Comparison of the effect of in vitro and in vivo exposure on cadaveric anxiety among first year medical and nursing students.

BACKGROUND: Human anatomy instruction is mostly focused on cadaver dissection and prosected specimen examination. Exposure to cadaver dissection can be a stressful experience that may cause a wide variety of symptoms among students of health sciences. To compare and evaluate the effect of in-vitro and in-vivo exposure on cadaveric anxiety, disgust propensity and sensitivity, and attitude toward death and dying among 1st-year medical and nursing students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An open-label randomized trial (matched-control experimental design) was conducted among 127 1st-year Medical and Nursing students from a selected Institute of National Importance, Bhopal, India during 2015. The participants were divided into an experimental and control group based on matched trait anxiety scores using the Trait Anxiety Inventory. Followed by preassessment, video demonstration with cadaver dissection (in vitro exposure) was then administered to the experimental group, while the control group had direct exposure to cadaver dissection (in vivo exposure). RESULTS: The study showed that there was a statistically significant difference in state anxiety related to cadaver dissection in the experimental group (P = 0.01). However, video-demonstration of cadaver dissection did not have any effect on disgust propensity and sensitivity and attitude toward death and dying. CONCLUSION: The findings provided evidence that video-demonstration of cadaver dissection reduced anxiety, although it did not have any effect on disgust and attitudes of death. The dissection hall experience may evoke feelings of anxiety and disgust that need to be addressed through advanced preparedness and coping strategies, especially among medical and nursing students.

The nowhere people: Lived experiences of migrant workers during Covid-19 in India.

The Covid-19 pandemic has brought about a wave of changes in the lives of people across the world, especially those from marginalized communities. The study aimed to understand the lived experiences of migrant workers during the early months of the pandemic using a qualitative phenomenological approach. Thirteen men working as migrant workers in Mumbai, India were interviewed telephonically and the data obtained was analysed using thematic analysis. Migrant workers highlighted the challenges they experienced in getting back home, fears of dying alone away from home, the stress of unemployment and poverty and its impact on them and their families. They expressed feelings of guilt, shame, and helplessness about not knowing what will happen in the future. Using an intersectional lens the study highlights how the identity of being a migrant worker further marginalised these individuals, thereby impacting their well-being and presents implications for mental health policy and practice.

How Healthy Is State Mental Health System in Madhya Pradesh, India? An Assessment of Today to Plan for a Better Tomorrow.

BACKGROUND: Mental illness affects over one-third of the Indian population, and only a little is known about the exact situation of health systems in Madhya Pradesh, India. Therefore, the present research work provides an assessment of state mental health systems in Madhya Pradesh. METHODS: The present cross-sectional study was conducted as a part of National Mental Health Survey 2015-16 in 48 districts of Madhya Pradesh, to provide an overview of the status of mental health systems. Secondary data was also retrieved from the state office so as to present the situational analysis in a more comprehensive and inferential way. The proforma for the study was developed based on the experience gained from studies conducted earlier with World Health Organization's Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS) and with WHO's Mental Health Atlas as the base for thematic analysis. RESULTS: Out of 51 districts, 13.7% of the districts of the state have been covered under District Mental Health Program (DMHP) in 2015-16. Around 11.8% of district/general hospitals were involved in providing mental health services. The availability of psychiatrist was 0.05 per Lakh population. Around 0.2% of the total health budget was allocated by the state for the last financial year for mental health. The overall average score of Madhya Pradesh in the assessment of qualitative indicators was 31 out of 100 in the year 2015-16. CONCLUSION: There is huge scope and an urgent need to increase mental healthcare facilities (with upgradation of existing one) along the availability of mental healthcare staff.

Psychologist and Physician Inter-Professional Collaborative Experiences in Primary Care Integration.

In recent years, the subject of integrated healthcare, including the integration of behavioral health services into primary care, within the healthcare field has been increasingly of interest to researchers, providers, and policy makers. However, little is known about the experiences of providers within integrated care and the impact of these experiences on inter-professional relationships and collaboration. The researchers aimed to explore differences in providers' perspectives, including inter-professional collaboration and overall job satisfaction, by provider type and level of integration. The current study uses a mixed method exploratory approach, gathering both qualitative and quantitative data to investigate the perspectives of providers (both psychologists and physicians) on their work together. This study included 30 psychologists and 30 primary care physicians from three levels of healthcare integration (traditional/coordinated, co-located, and integrated). As hypothesized, results indicated that providers in integrated settings were the most satisfied with their collaboration with other providers. Furthermore, the providers' narratives revealed promising insights which contribute to a broader understanding of how to improve the relationships between psychologists and primary care physicians in integrated healthcare and other settings.

