Poster Session: Retinal Changes Associated with Football-Related Concussions and Head Impacts.

This pilot study explored the sensitivity of retinal markers to CNS sequelae of concussive and subconcussive head hits. Three groups of college athletes were assessed at pre-season, post-season and 4-months later: Football players with a concussion history (FB+C) (n = 9), players without a concussion history (FB-C) (n = 11), and non-contact athletes (swimmers, track & field; Non-FB) (n = 12). Measures included optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography, electroretinography, and visual acuity testing. Head impacts during the season were tracked with in-helmet accelerometers. At pre-season, FB+C demonstrated thicker macular central subfields (CSF) (Hedge's g (effect size) = 1.05, p = 0.02) and retinal nerve fiber layers (RNFL) (g = 0.81, p = 0.08), relative to other athletes. Differences in CSF thickness were also observed at post-season and follow-up (gs > 1.00, ps < 0.04), reflecting their non-short-term nature. RNFL was thicker in FB+C at post-season (g = 0.93, p = 0.06) but not later. Total head impacts during the season correlated with increases in CSF thickness from baseline to follow-up only (r = -0.53, p = 0.02). High intensity head impacts in particular correlated with increases in cup-to-disc ratio at post-season and follow-up (rs > 0.53, ps < 0.03). These data suggest that concussion history is associated with retinal changes that are not short-term, and that severe head impacts are associated with acute changes whose duration is not yet known.

Combining Feature Correspondence With Parametric Chamfer Alignment: Hybrid Two-Stage Registration for Ultra-Widefield Retinal Images.

We propose a novel hybrid framework for registering retinal images in the presence of extreme geometric distortions that are commonly encountered in ultra-widefield (UWF) fluorescein angiography. Our approach consists of two stages: a feature-based global registration and a vessel-based local refinement. For the global registration, we introduce a modified RANSAC (random sample and consensus) that jointly identifies robust matches between feature keypoints in reference and target images and estimates a polynomial geometric transformation consistent with the identified correspondences. Our RANSAC modification particularly improves feature point matching and the registration in peripheral regions that are most severely impacted by the geometric distortions. The second local refinement stage is formulated in our framework as a parametric chamfer alignment for vessel maps obtained using a deep neural network. Because the complete vessel maps contribute to the chamfer alignment, this approach not only improves registration accuracy but also aligns with clinical practice, where vessels are typically a key focus of examinations. We validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework on a new UWF fluorescein angiography (FA) dataset and on the existing narrow-field FIRE (fundus image registration) dataset and demonstrate that it significantly outperforms prior retinal image registration methods in accuracy. The proposed approach enhances the utility of large sets of longitudinal UWF images by enabling: (a) automatic computation of vessel change metrics such as vessel density and caliber, and (b) standardized and co-registered examination that can better highlight changes of clinical interest to physicians.

Longitudinal trends in produce purchasing behavior: a descriptive study of transaction level data from loyalty card households.

BACKGROUND: Household food purchases (HFP) are in the pathway between the community food environment and the foods available in households for consumption. As such, HFP data have emerged as alternatives to monitor population dietary trends over-time. In this paper, we investigate the use of loyalty card datasets as unexplored sources of continuously collected HFP data to describe temporal trends in household produce purchases. METHODS: We partnered with a grocery store chain to obtain a loyalty card database with grocery transactions by household from January 2016-October 2018. We included households in an urban county with complete observations for head of household age group, household income group, and family size. Data were summarized as weighted averages (95% CI) of percent produce purchased out of all foods purchased by household per month. We modeled seasonal and linear trends in the proportion of produce purchases by age group and income while accounting for repeated observations per household using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: There are 290,098 households in the database (88% of all county households). At baseline, the smallest and largest percent produce purchases are observed among the youngest and lowest income (12.2%, CI 11.1; 13.3) and the oldest and highest income households (19.3, CI 18.9; 19.6); respectively. The seasonal variations are consistent in all age and income groups with an April-June peak gradually descending until December. However, the average linear change in percent produce purchased per household per year varies by age and income being the steepest among the youngest households at each income level (from 1.42%, CI 0.98;1.8 to 0.69%, CI 0.42;0.95) while the oldest households experience almost no annual change. CONCLUSIONS: We explored the potential of a collaboration with a food retailer to use continuously collected loyalty card data for public health nutrition purposes. Our findings suggest a trend towards a healthier pattern in long-term food purchases and household food availability among the youngest households that may lessen the population chronic disease burden if sustained. Understanding the foods available for consumption within households allows public health advocates to develop and evaluate policies and programs promoting foods and nutrients along the life course.

