ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Paid leave is essential for public health in order to prevent presenteeism (i.e., working while sick), provide an economic safety net for workers when ill, and promote family well-being through parental leave. While racial and ethnic disparities in unmet paid leave (or needing but not being able to take paid leave) are well documented, little evidence of the intersecting role of citizenship status exists. This study examined disparities in unmet paid leave across race, ethnicity and citizenship status. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study of employed adults in California, USA. METHODS: Weighted, multivariable logistic regressions were used to assess disparities in unmet needed paid leave across race, ethnicity and citizenship status categories, including non-citizen, naturalised, and citizen Latinx and Asian respondents, and naturalised and non-citizen White respondents, relative to US-born White respondents, controlling for demographic, familial, health-related and work-related covariates. This study examined a representative sample of Californian adults using the 2021 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS). A total of 24,453 people completed the CHIS from March to October 2021. This analysis was restricted to individuals who had complete data, were employed at the time of the survey and were part of the study race and ethnic groups of interest, leading to an analytical sample of 12,485 respondents. RESULTS: While 16.9% of employed Californians reported forgoing needed paid leave, disparities across race, ethnicity and citizenship status were evident. Specifically, 31.8% of non-citizen Latinx respondents, compared to 11% of US-born White respondents, did not use paid leave when they needed it due to fear of job loss, fear of negative impacts on job advancement, employers denying it, lack of information or knowledge regarding the process or ineligibility. In the fully adjusted analyses, respondents identifying as non-citizen Latinx (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.94-3.40), naturalised Latinx (aOR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.46-2.48), US-born Latinx (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.06-1.60), non-citizen Asian (aOR = 2.34, 95% CI = 1.69-3.23) and naturalised Asian (aOR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.35-2.34) had a statistically significantly higher likelihood of experiencing unmet needed paid leave compared to US-born White respondents. CONCLUSIONS: Despite its importance for health, disparities across race, ethnicity and citizenship status exist in those who experience unmet paid leave. It is recommended that the administrative and enforcement agencies in California further communicate eligibility, facilitate the application process and enforce equitable access to paid leave for all workers.
Subject(s)
Employment , Ethnicity , Hispanic or Latino , Salaries and Fringe Benefits , Adult , Humans , Citizenship , Cross-Sectional Studies , Health Services Needs and Demand , Asian , WhiteABSTRACT
The LNLS XAS beamline has been operating for external users since July 1997. Many facilities and improvements have been progressively added to it, extending the range of applications. Here, a technical description of the main beamline components is given, and results concerning important points, such as available flux at low and high energies, harmonic contamination, energy resolution and stability, are presented. Some key results are given to demonstrate the beamline performance and limitations. It is shown that the beamline can cover a large energy range, starting from the rather low energy of 2.3 keV up to 25 keV.
ABSTRACT
We report the electrochemical insertion of copper in polypyrrole films followed by XAS spectroscopy. Depending on the applied potential the copper remains as an ionic form like Cu(+n)-(OSO3-)n. For more reductive potentials metal particles are synthesized. Small particles with an estimated average diameter of 20 A were obtained.
ABSTRACT
Gallium-lanthanum sulfide glasses have specific interesting physical properties, as semiconductor behavior and good transmission at long wavelengths. The addition of CsCl increases the thermal stability region of the glass making it suitable for many applications in optoelectronics. Ga2S3-La2S3 glasses modified by 10 to 40% CsCl have been studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy, at the chlorine K edge and at the gallium K edge at 9 K, in order to get information about the actual structural role of CsCl. The chlorine environment is similar to that in CsCl. The gallium coordination sulfur polyhedra are weakly distorted tetrahedra. identical for all samples. The low temperature measurements shown that the polyhedral corner linkage is also unaltered by the addition of CsCl.
ABSTRACT
We present here the first study of the local environment of zinc ions in biological calcium phosphates. It was suggested from in vitro studies that zinc inhibits the formation of hydroxyapatite and promotes the formation of more soluble phases, like tricalcium phosphate. Several mechanisms of zinc - calcium phosphate interaction were proposed, yielding either to the adsorption or to the incorporation of zinc ions into the phosphate structure. The results obtained here show that, under in vivo conditions, the zinc atoms are fully incorporated into the crystalline structure of the calcium phosphates.