Father-daughter relationship dynamics & daughters' body image, eating patterns, and empowerment: An exploratory study.

Research indicates the role of parents in women's body dissatisfaction and maladaptive eating patterns. Fathers, in particular, have unique roles in determining daughters' protection against these health risks. Additionally, self-esteem, feminist values, and psychological empowerment are linked with body dissatisfaction and maladaptive eating patterns among women. This study examined the contributions of these psychological factors, family relational factors, and the role of fathers in empowering their daughters. Seventy-seven young adult women from intact families were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk and a university campus and completed self-report surveys. Participants were between the ages of 18 and 38 and primarily White. Results indicate that women with higher self-esteem and psychological empowerment endorsed greater body satisfaction. Women with higher self-esteem and endorsement of feminist values also reported significantly fewer maladaptive eating patterns. Greater family conflict was related to more maladaptive eating patterns. Analyses indicated increased body dissatisfaction and increased eating disorder risk decreased the odds of women reporting agency and fatherly supportive resources in their father-daughter communication narratives. Narrative data analysis revealed that fathers play a crucial role in promoting daughter's empowerment, egalitarian gender-role socialization, and healthy psychological wellbeing. Implications for research and clinical community-based treatment and prevention strategies are discussed.

Barriers in addressing body image and eating issues in primary care: an overview of women's narratives.

Disordered eating and body image concerns continue to be rising problems for young women that come with significant mental and physical health risks. Primary care may be a potential avenue for early identification and intervention of eating and body image issues. However, few studies have explored this area in depth. Preliminary studies show that few women discuss these issues with their primary care providers (PCPs), and the barriers to these conversations remain unknown. This study used an open-ended survey to explore women's narratives concerning their experiences and barriers to discussing eating and body image issues with their PCPs. A total sample of 102 female college students (aged 18-35 years) in the Boston area completed self-report questionnaires online (February 2015 through January 2016). Themes in both communication and relationship domain emerged. Communication themes for participants included: health information, prompting by the PCP, and other barriers. Relationship themes included: patient and provider characteristics, negative and positive emotions, and trust. According to these participants, many women experience negative interactions with their providers when discussing these sensitive topics. Strategies for improving these outcomes in primary care are discussed.

Mental Health Issues in Madhya Pradesh: Insights from National Mental Health Survey of India 2016.

BACKGROUND: About 14% of the global mental health burden is contributed by India. However, there exists a disparity in mental health patterns, utilization, and prioritization among various Indian states. The state of Madhya Pradesh is a low performer among Indian states, ranking lower than the national average on the Human Development Index, Hunger Index, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The state also performes poorly on other health-related indicators. Objectives of Study: To estimate the prevalence and patterns of mental illnesses in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study used the multistage, stratified, random cluster sampling technique, with selection probability proportionate to size at each stage. A total of 3240 individuals 18 years and older were interviewed. The mixed-method study that was employed had both quantitative and qualitative components. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview along with 10 other instruments were used. RESULTS: The overall weighted prevalence for any mental illness was 13.9%, with 16.7% over the lifetime. The treatment gap for all of the mental health problems is very high (91%), along with high suicidal risk and substance use in the state. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence of the huge burden of mental, behavioral, and substance use disorders as well as the treatment gap in Madhya Pradesh. This information is crucial for developing an effective prevention and control strategy. The high treatment gap in the state calls for coordinated efforts from all stakeholders, including policy makers, political leaders, health care professionals, and the society at large to give mental health care its due priority. These findings also highlight the need for multi-pronged interventions rooted in health policy directed at reducing the treatment gap in the short term and disease burden in the long run.

Online communication preferences across age, gender, and duration of Internet use.

The present study explored variations in online communication and relationship preferences for friends, family, coworkers, and unknown individuals across gender (men, women), age (young, middle, late), and duration of Internet use (low, medium, high). A total of 174 individuals participated in this study. They were divided into two gender (86 men and 88 women), three age (60 young, 60 middle, and 54 late) and three Internet use duration (60 low, 58 medium, and 54 high) groups. All participants completed several questionnaires that assessed online communication and relationship building preferences. Results indicated no significant main effect for gender and online communication and relationship preferences. The main effect for age was significant for online communication with friends and unknown individuals. Young adults indicated their higher preferences for online communication with friends and unknown individuals compared to middle and late adult age groups. The main effect for duration of Internet use was significant for online communication and relationship preferences. High Internet users indicated higher scores on online communication and relationship building, compared to their counterparts. No significant main effects for duration of Internet use were significant on any of the offline characteristics. Implications of these findings and their relevance to mental health issues and organizational environment were discussed.