Schizophrenia in Translation: Why the Eye?

Schizophrenia is increasingly recognized as a systemic disease, characterized by dysregulation in multiple physiological systems (eg, neural, cardiovascular, endocrine). Many of these changes are observed as early as the first psychotic episode, and in people at high risk for the disorder. Expanding the search for biomarkers of schizophrenia beyond genes, blood, and brain may allow for inexpensive, noninvasive, and objective markers of diagnosis, phenotype, treatment response, and prognosis. Several anatomic and physiologic aspects of the eye have shown promise as biomarkers of brain health in a range of neurological disorders, and of heart, kidney, endocrine, and other impairments in other medical conditions. In schizophrenia, thinning and volume loss in retinal neural layers have been observed, and are associated with illness progression, brain volume loss, and cognitive impairment. Retinal microvascular changes have also been observed. Abnormal pupil responses and corneal nerve disintegration are related to aspects of brain function and structure in schizophrenia. In addition, studying the eye can inform about emerging cardiovascular, neuroinflammatory, and metabolic diseases in people with early psychosis, and about the causes of several of the visual changes observed in the disorder. Application of the methods of oculomics, or eye-based biomarkers of non-ophthalmological pathology, to the treatment and study of schizophrenia has the potential to provide tools for patient monitoring and data-driven prediction, as well as for clarifying pathophysiology and course of illness. Given their demonstrated utility in neuropsychiatry, we recommend greater adoption of these tools for schizophrenia research and patient care.

Implementation of Teleophthalmology to Improve Diabetic Retinopathy Surveillance: Qualitative Interview Study of Clinical Staff Informed by Implementation Science Frameworks.

BACKGROUND: The store-and-forward camera-based evaluation of the eye, or teleophthalmology, is an effective way to identify diabetic retinopathy, the leading cause of blindness in the United States, but uptake has been slow. Understanding the barriers to and facilitators of implementing teleophthalmology programs from those actively adopting, running, and sustaining such programs is important for widespread adoption. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to understand the factors that are important in introducing teleophthalmology to improve access to diagnostic eye care for patients with diabetes in primary care clinics by using implementation science. METHODS: This qualitative study in 3 urban, low-income, largely racial and ethnic minority-serving safety-net primary care clinics in Rochester, New York, interviewed nurses and physicians on implementing a teleophthalmology program by using questions informed by the Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model and the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. RESULTS: Primary care nurses operationalizing the program in their clinics saw increased work burden and a lack of self-efficacy as barriers. Continuous training on the teleophthalmology process for nurses, physicians, and administrative staff through in-service and peer training by champions and superusers were identified by interviewees as needs. Facilitators included the perceived convenience for the patient and a perceived educational advantage to the program, as it gave an opportunity for providers to discuss the importance of eye care with patients. Concerns in making and tracking referrals to ophthalmology because of challenges related to care coordination were highlighted. The financial aspects of the program (eg, patient coverage and care provider reimbursement) were unclear to many staff members, influencing adoption and sustainability. CONCLUSIONS: Streamlining processes and workflows, training and assigning adequate staff, effectively coordinating care between primary care and eye care to improve follow-ups, and ensuring financial viability can all help streamline the adoption of teleophthalmology.

OCT and OCT Angiography Offer New Insights and Opportunities in Schizophrenia Research and Treatment.

