ABSTRACT
Expandable graphite (EG) and graphite (G) were assessed as multifunctional additives improving both flame retardancy and thermal conductivity in highly filled, thermal conductive polymeric materials based on polyamide 6 (PA6). Fire testing was conducted using modern UL-94, LOI and cone calorimeter test setups. It is demonstrated that thermal conductivity can significantly influence the time to ignition, although offering little fire resistance once ignited even in highly filled systems. Thus, for PA6 formulations containing solely 70 wt.% G, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) measured in cone calorimeter tests was 193 kW/m², whereas PA6 formulations containing 20 wt.% EG/50 wt.% G did not exhibit a measurable heat development. Particular attention was paid to effect separation between thermal conductivity and residue formation. Good thermal conductivity properties are proven to be particularly effective in test scenarios where the heat impact is comparatively low and the testing environment provides good heat dissipation and convective cooling possibilities. For candle-like ignition scenarios (e.g., LOI), filling levels of >50 wt.% (G or EG/G) are shown to be sufficient to suppress ignition exclusively by thermal conductivity. V0 classifications in UL-94 vertical burning tests were achieved for PA6 formulations containing ≥70 wt.% G, ≥25 wt.% EG and ≥20 wt.% EG/25 wt.% G.
ABSTRACT
A flame retardant system based on expandable graphite (EG), aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPI) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) was investigated in glass fiber- (GF) reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6). Burning characteristics were evaluated via cone calorimeter, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 tests. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and coupled Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to investigate the decomposition process as well as flame retardant modes of actions. Specifically, in the cone calorimeter tests, formulations containing EG showed excellent flame retardant properties for non-reinforced and reinforced PA6. The best performance was achieved for 25 wt.% glass fiber-reinforced PA6 containing solely 20 wt.% EG, corresponding to a measured pHRR of 134 kW/m2 and a total smoke production of 1.2 m2. Higher glass fiber contents of 45 wt.% (30 vol.%) revealed a lower char volume, which was attributed to both the limited space available for expansion and the sheer-induced reduction in particle size during processing. All of the reinforced PA6 formulations only achieved V2 classifications, but this was at low filling degrees (10 wt.%) for both net EG or EG/AlPi/MPP combinations. For GF-reinforced PA6 containing EG/AlPi/MPP mixtures, a synergistic effect was found to improve the oxygen index up to 30.6%.
ABSTRACT
Expandable graphite (EG), aluminum (diethyl)polyphosphinate (AlPi) and melamine polyphophate (MPP) was used as flame retardant multi-material additive in a polyamide 6 (PA6) matrix. Flame inhabitation performances were conducted by cone calorimeter, LOI and UL-94 tests, synergisms identified analyzed by TGA-FTIR and TGA-GC/MS and effects found were comprehensively discussed. SEM images were used for char residue characterization. For PA6 containing 20 wt.% EG and 5 wt.% AlPi/MPP (3:2), a well working synergism in limiting oxygen indices could be identified exhibiting the highest oxygen index (OI) measured: 46%. The study shows that the synergism due to the partial substitution of EG by AlPi/MPP can be attributed to two effects: (1) When PA6/AlPi/MPP mixtures decompose predominantly CO2 evaporates in early decomposition stages. CO2 evaporations was found to be sensitive to the heating rate applied, whereas specifically high heating rates increased the CO2 yield measured. (2) Solid decomposition products of AlPi/MPP act as "glue" between expanded graphite and thus increase the mechanical residue stability.
ABSTRACT
A new expandable graphite (EG) type was studied as a flame retardant additive in Polyamide 6 (PA6). The fire behavior was characterized by a cone calorimeter using external heat fluxes of 35, 50 and 65 kW/m2, limiting the oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 burning tests. Additionally, electric and thermal conductivity as well as rheological properties were characterized to provide a general property overview. Fire tests were conducted using dry and humid conditioned samples. Cone Calorimeter tests showed a minimum filling degree of 15 wt.% (8.6 vol.%) EG was required to achieve a significant fire inhibiting effect in PA6 independent of the sample condition. UL-94 fire tests show a V0 classification at filling degrees greater than 20 wt.% (humid) and 25 wt.% (dry), although the associated LOI values of 39% and 38% demonstrate good flammability inhibition. Correlation analyses were conducted to identify major influences given by the sample condition for most important key figures measured in cone calorimeter tests. Accordingly, humid-conditioned samples containing between 2.5 (PA6 + 25 wt.% EG) and 4.2 wt.% (PA6) water were found to reduce the total heat evolved (THE) on average by 16% and the total smoke production (TSP) on average by 22%.
