Enhanced Hemocompatibility and Cytocompatibility of Stainless Steel.

The present study introduces an advanced surface modification approach combining electrochemical anodization and non-thermal plasma treatment, tailored for biomedical applications on stainless steel grade 316L (SS316L) surfaces. Nanopores with various diameters (100-300 nm) were synthesized with electrochemical anodization, and samples were further modified with non-thermal oxygen plasma. The surface properties of SS316L surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, and Water contact angle measurements. It has been shown that a combination of electrochemical anodization and plasma treatment significantly alters the surface properties of SS316L and affects its interactions with blood platelets and human coronary cells. Optimal performance is attained on the anodized specimen featuring pores within the 150-300 nm diameter range, subjected to subsequent oxygen plasma treatment; the absence of platelet adhesion was observed. At the same time, the sample demonstrated good endothelialization and a reduction in smooth muscle cell adhesion compared to the untreated SS316L and the sample with smaller pores (100-150 nm). This novel surface modification strategy has significant implications for improving biocompatibility and performance of SS316L in biomedical applications.

Fine-Tuning the Nanostructured Titanium Oxide Surface for Selective Biological Response.

Cardiovascular diseases are a pre-eminent global cause of mortality in the modern world. Typically, surgical intervention with implantable medical devices such as cardiovascular stents is deployed to reinstate unobstructed blood flow. Unfortunately, existing stent materials frequently induce restenosis and thrombosis, necessitating the development of superior biomaterials. These biomaterials should inhibit platelet adhesion (mitigating stent-induced thrombosis) and smooth muscle cell proliferation (minimizing restenosis) while enhancing endothelial cell proliferation at the same time. To optimize the surface properties of Ti6Al4V medical implants, we investigated two surface treatment procedures: gaseous plasma treatment and hydrothermal treatment. We analyzed these modified surfaces through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle analysis (WCA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Additionally, we assessed in vitro biological responses, including platelet adhesion and activation, as well as endothelial and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Herein, we report the influence of pre/post oxygen plasma treatment on titanium oxide layer formation via a hydrothermal technique. Our results indicate that alterations in the titanium oxide layer and surface nanotopography significantly influence cell interactions. This work offers promising insights into designing multifunctional biomaterial surfaces that selectively promote specific cell types' proliferation─which is a crucial advancement in next-generation vascular implants.

Fabrication of Antibacterial TiO2 Nanostructured Surfaces Using the Hydrothermal Method.

Implant-associated infections (IAI) are a common cause for implant failure, increased medical costs, and critical for patient healthcare. Infections are a result of bacterial colonization, which leads to biofilm formation on the implant surface. Nanostructured surfaces have been shown to have the potential to inhibit bacterial adhesion mainly due to antibacterial efficacy of their unique surface nanotopography. The change in topography affects the physicochemical properties of their surface such as surface chemistry, morphology, wettability, surface charge, and even electric field which influences the biological response. In this study, a conventional and cost-effective hydrothermal method was used to fabricate nanoscale protrusions of various dimensions on the surface of Ti, Ti6Al4V, and NiTi materials, commonly used in biomedical applications. The morphology, surface chemistry, and wettability were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and water contact angle analysis. The antibacterial efficacy of the synthesized nanostructures was analyzed by the use of Escherichia coli bacterial strain. XPS analysis revealed that the concentration of oxygen and titanium increased on Ti and Ti6Al4V, which indicates that TiO2 is formed on the surface. The concentration of oxygen and titanium however decreased on the NiTi surface after hydrothermal treatment, and also a small amount of Ni was detected. SEM analysis showed that by hydrothermal treatment alterations in the surface topography of the TiO2 layer could be achieved. The oxide layer on the NiTi prepared by the hydrothermal method contains a low amount of Ni (2.8 atom %), which is especially important for implantable materials. The results revealed that nanostructured surfaces significantly reduced bacterial adhesion on the Ti, Ti6Al4V, and NiTi surface compared to the untreated surfaces used as a control. Furthermore, two sterilization techniques were also studied to evaluate the stability of the nanostructure and its influence on the antibacterial activity. Sterilization with UV light seems to more efficiently inhibit bacterial growth on the hydrothermally modified Ti6Al4V surface, which was further reduced for hydrothermally treated Ti and NiTi. The developed nanostructured surfaces of Ti and its alloys can pave a way for the fabrication of antibacterial surfaces that reduce the likelihood of IAI.