The human retina and retinal imaging technologies continue to increasingly gain the attention of schizophrenia researchers. With the same embryologic origin as the brain, the retina offers a window into neurovascular changes that may underlie disease. Recently, two technologies that have already revolutionized the field of ophthalmology, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and a functional extension of this, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), have gained traction. Together, these non-invasive technologies allow for microscopic imaging of both structural and vascular features of the retina. With ease of use and no side effects, these devices are likely to prove powerful digital health tools in the study and treatment of schizophrenia. They may also prove key to discovering disease relevant biomarkers that underly neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative aspects of conditions such as schizophrenia.

Criteria-Based Assessment of a Teleophthalmology Diabetic Retinopathy Evaluation Program in a Primary Care Setting.

Background:Studies have shown that teleophthalmology programs using a nonmydriatic camera in primary care settings can improve rates of diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening. However, such programs are not yet widespread due to common challenges in sustainability.Purpose:To comprehensively evaluate clinical and operational measures of an urban primary care clinic's 1-year pilot teleophthalmology DR evaluation program.Materials and Methods:This retrospective analysis used five metrics to evaluate the program: clinical diabetic retinal exam (DRE) rate, visual acuity and pathology, camera utilization, billing and insurance reimbursements, and outcomes of follow-up referrals.Results:Two hundred eleven patients were screened over 14 months. The DRE rate had more than doubled (34-75%). Of the patients, 55.9% had vision better than 20/50 in each eye and 21% with at least 1 eye worse than or equal to 20/70. DR was noted in 11% of patients. The program's first few months saw greatest camera use. Government and Medicare Advantage insurers were significantly (p < 0.001) less likely to reimburse than commercial insurers. Twenty-seven percent of patients screened had documented follow-up with an eye care provider within 16 months of their screening. Patients diagnosed with DR or recommended follow-up within 1 month were significantly (p < 0.001) more likely to schedule an appointment.Discussion:Challenges to program sustainability include efficient utilization, reimbursement from governmental insurers, and adherence to follow-up recommendations.Conclusions:Assessing teleophthalmology programs with the aforementioned five metrics allows for a comprehensive evaluation of impact and sustainability. This may be utilized to standardize the implementation and evaluation of such programs across diverse settings.

Implementation of PROMIS® in an Optometry Clinic.

PURPOSE: The full utility of general health Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System® (PROMIS) surveys in the eye care setting has not been previously demonstrated. This report demonstrates the feasibility of implementing PROMIS in an eye care clinic. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Over 2 months, general health and functioning PROMIS surveys were offered to all patients in an optometric clinic in Rochester, NY. Demographic and clinical variables were recorded along with percent completion and time to completion of the survey. RESULTS: Across 651 patients, 258 chose to attempt PROMIS. Patients with low visual acuity were less likely to attempt the survey (p=0.049), and younger patients were more likely to complete the survey (p=0.025); no other patient characteristics were found to differ between those who did and did not participate in, nor complete, PROMIS. A total of 193 patients completed the survey (74.8%) in a mean time of 6.36 minutes (range = [1.43, 51.92] minutes; standard deviation = 5.62 minutes). Time to completion did not vary significantly across any groups. CONCLUSION: Our relatively high completion rate among those who attempted PROMIS indicates that PROMIS surveys are feasible to implement in an optometry clinic. While most patients completed the survey in little time, the large range of time to completion may indicate that some patients had difficulty completing the survey. Furthermore, the significant difference in visual acuity between those who participated in the survey and those who did not highlights the need to address the way PROMIS is delivered in order to foster greater inclusion.

Association of vision loss and depressive symptomatology in older adults assessed for ocular health in senior living facilities.

PURPOSE: People with vision loss are at increased risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) and subclinical depression. However, screening for depression is rarely done in eye care settings or among groups in the general population known to have vision disorders. METHODS: We examined the prevalence of depression, using the Patient Health Questionnaire - 2 (PHQ-2), among a group of older adults (N = 204; mean age = 82.15) at two senior living facilities (SLFs) and determined the relationships between severity of depression and objective visual findings, visual function, beliefs about taking an active role in one's own eye care (i.e., patient activation) and level of social support. RESULTS: Approximately 50% of the sample had impaired vision in at least one eye, and close to 30% of the sample obtained a score on the PHQ-2 indicating the likely presence of major depressive disorder. Visual testing findings were related to visual function (e.g., ability to read), but not to depression. Patient activation was also not significantly related to the level of depression. However, impaired visual functioning and less social support were both strong predictors of depression. These two variables and their interaction accounted for 17% of the total PHQ-2 score variance. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate the potential utility of screening for depression as part of vision care in populations likely to have significant vision loss. The findings also suggest that a comprehensive approach to depression prevention and/or reduction in SLF and similar populations may require interventions to address reduced visual functioning and methods to strengthen social networks.

