Evaluation of Laser Intensity Effect on Photodynamic Therapy Efficacy.

Introduction: Intensity is one of the important parameters of laser radiation in photodynamic therapy. Effective treatment requires the selection of a suitable power of laser. This study aimed to evaluate laser effectiveness in photodynamic therapy via high and low intensity by the analysis of the gene expression profiles of the treated cells. Methods: The gene expression profiles of human SK-ChA-1 cells which are treated by 500mW and 50mW laser radiation were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Data were assessed by the GEO2R program, and the significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were investigated via expression examination and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Results: Analyses revealed that the higher intensity of radiation is associated with wide gene expression changes relative to the lower mode. 196 significant DEGs were identified and assessed. The extremely dysregulated DEGs except MMP1 were down-regulated. STAT1, IRF7, IL1B, DDX58, ISG15, RSAD2, DHX58, OASL, OAS1, STAT2, DDX60, OAS2, USP18, and IFI44L were introduced as hubs of the main component of the PPI network. Final analysis showed that STAT1, IRF7, IL1B, DDX58, and STAT2 are the critical DEGs. Conclusion: Compared to the 50 mW mode of radiation, 500 mW laser intensity effectively changed apoptosis, differentiation, cell proliferation and angiogenesis, regulation of other inflammation-related molecules, innate immunity, and maintaining immune homeostasis.

Assessment of NB-UVB Effects on Skin of Atopic Dermatitis Patients: A Network Analysis.

Introduction: Atopic dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin disease which is treated with narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB). Exploring the critical targeted genes in patients by UV radiation is the main aim of this study. Methods: Gene expression profiles of lesional and non-lesional skin samples of atopic dermatitis patients after treatment with NB-UVB and the non-irradiated samples were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and analyzed via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis to find the critical targeted genes. Results: A total of 357 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were included in the PPI network. CTNNB1, SRSF1, YWHAB, SMC3, GNB2, ARF3, UBL7, RAB2A, YWHAE, EIF5B, SNRPE, PPIG, RC3H2, CFL1, SMARCB1. LAPTM5, PRPF40A, and RBBP4 were introduced as hub-bottlenecks. Conclusion: In conclusion, five central genes including SMC3, ARF3, EIF5B, SMARCB1, and LAPTM5 were highlighted as the critical genes in response to NB-UVB radiation in the skin of the treated atopic dermatitis patients. The introduced crucial genes are involved in essential cellular functions such as apoptosis, cell cycle, cell proliferation, and inflammation. It seems that applied NB-UVB radiation is a suitable therapeutic method for atopic dermatitis disease.

Efficacy Evaluation of Treatment of Psoriasis Via Narrow Band-Ultraviolet Radiation.

Introduction: Psoriasis is a common autoimmune skin disease associated with genetically influenced chronic inflammation accompanied by remitting and deteriorating scaly skin. T-cell targeted biologics, IL-17 inhibitors, IL-12/IL-23 inhibitors, TNF-α inhibitors, PDE4 inhibitors, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation are applied to treat psoriasis. Efficacy evaluation of narrow band UVB (NB-UVB) radiation was the aim of this study. Methods: Data were extracted from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and were pre-evaluated via the GEO2R program. The significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were included in the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. The hubs, bottlenecks, and hub-bottleneck DEGs were introduced as central genes. Activation, inhibition, and expression relationship between central genes were assessed to explore the critical individuals. Results: Among 513 analyzed significant DEGs, 22 hub-bottleneck genes were identified. Further analysis revealed that FN1, STAT3, HIF1A, IL1B, P4HB, SOD2, MMP2, and STAT1 were the crucial genes in psoriasis samples targeted by NB-UVB radiation. Conclusion: In conclusion, NB-UVB radiation as a treatment targets critical genes in peri-lesion skin tissue biopsy of psoriasis patients via a complicated mechanism. This therapeutic method downregulates STAT3, HIF1A, IL1B, and P4HB to treat psoriasis but downregulates STAT1 and SOD2 and upregulates MMP2 and FN1 to develop disease.

Evaluation of Near-Infrared Laser Effects on 143B Cells: A System Biology Approach.