Bio-Performance of Hydrothermally and Plasma-Treated Titanium: The New Generation of Vascular Stents.

The research presented herein follows an urgent global need for the development of novel surface engineering techniques that would allow the fabrication of next-generation cardiovascular stents, which would drastically reduce cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The combination of hydrothermal treatment (HT) and treatment with highly reactive oxygen plasma (P) allowed for the formation of an oxygen-rich nanostructured surface. The morphology, surface roughness, chemical composition and wettability of the newly prepared oxide layer on the Ti substrate were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and water contact angle (WCA) analysis. The alteration of surface characteristics influenced the material's bio-performance; platelet aggregation and activation was reduced on surfaces treated by hydrothermal treatment, as well as after plasma treatment. Moreover, it was shown that surfaces treated by both treatment procedures (HT and P) promoted the adhesion and proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, while at the same time inhibiting the adhesion and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. The combination of both techniques presents a novel approach for the fabrication of vascular implants, with superior characteristics.

Mechanical and Electrical Interaction of Biological Membranes with Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Surfaces.

In this review paper, we theoretically explain the origin of electrostatic interactions between lipid bilayers and charged solid surfaces using a statistical mechanics approach, where the orientational degree of freedom of lipid head groups and the orientational ordering of the water dipoles are considered. Within the modified Langevin Poisson-Boltzmann model of an electric double layer, we derived an analytical expression for the osmotic pressure between the planar zwitterionic lipid bilayer and charged solid planar surface. We also show that the electrostatic interaction between the zwitterionic lipid head groups of the proximal leaflet and the negatively charged solid surface is accompanied with a more perpendicular average orientation of the lipid head-groups. We further highlight the important role of the surfaces' nanostructured topography in their interactions with biological material. As an example of nanostructured surfaces, we describe the synthesis of TiO2 nanotubular and octahedral surfaces by using the electrochemical anodization method and hydrothermal method, respectively. The physical and chemical properties of these nanostructured surfaces are described in order to elucidate the influence of the surface topography and other physical properties on the behavior of human cells adhered to TiO2 nanostructured surfaces. In the last part of the paper, we theoretically explain the interplay of elastic and adhesive contributions to the adsorption of lipid vesicles on the solid surfaces. We show the numerically predicted shapes of adhered lipid vesicles corresponding to the minimum of the membrane free energy to describe the influence of the vesicle size, bending modulus, and adhesion strength on the adhesion of lipid vesicles on solid charged surfaces.

Strategies for improving antimicrobial properties of stainless steel.

In this review, strategies for improving the antimicrobial properties of stainless steel (SS) are presented. The main focus given is to present current strategies for surface modification of SS, which alter surface characteristics in terms of surface chemistry, topography and wettability/surface charge, without influencing the bulk attributes of the material. As SS exhibits excellent mechanical properties and satisfactory biocompatibility, it is one of the most frequently used materials in medical applications. It is widely used as a material for fabricating orthopedic prosthesis, cardiovascular stents/valves and recently also for three dimensional (3D) printing of custom made implants. Despite its good mechanical properties, SS lacks desired biofunctionality, which makes it prone to bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Due to increased resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, it is imperative to achieve antibacterial properties of implants. Thus, many different approaches were proposed and are discussed herein. Emphasis is given on novel approaches based on treatment with highly reactive plasma, which may alter SS topography, chemistry and wettability under appropriate treatment conditions. This review aims to present and critically discuss different approaches and propose novel possibilities for surface modification of SS by using highly reactive gaseous plasma in order to obtain a desired biological response.