ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease in childhood caused by an enterovirus (EV), and which is principally seen in children under 5 years of age. To promote diagnostic awareness and effective treatments, to further standardize and strengthen the clinical management and to reduce the mortality of HFMD, the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment have been developed. METHODS: National Health Commission of China assembled an expert committee for a revision of the guidelines. The committee included 33 members who are specialized in diagnosis and treatment of HFMD. RESULTS: Early recognition of severe cases is utmost important in diagnosis and treatment of patients with HFMD. The key to diagnosis and treatment of severe cases lies in the timely and accurate recognition of stages 2 and 3 of HFMD, in order to stop progression to stage 4. Clinicians should particularly pay attention to those EV-A71 cases in children aged less than 3 years, and those with disease duration less than 3 days. The following indicators should alert the clinician of possible deterioration and impending critical disease: (1) persistent hyperthermia; (2) involvement of nervous system; (3) worsening respiratory rate and rhythm; (4) circulatory dysfunction; (5) elevated peripheral WBC count; (6) elevated blood glucose and (7) elevated blood lactic acid. For treatment, most mild cases can be treated as outpatients. Patients should be isolated to avoid cross-infection. Intense treatment modalities should be given for those severe cases. CONCLUSION: The guidelines can provide systematic guidance on the diagnosis and management of HFMD.
Subject(s)
Communicable Disease Control/organization & administration , Coxsackievirus Infections/diagnosis , Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/diagnosis , Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/therapy , Patient Isolation/methods , Child , Child, Preschool , Combined Modality Therapy , Coxsackievirus Infections/epidemiology , Coxsackievirus Infections/therapy , Female , Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/epidemiology , Humans , Incidence , Infant , Male , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Prognosis , Risk Assessment , Seasons , Severity of Illness Index , Survival Rate , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma. The chromo-helicase-DNA binding proteins (CHDs), containing nine members named CHD1-9, act as regulators of the chromatin remodeling process and gene expression. To determine the correlation between CHD9 expression and ccRCC, we performed an immunohistochemical staining in a tissue microarray (TMAs) containing tissue samples from 88 ccRCC patients. The results showed that cytoplasm CHD9 expression was statistically decreased in tumor tissues compared to adjacent tissues (8.54±2.90 vs 12.61±2.05, P=0.000), while nuclear CHD9 expression was upregulated in the tumor tissues (1.47±2.93 vs 0.29±1.24, P=0.000). A univariate analysis found that cytoplasm CHD9 expression in cancer tissues was correlated with the patients' pathological grading (P=0.002, r=0.330), the clinical stages (P=0.02, r=0.250) and the T grading (P=0.024, r=0.241) significantly. In addition, cytoplasm CHD9 expression in non-tumor tissues was correlated with the ccRCC patients' pathological grading (P=0.031, r=-0.231) significantly. Patients with high cytoplasm CHD9 expression had a significantly worse prognosis than those with low cytoplasm CHD9 expression levels (59.7% vs 85.7%, P=0. 042). In conclusion, our study indicated the important role of CHD9 in ccRCC and suggested CHD9 may be a potential biomarker for prognostic prediction and a new target for therapy.