Introduction: Photothermal therapy (PTT) by using a near-infrared (NIR) laser, as a successful treatment of cancer, has attracted extensive attention of researchers. Its advantages as a noninvasive and suitable method have been confirmed. Discovery of the NIR laser molecular mechanism at the cellular level via system biology assessment to identify the crucial targeted genes is the aim of this study. Methods: RNA-seq series of six samples were retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and pre-evaluated by the GEO2R program for more analysis. The significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were determined and studied via gene expression analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network assessment, action map evaluation, and gene ontology enrichment. Results: HSPA5, DDIT3, TRIB3, PTGS2, HMOX1, ASNS, GDF15, SLC7A11, and SQSTM1 were identified as central genes. Comparing the central genes and the determined crucial genes via gene expression analysis, actin map results, and gene ontology enrichment led to the introduction of HSPA5, DDIT3, PTGS2, HMOX1, and GDF15 as critical genes in response to the NIR laser. Conclusion: The results indicated that the principle biological process "Endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response" and HSPA5, DDIT3, PTGS2, HMOX1, and GDF15 are the crucial targets of the NIR laser. The results also showed that the NIR laser induces stress conditions in the irradiated cells.

Inflammation and immunological disarrays are associated with acute exercise in type 2 diabetes.

Objective: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the most common metabolic disorder that is associated with insulin resistance. The aim of the present study is to discover details of the molecular mechanism of exercise on control or progress of diabetic condition in patients via network analysis. Methods: Gene expression profiles of patients with T2D before and after doing exercise are retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and are pre-evaluated by the GEO2R program. Data are studied based on expression values, regulatory relationships between the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), gene ontology analyses, and protein-protein interaction PPI network analysis. Results: A number of 118 significant DEGs were identified and classified based on fold change (FC) values as most dysregulated genes and dysregulated individuals. Action map analysis revealed that 18 DEGs appeared as the critical genes. Gene ontology analysis showed that 24 DEGs are connected to at least four pathways. JUN, IL6, IL1B, PTGS2, FOS, MYC, ATF3, CXCL8, EGR1, EGR2, NR4A1, PLK3, TTN, and UCP3 were identified as central DEGs. Conclusion: Finally; JUN, IL6, IL1B, PTGS2, FOS, ATF3, CXCL8, EGR1, and EGR2 were introduced as the critical targeted genes by exercise. Since the critical genes after exercise are upregulated and mostly are known as the risk factors of T2D, it can be concluded that unsuitable exercise can develop diabetic conditions in patients. Acute exercise-induced inflammation and immune disturbances seem to be associated with the development of T2D in patients.

Efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy on pain perception reduction associated with dental anesthetic infiltration injection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Dental anesthetic injections, a common source of patient discomfort, often deter individuals from seeking dental care. Recently, there has been a growing focus on photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) and its potential role in pain reduction. This systematic review explored the efficacy of PBMT in alleviating pain associated with dental anesthetic infiltration injections. A systematic literature search of different databases was performed up to December, 2023 using specific search strategy to find eligible studies that assessed the impact of PBMT on pain during local anesthesia injections. Data extraction was done based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. A total of 13 studies, involving 972 patients were included. The studies employed various PBMT parameters, including wavelengths, and energy densities. Meta-analyses revealed a significant reduction in pain with PBMT compared to controls (MD = -0.90, 95% CI: -1.36 to -0.44, and p = 0.0001), with notable heterogeneity (I2 = 91.79%). Stratified analyses by age demonstrated consistent pain reduction in both adults (MD = -0.59, 95% CI: -1.11 to -0.08, and p < 0.0001) and children (MD = -0.59, 95% CI: -1.11 to -0.08, and p = 0.025). In conclusion, it seems that PBMT using infrared diode lasers can effectively reduce injection pain in both pediatric and adult populations. Further research should focus on optimizing PBMT parameters for enhanced pain management during dental procedures.

Evaluation of Photobiomodulation on myocardial function of patients with advanced ischemic cardiomyopathy, A case series.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure is a growing cardiovascular disease burden with high mortality rates, primarily attributed to myocardial ischemia. Previous studies have shown promising effects of Photobiomodulation in heart failure treatment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of Photobiomodulation on myocardial function of patients with advanced ischemic heart failure. METHOD: A non-randomized case series study involving 10 advanced heart failure patients was conducted. Patients received 15 sessions of transcutaneous and intravenous Photobiomodulation therapy using low-level red (658 nm) and infrared lasers (810 nm). All participants were evaluated by six-minute walk tests, dyspnea function classes, and echocardiography. 3 months after the sessions, the mentioned tests were reevaluated RESULT: The study included ten cardiomyopathic patients, 90 % male and the mean age was 63.20±6.01 years. The six-minute walk test change and shortness of breath function class change has 0.852 (p-value=0.006) correlation and the correlation between the Six-minute walk test change and the Systolic ejection fraction rate change, was 0.73 (p-value=0.025). CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that interventions in cardiomyopathic patients have shown promising improvements in certain cardiac function parameters. Specifically, the significant enhancement in the six-minute walk test post-intervention (p = 0.013) suggests a positive impact on functional capacity. Although the increase in systolic ejection fraction rate was not statistically significant (p = 0.197), the correlations identified provide valuable insights into the interplay between variables such as shortness of breath function class and the six-minute walk test. These findings underscore the complexity of managing cardiomyopathy and highlight the importance of further research to elucidate the relationships between different clinical parameters and patient outcomes in this population.

