetic variability in Indians, which may have implications on the optimum doses required to achieve the desired LDL-C levels. Currently the management of dyslipidaemia in Indians are based on the landmark trials, which largely included western population. This review focusses on major clinical trials of lipid lowering drugs with special reference to the Indian population.

Transcatheter management of acquired atresia of aorta.

A 24-year-old man was referred to our tertiary care center for the management of uncontrolled hypertension secondary to severe coarctation of aorta.

CSI clinical practice guidelines for dyslipidemia management: Executive summary.

Dyslipidemias are the most important coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factor. Proper management of dyslipidemia is crucial to control the epidemic of premature CAD in India. Cardiological Society of India strived to develop consensus-based guidelines for better lipid management for CAD prevention and treatment. The executive summary provides a bird's eye-view of the 'CSI: Clinical Practice Guidelines for Dyslipidemia Management' published in this issue of the Indian Heart Journal. The summary is focused on the busy clinician and encourages evidence-based management of patients and high-risk individuals. The summary has serialized various aspects of lipid management including epidemiology and categorization of CAD risk. The focus is on management of specific dyslipidemias relevant to India-raised low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), apolipoproteins, triglycerides and lipoprotein(a). Drug therapies for lipid lowering (statins, non-statin drugs and other pharmaceutical agents) and lifestyle management (dietary interventions, physical activity and yoga) are summarized. Management of dyslipidemias in oft-neglected patient phenotypes-the elderly, young and children, and patients with comorbidities-stroke, peripheral arterial disease, kidney failure, posttransplant, HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus), Covid-19 and familial hypercholesterolemia is also presented. This consensus statement is based on major international guidelines (mainly European) and expert opinion of lipid management leaders from India with focus on the dictum: earlier the better, lower the better, longer the better and together the better. These consensus guidelines cannot replace the individual clinician judgement who remains the sole arbiter in management of the patient.

Recanalized vein of marshall following bidirectional glenn surgery.

A 6-year-old boy with a case of double outlet right ventricle with large non-routable ventricle septal defect and severe pulmonary stenosis was deemed unsuitable for biventricular repair on a prior evaluation. Hence, a bidirectional Glenn (BDG) shunt was performed at 3 years of age following cardiac catheterization.

COVID-19 associated renal artery stenosis in infancy - A report of two cases.

Organ-specific vasculitis is an uncommon, delayed complication of COVID-19 infection. It is usually seen in mildly symptomatic or asymptomatic patients. Underlying endothelitis is the most likely pathophysiological mechanism for such a manifestation. We report two infants with renal artery stenosis, most likely consequent to COVID-19 infection.

Common arterial trunk (Van Praagh type A3), absent right pulmonary artery and right aortic arch in a cyanotic child.

A 5-year-old girl with cyanotic congenital heart disease underwent computed tomography which revealed common arterial trunk from both ventricles with origin of the left pulmonary artery from the common trunk and right lung supplied by aorto-pulmonary collaterals with absent pulmonic valve and right pulmonary artery entirely. There was right-sided aortic arch with common origin of the left innominate artery and right common carotid artery.