Retinal Microvasculature in Schizophrenia.

PURPOSE: Schizophrenia is associated with alterations in neural structure and function of the retina that are similar to changes seen in the retina and brain in multiple neurodegenerative disorders. Preliminary evidence suggests that retinal microvasculature may also be compromised in schizophrenia. The goal of this study was to determine, using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), whether 1) schizophrenia is associated with alterations in retinal microvasculature density; and 2) microvasculature reductions are associated with retinal neural layer thinning and performance on a measure of verbal IQ. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 37 psychiatrically healthy control subjects completed OCT and OCTA exams, and the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading. RESULTS: Schizophrenia patients were characterized by retinal microvasculature density reductions, and enlarged foveal avascular zones, in both eyes. These microvascular abnormalities were generally associated with thinning of retinal neural (macular and peripapillary nerve fiber layer) tissue (but the data were stronger for the left than the right eye) and lower scores on a proxy measure of verbal IQ. First- and later-episode patients did not differ significantly on OCTA findings. CONCLUSION: The retinal microvasculature impairments seen in schizophrenia appear to be a biomarker of overall brain health, as is the case for multiple neurological conditions. Additional research is needed, however, to clarify contributions of social disadvantage and medical comorbidities to the findings.

Quantitative Comparison of Fundus Images by 2 Ultra-Widefield Fundus Cameras.

PURPOSE: To compare the relative number of retinal pixels and retinal area imaged using the Optos P200DTx (Optos PLC) and Zeiss Clarus 500 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) ultra-widefield (UWF) fundus cameras. DESIGN: Single-center retrospective cross-sectional analysis. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-eight eyes of 46 patients. METHODS: Eyes were imaged with Optos P200DTx, single-capture, and Zeiss Clarus 500, 2 capture montages when possible, UWF fundus cameras. Relative number of pixels encompassing all foveal-centered retinal quadrants were measured. Retinal area was measured with Zeiss Clarus 500 images that were registered to the Optos P200DTx images. Patients and technicians were asked for preferences between the machines. Imaging session times were recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative number of retinal pixels and retina area captured by each fundus camera. RESULTS: Optos P200DTx consistently captured more relative pixels compared with Zeiss Clarus 500: 510.4 versus 355.6 (P < 0.001) in total with a similarly statistically significant trend in all 4 quadrants (P < 0.001 for each). For area calculation, 70 of the 78 images achieved successful registration. Optos captured a larger total retinal area: 765.6 versus 566.5 mm2 (P < 0.001) with a similarly statistically significant trend in all 4 quadrants. In the subset of 52 of 70 registered and montaged Zeiss Clarus 500 images, similar results were found. For peripheral pathologic features, Optos P200DTx captured unique findings in 28 images, and Zeiss Clarus 500 captured unique findings 1 image (P < 0.001). Among the 48 imaging sessions in which technicians preferred Optos P200DTx for 28 sessions (58%) and Zeiss Clarus 500 for 20 (42%; P = 0.15). Among patients who responded with a preference, 24 preferred Optos P200DTx and 20 preferred Zeiss Clarus 500 (P = 0.52). Average imaging session time was 4.6 minutes (standard deviation, 3.0 minutes) for Optos P200DTx and 5.2 minutes (standard deviation, 3.0 minutes) for Zeiss Clarus 500 (P = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: In the current study, the Optos P200DTx captured statistically significantly more retinal area in all 4 quadrants compared with the Zeiss Clarus 500. No statistically significant difference was found in patient or technician preference or image acquisition time between devices.