Photobiomodulation's potential as a non-invasive therapy for alzheimer's disease and minimal cognitive impairment: A 12-week investigation.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's Disease (AD), undergoing a faster increase in occurrence than any other type of dementia, lacks a curative remedy despite advanced discoveries. To explore the realm of non-pharmacologic therapies, our study evaluates the 12-week impact of non-invasive Photobiomodulation (PBM) on cognitive and psychological aspects in individuals with AD and minimal cognitive impairment (MCI). The urgency of exploring innovative interventions is underscored by the rising occurrence of AD, particularly in regions with aging populations like Iran. METHOD: 13 patients (6 case patients and 7 control patients) participated in the study. Sham treatment was administered to seven individuals, while another six received PBM treatment over 12 weeks, with daily at-home LED (810 nm wavelength) device usage lasting 20 min. Initially, the patient and their caregiver participated in two hospital sessions to acquaint them with the device's operation. RESULTS: The mean reduction of Hamilton's anxiety questionnaire score was 3.33±6.08 in the intervention group and 2.00±3.46 in the control group (p-value=0.836). The mean score reduction of the Hamilton depression questionnaire was 3.16±3.86 in the intervention group and 4.85±6.20 in the control group (p-value=0.836). The mean score of the DAD questionnaire in the intervention group before the study was 25.50±13.13 and after the intervention was 29.83±12.12 (p-value=0.084) and in the control group it was 29.71±8.19 and after the study was 29±0.972 (p-value = 0.526). The mean changes in the DAD questionnaire score in the intervention group increased by 4.33±4.92 and decreased by 0.71±2.81 in the control group (p-value=0.041). CONCLUSION: In general, PBM appears to hold promise as a potentially safe method for enhancing the cognitive, functional, and psychological status of individuals with Alzheimer's disease, though further research with larger sample size and cautious interpretation are warranted.

Classification and Diagnostic Prediction of Colorectal Cancer Mortality Based on Machine Learning Algorithms: A Multicenter National Study.

INTRODUCTION: Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. This study aimed to predict survival outcomes of CRC patients using machine learning (ML) methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis included 1853 CRC patients admitted to three prominent tertiary hospitals in Iran from October 2006 to July 2019. Six ML methods, namely logistic regression (LR), Naïve Bayes (NB), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Neural Network (NN), Decision Tree (DT), and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM), were developed with 10-fold cross-validation. Feature selection employed the Random Forest method based on mean decrease GINI criteria. Model performance was assessed using Area Under the Curve (AUC). RESULTS: Time from diagnosis, age, tumor size, metastatic status, lymph node involvement, and treatment type emerged as crucial predictors of survival based on mean decrease GINI. The NB (AUC = 0.70, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.65-0.75) and LGBM (AUC = 0.70, 95% CI 0.65-0.75) models achieved the highest predictive AUC values for CRC patient survival. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the significance of variables including time from diagnosis, age, tumor size, metastatic status, lymph node involvement, and treatment type in predicting CRC survival. The NB model exhibited optimal efficacy in mortality prediction, maintaining a balanced sensitivity and specificity. Policy recommendations encompass early diagnosis and treatment initiation for CRC patients, improved data collection through digital health records and standardized protocols, support for predictive analytics integration in clinical decisions, and the inclusion of identified prognostic variables in treatment guidelines to enhance patient outcomes.

Screening the critical protein subnetwork to delineate potential mechanisms and protective agents associated with arsenic-induced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: A toxicogenomic study.

