ABSTRACT
Genomics has significantly revolutionized pathogen surveillance, particularly in epidemiological studies, the detection of drug-resistant strains, and disease control. Despite its potential, the representation of Latin American countries in the genomic catalogues of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the bacteria responsible for Tuberculosis (TB), remains limited. In this study, we present a whole genome sequencing (WGS)-based analysis of 85 Mtb clinical strains from 17 Mexican states, providing insights into local adaptations and drug resistance signatures in the region. Our results reveal that the Euro-American lineage (L4) accounts for 94% of our dataset, showing 4.1.2.1 (Haarlem, n = 32), and 4.1.1.3 (X-type, n = 34) sublineages as the most prevalent. We report the presence of the 4.1.1.3 sublineage, which is endemic to Mexico, in six additional locations beyond previous reports. Phenotypic drug resistance tests showed that 34 out of 85 Mtb samples were resistant, exhibiting a variety of resistance profiles to the first-line antibiotics tested. We observed high levels of discrepancy between phenotype and genotype associated with drug resistance in our dataset, including pyrazinamide-monoresistant Mtb strains lacking canonical variants of drug resistance. Expanding the Latin American Mtb genome databases will enhance our understanding of TB epidemiology and potentially provide new avenues for controlling the disease in the region.
Subject(s)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant , Tuberculosis , Humans , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Mexico/epidemiology , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/microbiology , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Genotype , Genomics , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/geneticsABSTRACT
Psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology is the area of study of the intimate relationship between immune, physical, emotional, and psychological aspects. This new way of studying the human body and its diseases was initiated in the last century's first decades. However, the molecules that participate in the communication between the immune, endocrine, and neurological systems are still being discovered. This paper aims to describe the development of psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology, its scopes, limitations in actual medicine, and the extent of melatonin within it.