Weakly-Supervised Vessel Detection in Ultra-Widefield Fundus Photography via Iterative Multi-Modal Registration and Learning.

We propose a deep-learning based annotation-efficient framework for vessel detection in ultra-widefield (UWF) fundus photography (FP) that does not require de novo labeled UWF FP vessel maps. Our approach utilizes concurrently captured UWF fluorescein angiography (FA) images, for which effective deep learning approaches have recently become available, and iterates between a multi-modal registration step and a weakly-supervised learning step. In the registration step, the UWF FA vessel maps detected with a pre-trained deep neural network (DNN) are registered with the UWF FP via parametric chamfer alignment. The warped vessel maps can be used as the tentative training data but inevitably contain incorrect (noisy) labels due to the differences between FA and FP modalities and the errors in the registration. In the learning step, a robust learning method is proposed to train DNNs with noisy labels. The detected FP vessel maps are used for the registration in the following iteration. The registration and the vessel detection benefit from each other and are progressively improved. Once trained, the UWF FP vessel detection DNN from the proposed approach allows FP vessel detection without requiring concurrently captured UWF FA images. We validate the proposed framework on a new UWF FP dataset, PRIME-FP20, and on existing narrow-field FP datasets. Experimental evaluation, using both pixel-wise metrics and the CAL metrics designed to provide better agreement with human assessment, shows that the proposed approach provides accurate vessel detection, without requiring manually labeled UWF FP training data.

Automated vessel density detection in fluorescein angiography images correlates with vision in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

PURPOSE: To investigate the correlation between quantifiable vessel density, computed in an automated fashion, from ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFFA) images from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) with visual acuity and macular thickness. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of a prospective randomized controlled trial. We designed and trained an algorithm to automate retinal vessel detection from input UWFFA images. We then used our algorithm to study the correlation between baseline vessel density and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and CRT for patients in the RECOVERY study. Reliability of the algorithm was tested using the intraclass correlation (ICC). 42 patients from the Intravitreal Aflibercept for Retinal Non-Perfusion in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (RECOVERY) trial who had both baseline UWFFA images and optical coherence tomography (OCT) data were included in our study. These patients had PDR without significant center-involving diabetic macular edema (central retinal thickness [CRT] ≤320µm). RESULTS: Our algorithm analyzed UWFFA images with a reliability measure (ICC) of 0.98. A positive correlation (r = 0.4071, p = 0.0075) was found between vessel density and BCVA. No correlation was found between vessel density and CRT. CONCLUSIONS: Our algorithm is capable of reliably quantifying vessel density in an automated fashion from baseline UWFFA images. We found a positive correlation between computed vessel density and BCVA in PDR patients without center-involving macular edema, but not CRT. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: Our work is the first to offer an algorithm capable of quantifying vessel density in an automated fashion from UWFFA images, allowing us to work toward studying the relationship between retinal vascular changes and important clinical endpoints, including visual acuity, in ischemic eye diseases.

A Novel Deep Learning Pipeline for Retinal Vessel Detection In Fluorescein Angiography.

While recent advances in deep learning have significantly advanced the state of the art for vessel detection in color fundus (CF) images, the success for detecting vessels in fluorescein angiography (FA) has been stymied due to the lack of labeled ground truth datasets. We propose a novel pipeline to detect retinal vessels in FA images using deep neural networks (DNNs) that reduces the effort required for generating labeled ground truth data by combining two key components: cross-modality transfer and human-in-the-loop learning. The cross-modality transfer exploits concurrently captured CF and fundus FA images. Binary vessels maps are first detected from CF images with a pre-trained neural network and then are geometrically registered with and transferred to FA images via robust parametric chamfer alignment to a preliminary FA vessel detection obtained with an unsupervised technique. Using the transferred vessels as initial ground truth labels for deep learning, the human-in-the-loop approach progressively improves the quality of the ground truth labeling by iterating between deep-learning and labeling. The approach significantly reduces manual labeling effort while increasing engagement. We highlight several important considerations for the proposed methodology and validate the performance on three datasets. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed pipeline significantly reduces the annotation effort and the resulting deep learning methods outperform prior existing FA vessel detection methods by a significant margin. A new public dataset, RECOVERY-FA19, is introduced that includes high-resolution ultra-widefield images and accurately labeled ground truth binary vessel maps.