Recent studies show that complex mechanisms are involved in arsenic-induced malignant transformation of cells. This study aimed to decipher molecular mechanisms associated with arsenic-induced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and suggest potential protective factors. RNA-seq-based differentially expressed genes between arsenic-exposed human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and controls were used to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and discover critical subnetwork-based mechanisms. Protective compounds against arsenic toxicity were determined and their target interactions in the core sub-network were identified by the comparative toxicogenomic database (CTD). The binding affinity between the effective factor and target was calculated by molecular docking. A total of 15 key proteins were screened out as critical arsenic-responsive subnetwork (FN1, IL-1A, CCN2, PECAM1, FGF5, EDN1, FGF1, PXDN, DNAJB9, XBP1, ERN1, PDIA4, DNAJB11, FOS, PDIA6) and 7 effective protective agents were identified (folic acid, quercetin, zinc, acetylcysteine, methionine, catechin, selenium). The GeneMANIA predicted detailed interactions of the subnetwork and revealed terms related to unfolded protein response as the main processes. FN1, IL1A and CCN2, as top significant genes, had good docking affinity with folic acid and quercetin, as selected key compounds. Integration of gene expression and protein-protein interaction related to arsenic exposure in cSCC explored the potential mechanisms and protective agents.

Botulinium toxin applications in the lower face and neck: A comprehensive review.

BACKGROUND: Botulinum toxin has been widely and mainly used for the treatment of conditions affecting the upper and middle face; however, recent efforts have expanded the indications of botulinum toxin injection to the lower face and neck areas for cosmetic and medical purposes. AIMS: We have reviewed the latest updates on using botulinum toxin in the lower face and neck focusing on cosmetic purposes and have discussed the existing concerns as well as the adverse sequelae of these newer indications. PATIENTS/METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed using the following keywords [[botulinum] AND [[Toxin] OR [Neurotoxin]]] AND [[Lower AND Face] AND/OR [Neck]] within the main databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Embase and gray literature on and before February 2023. The data were screened using titles and abstracts and those relevant to the topic were included in the paper. RESULTS: Botulinum toxin injection has considerable cosmetic and therapeutic effect on facial contouring, masseteric hypertrophy, lower face and neck scars, gummy smile, drooping lip corner and even skin rejuvenation. CONCLUSION: BNT injection has been widely used for the treatment of different medical and cosmetic purposes. Low rates of side effects, which were self-limited in most cases, have been reported in the literature, making BNT a safe therapeutic medication in most cases. However, regulatory status needs to be updated and more accurately revised in many countries and more comprehensive research is required to address the existing gaps in this area including the site, dosage, and method of injection in each case.

Assessment of the Response of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells to Photodynamic Therapy: Highlighting the Role of Il-17 Signaling Pathway.

Introduction: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method based on the application of a photosensitive agent and the administration of light irradiation on the treated samples. PDT is applied as an effective tool with minimal side effects against tumor tissues. This study aimed to assess the targets of critical genes by PDT at the cellular level of cancer to provide a new perspective on its molecular mechanism. Methods: To assess the effect of PDT, we extracted the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the gene expression profiles of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with PDT from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. The queried DEGs were evaluated via a regulatory network and gene ontology enrichment to find the critical targets. Results: Among 76 queried significant DEGs, 27 individuals were interacted by activation, inhibition, and co-expression actions. Thirty DEGs were related to the five classes of biological terms. The IL-17 signaling pathway and PTGS2, CXCL8, FOS, JUN, CXCL1, ZFP36, and FOSB were identified as the crucial targets of PDT. Conclusion: PDT as a stimulator of gene expression and an activator of gene activity overexpressed and hyper-activated many genes. It seems that PDT introduces a number of genes and pathways that can be regulated by anticancer drugs to fight against cancers.

Efficacy Evaluation of Human Skin Treatment with Photodynamic Therapy in Actinic Keratoses Patients.

Introduction: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a combined method of light and light-activated chemicals that are called photosensitizers (PSs). PDT is recommended as a high cure rate method with fewer side effects and a noninvasive tool to treat cancer. This study aimed to evaluate PDT efficacy as a therapeutic method against actinic keratoses in patients via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis by using the gene expression profiles of Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Methods: Twenty-one gene expression profiles were extracted from GEO and analyzed by GEO2R to determine the significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The significant DEGs were included in PPI networks via Cytoscape software. The networks were analyzed by the "Network Analyzer", and the elements of the main connected components were assessed. Results: There were three main connected components for the compared sets of the gene expression profiles including the lesional region of skin before (Before set) and after (After set) PDT versus healthy (healthy set) skin and before versus after. The before-health comparison showed a partial similarity with the After-Healthy assessment. The before-after evaluation indicated that there were not considerable differences between the gene expression profile of the lesional region before and after PDT. Conclusion: In conclusion, PDT was unable to return the gene expression pattern of the actinic keratoses skin to a healthy condition completely.

