ABSTRACT
This white paper provides clinicians and hospital leaders with practical guidance on the prevention and control of viral respiratory infections in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). This document serves as a companion to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)'s "Prophylaxis and Screening for Prevention of Viral Respiratory Infections in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Systematic Review." It provides practical, expert opinion and/or evidence-based answers to frequently asked questions about viral respiratory detection and prevention in the NICU. It was developed by a writing panel of pediatric and pathogen-specific experts who collaborated with members of the HICPAC systematic review writing panel and the SHEA Pediatric Leadership Council to identify questions that should be addressed. The document has been endorsed by SHEA, the American Hospital Association (AHA), The Joint Commission, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS), the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC), the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), and the National Association of Neonatal Nurses (NANN).
Subject(s)
Communicable Diseases , Respiratory Tract Infections , Virus Diseases , Infant, Newborn , United States , Child , Humans , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Infection Control , Hospitals , Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis , Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & controlABSTRACT
We investigated whether and how infection prevention programs monitor for health disparities as part of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) surveillance through a survey of healthcare epidemiology leaders. Most facilities are not assessing for disparities in HAI rates. Professional society and national guidance should focus on addressing this gap.
Subject(s)
Cross Infection , Humans , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Cross Infection/prevention & control , Surveys and Questionnaires , Health Facilities , Delivery of Health Care , Health Inequities , Infection ControlSubject(s)
COVID-19 , Pandemics , Child , Child Care , Humans , Leadership , Personal Protective Equipment , SARS-CoV-2Subject(s)
Cross Infection/prevention & control , Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Infection Control/methods , Infection Control/organization & administration , Epidemiologists , Hospitals , Humans , Interprofessional Relations , Public Health Administration , Public Health Practice , Resource Allocation , United StatesABSTRACT
First described by Paul Ehrlich in 1879, who noted its characteristic staining by acidophilic dyes, for many years, the eosinophil was considered to be an end-effector cell associated with helminth infections and a cause of tissue damage. Over the past 30 years, research has helped to elucidate the complexity of the eosinophil's function and establish its role in host defense and immunity. Eosinophils express an array of ligand receptors which play a role in cell growth, adhesion, chemotaxis, degranulation, and cell-to-cell interactions. They play a role in activation of complement via both classical and alternative pathways. Eosinophils synthesize, store and secrete cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. They can process antigen, stimulate T cells, and promote humoral responses by interacting with B cells. Eosinophils can function as antigen presenting cells and can regulate processes associated with both T1 and T2 immunity. Although long known to play a role in defense against helminth organisms, the interactions of eosinophils with these parasites are now recognized to be much more complex. In addition, their interaction with other pathogens continues to be investigated. In this paper, we review the eosinophil's unique biology and structure, including its characteristic granules and the effects of its proteins, our developing understanding of its role in innate and adaptive immunity and importance in immunomodulation, and the part it plays in defense against parasitic, viral, fungal and bacterial infections. Rather than our worst enemy, the eosinophil may, in fact, be one of the most essential components in host defense and immunity.
Subject(s)
Eosinophils/pathology , Infections/etiology , Infections/pathology , Adaptive Immunity , Animals , Cell Differentiation , Chemotaxis/immunology , Cytokines/metabolism , Eosinophils/cytology , Eosinophils/immunology , Eosinophils/metabolism , Humans , Immunity, Innate , Infections/metabolism , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Membrane Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Infants are especially at risk for intracranial injuries from dog bites due to their small stature and thin skull. Only 21 case reports have been published in the literature. We aim to add knowledge and treatment recommendations based on a more substantial sample. METHODS: Ten pediatric patients with a penetrating skull injury as a result of a dog bite, treated at our institution between 1992 and 2010, were identified and analyzed descriptively. A literature review of the 21 case reports was also conducted. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications from hemorrhage or infections. Based on our results, we recommend obtaining a head CT for all victims sustaining injuries to the head, early use of broad spectrum antibiotics, debridement and irrigation of tissue, and follow-up to identify late infectious complications.
Subject(s)
Bites and Stings/complications , Bites and Stings/therapy , Craniocerebral Trauma/etiology , Craniocerebral Trauma/therapy , Dogs , Animals , Bites and Stings/diagnosis , Child , Child, Preschool , Craniocerebral Trauma/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Retrospective Studies , Wounds, Penetrating/diagnosis , Wounds, Penetrating/etiology , Wounds, Penetrating/therapyABSTRACT
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired respiratory illness in the adolescent population. Stevens-Johnson syndrome is an extrapulmonary manifestation that has been associated with M. pneumoniae infections. Three adolescent males presented within a 1-month period with M. pneumoniae respiratory illnesses and severe mucositis but without the classic rash typical of Stevens-Johnson. Diagnosis was facilitated by the use of a polymerase chain reaction-based assay. This case series highlights the potential for M. pneumoniae-associated Stevens-Johnson syndrome to occur without rash and supports the use of polymerase chain reaction for early diagnosis.