Patient perceived value of teleophthalmology in an urban, low income US population with diabetes.

Dilated eye exams are the standard of care to detect advancing, vision threatening, but often asymptomatic retinopathy in a timely fashion, allowing for vision preserving treatments. Annual exam rates are suboptimal, especially in underserved populations. Although teleophthalmology programs tremendously improve annual exam rates in low income/under resourced settings, widespread adoption is limited. Using a mixed methods approach, three focus groups and individual interviews were conducted for patients with type 2 diabetes (N = 23) who had a teleophthalmology exam or a dilated eye exam. A survey and discussion assessed patients' perspectives and value of teleophthalmology, including willingness to pay (WTP). Financial, transportation, and motivational barriers to obtaining an annual dilated eye exam were identified. Patients greatly valued having primary care (PC) based teleophthalmology for its convenience and ability to detect disease to allow for timely treatment and would recommend such a service. Although their WTP was at least the amount of their usual copay, cost was universally cited as a concern. Having a conveniently offered PC based teleophthalmology exam was valued. Educating patients on the value and costs of having such exams may be helpful to encourage informed discussions on eye care, especially in low income, underserved populations. Our study is among the few to provide insight on the value and perceptions of teleophthalmology in US low income, urban minority populations needed to help increase uptake of this innovation. Using surveys followed by facilitated discussion allowed for richer and more varied responses.

Neurologic Complications of Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy: A Case Series of 4 Patients.

Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) is a self-limited idiopathic inflammatory ophthalmologic condition with characteristic funduscopic and fluorescein angiography findings. It is typically characterized by a flu-like prodrome followed by monocular or binocular vision loss. Often, prognosis is excellent with complete or near-complete recovery of vision. Rarely, however, APMPPE is associated with neurologic complications, including meningitis, cerebral vasculitis, and stroke. Treatment in patients with central nervous system (CNS) involvement involves steroids and ultimately other immunosuppressive therapy, as there can be significant resulting morbidity and mortality otherwise. Evidence or guidelines regarding duration of treatment are lacking. We present 4 patients diagnosed with APMPPE who demonstrate the spectrum of neurologic sequelae associated with APMPPE. The first 2 cases highlight cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytic pleocytosis as an indicator of active CNS inflammation and the potential utility of serial lumbar punctures (LPs) to guide treatment duration. Cases 3 and 4 demonstrate the neurovascular complications seen in CNS vasculitis. Case 4 also highlights the potential use of magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (VWI) as a noninvasive means for disease surveillance and treatment guidance. This case series emphasizes the importance of recognition by neurologists of APMPPE as an entity associated with strokes and cerebral vasculitis in order to provide appropriate and timely treatment. Active CNS inflammation warrants continued aggressive immunosuppressant treatment, and we propose that serial LPs and/or magnetic resonance VWIs may be effective tools to guide disease surveillance and subsequent treatment duration.

Evaluation of Cataract Surgery Outcomes at the Ban Phaeo Mobile Eye Clinic, Thailand.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the quality and efficacy of the Ban Phaeo Mobile Eye Clinic (BPMEC) model in providing cataract surgery to rural Thailand. METHODS: Retrospective review of 4-week postoperative visual acuity (VA) of 7040 patients receiving unilateral cataract surgery at 75 sites from October 2008 to March 2011. BPMEC conducted screening, surgery, and follow-up at partnering local hospitals that otherwise do not offer eye care. The primary outcome was achievement of VA ≥20/70, which was secondarily analyzed by cataract extraction method (phacoemulsification, phaco, or extracapsular cataract extraction, ECCE) and intraocular lens (IOL) type (foldable acrylic or rigid polymethylmethacrylate). RESULTS: Preoperatively, 249 eyes (4%) had uncorrected VA ≥20/70. Four weeks postoperatively, 5957 (85%) had VA ≥20/70, 3288 (47%) had VA ≥20/40, and 69 (1%) were lost to follow-up. Phaco was performed in 6324 eyes (90%), 1581 (25%) receiving foldable IOLs. A total of 1403 eyes (89%) undergoing phaco with a foldable IOL had postoperative VA ≥20/70, compared to 4058 (85%) and 496 (69%) of those undergoing phaco with a rigid IOL (p < 0.05) and ECCE with a rigid IOL (p < 0.001), respectively. Overall, 37 eyes were left aphakic. Reported intraocular complications included zonular dehiscence (37 eyes), retained lens fragment (2 eyes), wound leakage (1 eye), and posterior capsule tear (1 eye). CONCLUSIONS: The 4-week uncorrected postoperative VAs met the World Health Organization's quality target of VA ≥20/70 for eyes undergoing phaco and were comparable to those published by an urban hospital in Bangkok.

