Safety of endoscopic removal of self-expandable stents after treatment of benign esophageal diseases.

BACKGROUND: Temporary placement of self-expandable stents has been increasingly used for the management of benign esophageal diseases. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety of endoscopic removal of esophageal self-expandable stents placed for the treatment of benign esophageal diseases. DESIGN: Multicenter retrospective study. SETTING: Six tertiary care centers in the United States and Europe. PATIENTS: A total of 214 patients with benign esophageal diseases undergoing endoscopic stent removal. INTERVENTION: Endoscopic stent removal. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Endoscopic techniques for stent removal, time to stent removal, and adverse events related to stent removal. RESULTS: A total of 214 patients underwent a total of 329 stent extractions. Stents were mainly placed for refractory strictures (49.2%) and fistulae (49.8%). Of the removed stents, 52% were fully covered self-expandable metal stents (FCSEMSs), 28.6% were partially covered self-expandable metal stents (PCSEMSs), and 19.5% were self-expandable plastic stents. A total of 35 (10.6%) procedure-related adverse events were reported, including 7 (2.1%) major adverse events. Multivariate analysis revealed that use of PCSEMSs (P < .001) was a risk factor for adverse events during stent removal. Favorable factors for successful stent removal were FCSEMSs (P ≤ .012) and stent migration (P = .010). No significant associations were found for stent indwelling time (P = .145) and stent embedding (P = .194). LIMITATIONS: Retrospective analysis, only tertiary care centers. CONCLUSIONS: With an acceptable major adverse event rate of 2.1%, esophageal stent removal in the setting of benign disease was found to be a safe and feasible procedure. FCSEMSs were more successfully removed than self-expandable plastic stents and PCSEMSs. Adverse events caused by stent removal were not time dependent.

High efficacy of endoscopic submucosal dissection for rectal laterally spreading tumors larger than 3 cm.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was recently developed to allow en bloc resection of early neoplasia of the GI tract, including colorectal neoplasia. The endoscopic technique is technically demanding and not yet standardized, and new devices are needed. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new device that combines the functions of injection and cutting. DESIGN: Prospective, pilot, single-arm study. METHODS: Consecutive patients with rectal laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) 3 cm or larger unsuitable for en bloc resection were enrolled. ESD was performed with a new device that allows cutting and coagulation as well as a needleless, tissue-selective mucosal and submucosal elevation through an axial water-jet channel. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT: The primary endpoint of the study was the en bloc resection rate achieved with ESD in a Western hospital setting. RESULTS: Overall, ESD was attempted in 40 consecutive patients (27 male, mean age 65.3 years) with rectal LSTs larger than 3 cm (72.5% LSTs, nongranular type, 5% depressed type, 22.5% protruding type). The mean lesion size was 46.8 ± 10.9 mm (range 33-80 mm). The mean procedure time was 86.1 ± 35.5 minutes (range 40-190 minutes). The en bloc resection rate was 90% (36/40). In the remaining patients, resection was completed with a piecemeal approach. The rate of curative resection (R0) was 32 of 40 LSTs (80%). Two patients with submucosal invasion were referred for surgery. Perforation occurred in 1 patient (2.5%), which was managed conservatively. Postoperative bleeding occurred in 2 patients (5%) and was treated by endoscopic hemostasis. LIMITATIONS: Single-center study with a relatively small number of patients. CONCLUSIONS: ESD is a safe and effective method to provide en bloc and curative resection of large rectal LSTs. The operating time and adverse event rate were comparable to those of previously published data from Japanese experts.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric neoplastic lesions in patients with liver cirrhosis: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is effective and safe for the removal of neoplastic lesions in the general population, but its role in patients with cirrhosis is not clear. We evaluated data on feasibility and safety of ESD for gastric lesions in cirrhotic patients. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature with pooled-data analysis was performed. Data of all consecutive cirrhotics who underwent ESD for gastric neoplastic lesions in a single centre were also reported. RESULTS: In reviewing the published literature, 68 ESD procedures for gastric neoplastic lesions have been performed in 61 cirrhotics, including 5 patients from our experience. En bloc removal and the R0 resection were successful in 88.2% and 89.7% of procedures, respectively. Post-ESD bleeding occurred in 8 (13.1%) patients, and perforation in 1 (1.6%). All patients were successfully managed by endoscopic treatment. No procedure-related death was observed. Patients with advanced cirrhosis, with either INR >1.33 and/or platelets count <105,000/cmm should be regarded at increased risk of bleeding following ESD. CONCLUSIONS: ESD for gastric neoplastic lesions in cirrhotics is an effective and relatively safe procedure. Procedure-related bleeding is a frequent complication, but can be successfully managed endoscopically.

