Spectrum of Surgically Resected Lesions of the Cavernous Sinus: A Neuropathologic Audit.

Background The cavernous sinus is a complex space composed of extradural venous plexus within dural folds. Several important structures like the carotid artery, cranial nerves, and sympathetic nerve fibers traverse through this space. Radiological diagnosis may not be definitive and in the context of discordance between clinical and neuroimaging diagnosis, histopathological evaluation becomes essential for diagnosis and management. Literature on the pathological spectrum of lesions is scarce as, with a shift in the treatment paradigm, most small lesions of cavernous sinus are treated with radiosurgery. However, surgical management still plays a role for larger lesions and in radiologically ambiguous cases for planning the definitive management. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed all surgically resected lesions of the cavernous sinus over the last two decades (1998-2019). The clinical presentation, neuroimaging features, and histopathological findings were reviewed. Lesions extending from sella and other adjacent areas were excluded. Results Thirty-eight cases of isolated cavernous sinus mass lesions were diagnosed over the last two decades (1998-2019). Cavernous hemangiomas (19 cases, 50%) constituted the most frequent pathology, followed by aspergilloma, meningioma, schwannoma, metastatic adenocarcinoma, chondrosarcoma, and chordoma. Overall, 29.4% (10/34) could not be accurately diagnosed on neuroimaging. Of these, four cases of cavernous hemangiomas were mistaken for either meningioma (three cases) or schwannoma (one case). Neither chordoma nor chondrosarcoma was suspected. Conclusion This is the first study in literature, enumerating the pathological and imaging spectrum of surgically resected cavernous sinus lesions. Cavernous hemangiomas, metastases and chordomas, and chondrosarcoma posed the greatest difficulty in diagnosis on neuroimaging and the reasons for the same are analyzed. In the context of clinical and neuroimaging discordance in diagnosis, pathological characterization becomes essential for appropriate and timely management.

DREZotomy in the management of post brachial plexus root avulsion neuropathic pain: fMRI correlates for pain relief.

BACKGROUND: Deafferentiation pain following brachial plexus root avulsion has been documented to be severe enough to affect activities of daily living in patients. Microsurgical DREZotomy is known to alleviate the symptoms by decreasing the afferent signals transmitted from the spinal cord to sensory cortex. OBJECTIVES: To document and analyse the effectiveness of DREZotomy and to evaluate the role of 'sensory cortex' in the cause and relief of dysesthetic pain, using fMRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective study conducted between 2010 and 2016 and included all patients who underwent DREZotomy for dysesthetic pain following traumatic brachial plexus injury (TBPI). Patients were evaluated both preoperatively and postoperatively with Visual Analogue Scale(VAS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression score (HADS) and SF36 questionnaire and effectiveness of surgery was assessed. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain in resting state was performed before and after surgery and was also compared with controls. Patients underwent standard microsurgical DREZotomy from C5 to D1. Postoperative assessment was done at 6 weeks and 6 months following surgery. RESULTS: Our series had 18 patients aged between 22 and 63 years. RTA was the most common cause of injury. There was significant decrease in pain at 6 months follow up compared to pre-operative values as assessed by VAS, HADS, SF36 questionnaire. fMRI analysis revealed cluster activations in the sensory, motor cortex and in the right cingulate gyrus in the preoperative group which was higher than in normal controls. In the postoperative group, the size of the resting state activation was significantly reduced. CONCLUSION: DREZotomy is an effective procedure for TBPI patients. We hypothesize that these fMRI findings reflect the cortical reorganization that occurs not only after injury but also following successful surgery which explains the cause and relief of dyesthetic pain.

Pial arteriovenous fistula: A clinical and neuro-interventional experience of outcomes in a rare entity.

PURPOSE: Pial arteriovenous fistulae (PAVF) are rare intracranial vascular malformations, predominantly seen in children and distinct from arteriovenous malformations and dural arteriovenous fistulae. PAVF often leads to high morbidity and mortality. The aim of our study was to describe the clinical features and endovascular management of PAVF at various intracranial locations; to analyze the use of liquid embolic agents and coils alone or in combination in the treatment of PAVF and to analyze the outcome of embolization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of diagnostic angiography and neurointerventional database of our institution identified a cohort of 15 patients with non-galenic PAVF from 2008 to 2014 out of 6750 patients. Fourteen patients were treated endovascularly with coils and liquid embolic materials in combination or alone. Patients were followed up for evaluation of prognosis. RESULTS: Age of the patients ranged from 3 to 37 years. Most patients were male and most common presentation was headache followed by seizure. Most common location of fistula was frontal lobe. The most common type was single artery single hole fistula with venous varix. Satisfactory obliteration was seen in all cases. One patient developed intraparenchymal hematoma on the first post procedural day and outcome was poor. CONCLUSIONS: PAVF are rare intracranial vascular malformations which can effectively be managed endovascularly with liquid embolic, coils alone, or in combination. Complete occlusion of the fistula can be achieved in most cases in a single sitting with a reasonable morbidity related to the procedure, compared with the natural history of this disease.

Effect of Intra-arterial Nimodipine on Cerebral Oxygen Saturation and Systemic Hemodynamic Indices in Patients With Cerebral Vasospasm: A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Intra-arterial nimodipine (IaN) is used in the management of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). The impact of IaN therapy on regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) assessed by near infra-red spectroscopy, and dynamic cardiac indices, is currently unknown. This study assessed the effect of IaN on rScO2 and systemic hemodynamic indices during IaN therapy for cerebral vasospasm after aSAH. METHODS: This prospective cohort study was conducted in 20 patients over sixteen month period after ethics committee approval and informed consent. Patients with angiographic evidence of vasospasm received IaN 3mg over 30 minutes in the spastic vessels. Data regarding rScO2 heart rate (HR), mean blood pressure (MBP) cardiac index (CI), stroke volume index (SVI), stroke volume variation (SVV), and total peripheral resistance index (TPRI) were collected during IaN treatment. The primary outcome measure was change in rScO2 after IaN therapy. RESULTS: There was no significant change from baseline in ipsilateral and contralateral rScO2 after IaN administration (mean difference [MD], 0.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], -2.1 to 1.6; P=0.804, and 1.3; -1.1 to 3.8; P=0.276, respectively). There was a significant decrease in MBP and TPRI (MD, -12.4; 95% CI, -6.6 to -18.2; P<0.001, and -674.3; -374.9 to -973.7; P<0.001, respectively) and increase in SVI and CI (MD, 7.5; 95% CI, 14.4 to 0.6; P=0.035 and 0.7; 0.9 to 0.4; P<0.001, respectively) after IaN therapy. HR and SVV were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: IaN for aSAH-related cerebral vasospasm did not improve rScO2 but was associated with significant systemic hemodynamic effects, including a decrease in MBP and TPRI. These hemodynamic changes might offset any potential effects of IaN to improve rScO2.