Infectious endophthalmitis in adult eyes receiving Boston type I keratoprosthesis.

PURPOSE: To report the clinical characteristics of infectious endophthalmitis after Boston type I keratoprosthesis (K-Pro) implantation. DESIGN: Retrospective study. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred forty-one adult eyes receiving a K-Pro at a single institution from May 2004 through July 2008. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed of all adult eyes receiving a K-Pro at the University of Rochester from May 2004 through July 2008. Those patients identified as having been treated for exogenous bacterial endophthalmitis were reviewed for demographic data, indication for K-Pro, bandage contact lens use, prophylactic antibiotic use, timing and clinical presentation of endophthalmitis, gram stain and culture results of intraocular fluid, timing and presentation of any subsequent episodes of endophthalmitis (recurrent endophthalmitis), and preoperative and postoperative visual acuity through August 2010. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of endophthalmitis, time to occurrence, recurrence rates, visual outcomes, and risk factors associated with K-Pro endophthalmitis. RESULTS: Ten (7.1%) of 141 eyes of 130 adult patients were diagnosed and treated for bacterial endophthalmitis. Average time to endophthalmitis developing after K-Pro was 9.8 months (standard deviation [SD], 6.2 months; range, 2-25 months). Coagulase-negative staphylococci were identified in 7 eyes. In 7 of the 10 eyes, recurrent endophthalmitis developed that occurred at a mean of 4 months (SD, 3.9 months; range, 1-13 months) after resolution of the initial episode. At each episode of endophthalmitis, no eye was receiving vancomycin ophthalmic drops and most eyes were receiving only fluoroquinolone ophthalmic drops for prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS: Infectious endophthalmitis after K-Pro implantation has a higher incidence, delayed onset, and high risk for recurrence compared with postoperative endophthalmitis associated with more common intraocular procedures such as cataract surgery. The concurrent use of topical vancomycin is recommended because it seems to be important in reducing the incidence and recurrence of endophthalmitis and because fluoroquinolone ophthalmic drops do not seem to be sufficient prophylaxis in these eyes.

Embolectomy for branch retinal arterial occlusion.

PURPOSE: To report one surgeon's experience in treating a case of branch retinal artery occlusion with pars plana vitrectomy and surgical removal of the etiologic retinal arterial embolus. METHODS: Single case presentation of pre- and postoperative visual acuity data, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography studies of one eye undergoing pars plana vitrectomy and retinal arterial embolectomy. RESULTS: Attempted embolectomy was unsuccessful in removing the retinal arterial embolus. Intraoperatively, the embolus traveled retrograde back into the central retinal artery when the infusion bottle was raised to maximum height. On postoperative Day 1, the embolus had returned to its preoperative position. However, postoperative arterial perfusion improved, as evidenced by fluorescein angiography, and macular edema was improved on the first postoperative day, as documented on optical coherence tomography. Visual acuity improved from 20/80 preoperatively to 20/32 at 1 month and to 20/20 at 9 months postoperatively, even though the affected retinal tissue had markedly thinned. CONCLUSION: This single case illustrates our experience with the vitreous surgical techniques of embolus extraction in an eye with a branch retinal artery occlusion and an ophthalmoscopically visible embolus.