Retrograde-viewing device improves adenoma detection rate in colonoscopies for surveillance and diagnostic workup.

AIM: To determine which patients might benefit most from retrograde viewing during colonoscopy through subset analysis of randomized, controlled trial data. METHODS: The Third Eye® Retroscope® Randomized Clinical Evaluation (TERRACE) was a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial designed to evaluate the efficacy of a retrograde-viewing auxiliary imaging device that is used during colonoscopy to provide a second video image which allows viewing of areas on the proximal aspect of haustral folds and flexures that are difficult to see with the colonoscope's forward view. We performed a post-hoc analysis of the TERRACE data to determine whether certain subsets of the patient population would gain more benefit than others from use of the device. Subjects were patients scheduled for colonoscopy for screening, surveillance or diagnostic workup, and each underwent same-day tandem examinations with standard colonoscopy (SC) and Third Eye colonoscopy (TEC), randomized to SC followed by TEC or vice versa. RESULTS: Indication for colonoscopy was screening in 176/345 subjects (51.0%), surveillance after previous polypectomy in 87 (25.2%) and diagnostic workup in 82 (23.8%). In 4 subjects no indication was specified. Previously reported overall results had shown a net additional adenoma detection rate (ADR) with TEC of 23.2% compared to SC. Relative risk (RR) of missing adenomas with SC vs TEC as the initial procedure was 1.92 (P = 0.029). Post-hoc subset analysis shows additional ADRs for TEC compared to SC were 4.4% for screening, 35.7% for surveillance, 55.4% for diagnostic and 40.7% for surveillance and diagnostic combined. The RR of missing adenomas with SC vs TEC was 1.11 (P = 0.815) for screening, 3.15 (P = 0.014) for surveillance, 8.64 (P = 0.039) for diagnostic and 3.34 (P = 0.003) for surveillance and diagnostic combined. Although a multivariate Poisson regression suggested gender as a possibly significant factor, subset analysis showed that the difference between genders was not statistically significant. Age, bowel prep quality and withdrawal time did not significantly affect the RR of missing adenomas with SC vs TEC. Mean sizes of adenomas detected with TEC and SC were similar at 0.59 cm and 0.56 cm, respectively (P = NS). CONCLUSION: TEC allows detection of significantly more adenomas compared to SC in patients undergoing surveillance or diagnostic workup, but not in screening patients (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01044732).

Balanced propofol sedation administered by nonanesthesiologists: The first Italian experience.

AIM: To assess the efficacy and safety of a balanced approach using midazolam in combination with propofol, administered by non-anesthesiologists, in a large series of diagnostic colonoscopies. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing diagnostic colonoscopy were sedated with a single dose of midazolam (0.05 mg/kg) and low-dose propofol (starter bolus of 0.5 mg/kg and repeated boluses of 10 to 20 mg). Induction time and deepest level of sedation, adverse and serious adverse events, as well as recovery times, were prospectively assessed. Cecal intubation and adenoma detection rates were also collected. RESULTS: Overall, 1593 eligible patients were included. The median dose of propofol administered was 70 mg (range: 40-120 mg), and the median dose of midazolam was 2.3 mg (range: 2-4 mg). Median induction time of sedation was 3 min (range: 1-4 min), and median recovery time was 23 min (range: 10-40 min). A moderate level of sedation was achieved in 1561 (98%) patients, whilst a deep sedation occurred in 32 (2%) cases. Transient oxygen desaturation requiring further oxygen supplementation occurred in 8 (0.46%; 95% CI: 0.2%-0.8%) patients. No serious adverse event was observed. Cecal intubation and adenoma detection rates were 93.5% and 23.4% (27.8% for male and 18.5% for female, subjects), respectively. CONCLUSION: A balanced sedation protocol provided a minimalization of the dose of propofol needed to target a moderate sedation for colonoscopy, resulting in a high safety profile for non-anesthesiologist propofol sedation.

Effect of a retrograde-viewing device on adenoma detection rate during colonoscopy: the TERRACE study.

BACKGROUND: Although colonoscopy is currently the optimal method for detecting colorectal polyps, some are missed. The Third Eye Retroscope provides an additional retrograde view that may detect polyps behind folds. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the addition of the Third Eye Retroscope to colonoscopy improves the adenoma detection rate. DESIGN: Prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: Nine European and U.S. centers. PATIENTS: Of 448 enrolled subjects, 395 had data for 2 procedures. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects underwent same-day tandem examinations with standard colonoscopy (SC) and Third Eye colonoscopy (TEC). Subjects were randomized to SC followed by TEC or TEC followed by SC. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Detection rates for all polyps and adenomas with each method. RESULTS: In the per-protocol population, 173 subjects underwent SC and then TEC, and TEC yielded 78 additional polyps (48.8%), including 49 adenomas (45.8%). In 176 subjects undergoing TEC and then SC, SC yielded 31 additional polyps (19.0%), including 26 adenomas (22.6%). Net additional detection rates with TEC were 29.8% for polyps and 23.2% for adenomas. The relative risk of missing with SC compared with TEC was 2.56 for polyps (P < .001) and 1.92 for adenomas (P = .029). Mean withdrawal times for SC and TEC were 7.58 and 9.52 minutes, respectively (P < .001). The median difference in withdrawal times was 1 minute (P < .001). The mean total procedure times for SC and TEC were 16.97 and 20.87 minutes, respectively (P < .001). LIMITATIONS: Despite randomization and a large cohort, there was disparity in polyp prevalence between the 2 groups of subjects. CONCLUSION: The Third Eye Retroscope increases adenoma detection rate by visualizing areas behind folds. ( CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01044732.).

Narrow-band imaging endoscopy to assess mucosal angiogenesis in inflammatory bowel disease: a pilot study.

AIM: To investigate whether narrow band imaging (NBI) is a useful tool for the in vivo detection of angiogenesis in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. METHODS: Conventional and NBI colonoscopy was performed in 14 patients with colonic inflammation (8 ulcerative colitis and 6 Crohn's disease). Biopsy samples were taken and CD31 expression was assayed immunohistochemically; microvascular density was assessed by vessel count. RESULTS: In areas that were endoscopically normal but positive on NBI, there was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in angiogenesis (12 +/- 1 vessels/field vs 18 +/- 2 vessels/field) compared with areas negative on NBI. In addition, in areas that were inflamed on white light endoscopy and positive on NBI, there was a significant (P < 0.01) increase in vessel density (24 +/- 7 vessels/field) compared with NBI-negative areas. CONCLUSION: NBI may allow in vivo imaging of intestinal angiogenesis in IBD patients.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection in patients with early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: results from a prospective Western series.

BACKGROUND: Although endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is becoming accepted as an established treatment for superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasia, the majority of data on this endoscopic modality has been provided by Japanese series. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of ESD for esophageal squamous cell neoplasia in a consecutive series of patients treated in a Western setting. DESIGN AND SETTING: Single-center, prospective observational study. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTION: From January 2005 to July 2008, 20 patients with superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasia were treated by ESD. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Rates of en bloc resection, complete resection, and complications were evaluated as short-term outcomes. Overall survival, local or distant recurrence, and postoperative stricture rates were evaluated as long-term outcomes. RESULTS: ESD was performed in 20 patients (mean age 64 years, range 46-81 years; 16 men). The mean size of the lesion was 32 mm (range 15-60 mm); it was 30 mm or larger in 14 patients (70%). The mean time of ESD was 89 minutes (range 58-180 minutes). En bloc resection with resection-free margins was achieved in 18 patients (90%), whereas 2 patients presented with incomplete or indeterminate resection. Two cases (10%) of mediastinal emphysema without overt perforation and 1 case (5%) of post-ESD symptomatic stricture were reported. No local or distant post-ESD recurrence occurred in those with resection-free margins at a median follow-up of 18 months. LIMITATIONS: Small number of patients and limited follow-up. CONCLUSION: This Western series study confirms that ESD is a potentially curative treatment for superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasia. Early and late complication rates were comparable to those of Japanese series. ESD should be probably considered as the treatment of choice in all large lesions amenable to endoscopic treatment.

A new metal stent with a controlled-release system for palliation of malignant dysphagia: a prospective, multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Self-expanding metal stents are frequently used for the palliation of malignant dysphagia. Recently, a new stent design, the Evolution stent (Cook Medical, Limerick, Ireland), was developed. The stent has an internal and external silicone coating to resist tissue ingrowth and uncoated dual flanges on both ends to prevent migration. Its controlled-release system may allow full control and precise positioning of the stent. OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and clinical effectiveness of the Evolution stent for the palliation of dysphagia in patients with malignant strictures located in the esophagus (n = 33 [75%]) or gastric cardia (n = 11 [25%]). METHODS: All patients who underwent placement of an esophageal Evolution stent from February to December 2008 received follow-up telephone calls 14 days after treatment and thereafter monthly until death. Data on technical and clinical outcome, complications, and recurrent dysphagia were collected. RESULTS: A total of 44 patients (32 [73%] men, median age 74 years [range 48-91 years]) were treated with the Evolution stent. The median tumor length was 6 cm (range 1-11 cm). Stent placement was technically successful in 41 patients. Dysphagia improved from a median of 3 (ability to swallow liquids only) to 1 (ability to eat some solid foods) 4 weeks after stent placement. Major complications occurred in 4 (9%) patients, ie, pneumonia (3 patients) and hemorrhage (1 patient). Two (5%) patients died of pneumonia. Minor complications included gastroesophageal reflux and mild retrosternal pain in 11 (25%) and 4 (9%) patients, respectively. Recurrent dysphagia developed in 11 (25%) patients as a result of tissue ingrowth or overgrowth (6 patients; 14%), food impaction (3 patients; 7%), or stent migration (2 patients; 5%). CONCLUSIONS: The Evolution stent is safe and effective for the palliation of dysphagia from esophageal and gastric cardia cancer. Randomized trials are needed to compare this device with other stent designs.

The role of MAPK in governing lymphocyte adhesion to and migration across the microvasculature in inflammatory bowel disease.

Lymphocyte recruitment is a key pathogenic event in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Adhesion of T cells to human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMEC) is mediated by ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and fractalkine (FKN), but the signaling molecules that orchestrate this process have yet to be identified. Because MAPK play an important role in the response of many cell types to pro-inflammatory stimuli, we assessed the functional role of p38 MAPK, p42/44 MAPK and JNK in the regulation of lymphocyte adhesion to and chemotaxis across the microvasculature in IBD. We found that the MAPK were phosphorylated in the bowel microvasculature and human intestinal fibroblasts of patients with IBD but not of healthy individuals. Stimulation of HIMEC with TNF-alpha triggered phosphorylation of the MAPK, and up-regulation of VCAM-1, FKN and ICAM-1. Blockade of p38 decreased the expression of all MAPK by 50% (p<0.01), whereas inhibition of p42/44 decreased the expression of ICAM-1 and FKN by 50% (p<0.01). Treatment of human intestinal fibroblasts with TNF-alpha elicited production of IL-8 and MCP-1, which was reduced (p<0.05) by blockade of p38 and p42/44. Finally, blockade of p38 and p42/44 reduced lymphocyte adhesion to (p<0.05) and transmigration across (p<0.05) HIMEC monolayers. These findings suggest a critical role for MAPK in governing lymphocyte influx into the gut in IBD patients, and their blockade may offer a molecular target for blockade of leukocyte recruitment to the intestine.

Could APC gene screening be useful in children with hepatoblastoma? Early onset of adenocarcinoma in a child with familial adenomatous polyposis and hepatoblastoma.

Familial adenomatous polyposis is an inherited disorder characterized by the development of hundreds of colorectal adenomas during adolescence, which in many cases will transform into colorectal cancer by the fourth decade of life, along with the development of various malignant tumors including hepatoblastoma. We report on a female patient with a de novo interstitial deletion of 5q21.3-q23.3, encompassing the APC gene, associated with adenomatous polyposis and early colorectal cancer, hepatoblastoma, epidermoid cysts, mental retardation, several mild dysmorphic signs and lower limb venous thrombosis.