Laser Diode - GaAlAs Acupuncture in the Treatment of Central Obesity: a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: : Obesity is a global health challenge. Traditional approaches, including increased physical activity, dietary interventions, and medical therapy, often yield limited success, propelling some patients toward costly and invasive procedures like bariatric surgery. Laser acupuncture has been suggested as a complementary therapeutic approach to overcome this challenge. The present study investigated the effectiveness of laser acupuncture treatment in weight loss and abdominal subcutaneous fat reduction. Methods: : A randomized, blinded, sham-controlled clinical trial was conducted, with 30 subjects each in the intervention and control groups. Patients in the intervention group underwent 12 sessions of laser acupuncture treatment within a month (three sessions/week), whereas those in the control group received sham laser treatment on identical acupoints. The patients were instructed not to alter their physical activity levels or dietary regimens. All parameters were evaluated before and after the treatment. Results: : Significant reductions in weight, body mass index, and waist circumference were noted in both intervention and control groups. Further analysis revealed a more significant decrease in the laser acupuncture group. Abdominal sonography revealed a marked decrease in periumbilical fat thickness in the intervention group. Conversely, laboratory evaluations showed no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: : Laser acupuncture is an effective method for weight loss in patients with periumbilical abdominal fat. The observed impact on subcutaneous fat suggests its potential as a non-invasive intervention for individuals seeking weight management alternatives. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and explore the underlying mechanisms of laser acupuncture in adipose tissue modulation.

Assessment of Photosensitizer Concentration Effects on the Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy.

Introduction: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an attractive approach in medicine. Due to its noninvasive nature and low side effects, PDT has been developed quickly. In the present study, the gene expression profiles of the human cell line that was treated via PDT in the sub-lethal concentration (LC50) and super-lethal concentration (LC90) of a photosensitizer (PS) from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were extracted and the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were investigated. Methods: The gene expression profiles of the treated cells were compared with a control, and the common DEGs were determined. The common DEGs were assessed via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, and gene ontology enrichment was evaluated. The related biological terms for the common genes were identified. Results: Ninety-four common DEGs were selected to be analyzed. It appeared that the activation and increment of gene expression were prominent processes. Jun, Dusp1, Atf4, and Atf3 as four critical genes were highlighted. "Chromosomal and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer" was identified as the main class of biological terms related to the assessed DEGs. Conclusion: The major molecular events which happened in both analyses indicated that PDT, independent from the concentration of PS, induced gross molecular changes such as the upregulation of Jun and Dusp1.

Collagen Synthesis as a Prominent Process During the Interval between Two Laser Sessions.

Introduction: Many people suffer from skin photodamage, especially photoaging. The application of a laser to repair damages is a common therapeutic method that is used widely. In the present study, the effectiveness and molecular mechanism of an Er:Glass non-ablative fractional laser on the human skin was assessed via bioinformatics and network analysis. Methods: The gene expression profiles of 17 white female forearm skins which received an Er:Glass non-ablative fractional laser before and after laser treatment in two sessions were extracted from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Data were evaluated via GEO2R and the significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were assessed via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. The central nodes were identified and discussed for the compared set of samples. Results: Five classes of samples were clustered in two categories: first, baseline, 7 and 14 days after the first session of laser treatment, and second, one day after the first laser session, 29 days after the first laser session, and 1 day after the second laser session. The gross cell functions such as cell division and cell cycle and immune response were highlighted as the early affected targets of the laser. Collagen synthesis was resulted after the first laser session. Conclusion: In conclusion, the time interval between laser sessions plays a critical role in the effectiveness of laser therapy. Findings indicate that the gross effect of laser application appears in a short time, and important processes such as collagen synthesis happen later.

Introducing Critical Genes in Response to Photodynamic Therapy: A Network Analysis.

Introduction: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is applied as an efficient method for preventing the progress of cancers. Light and a photosensitive compound which is known as photosensitizer (PS) are the main parts of PDT. In the present study, molecular events after using PDT in the presence of a super lethal dose of a PS were assessed via protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. Methods: Data were extracted from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The gene expression profiles of the treated human Sk-Cha1 cells via PDT were compared with the control cells. Expressed change analysis and PPI network analysis were administrated via Cytoscape software v 3.7.2 to find the critical differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Regulatory relationships between the central DEGs were evaluated and the highlighted genes were identified. Results: The significant amounts of gene expression values were grouped and a few DEGs characterized by tremendously expressed values were identified. EGFR, CANX, HSPA5, MYC, JUN, ITGB1, APP, and CDH1 were highlighted as hub-bottleneck DEGs. EGFR, CDH1, and JUN appeared as a set of SEGs, which play a crucial role in response to PDT in the treated Sk-Cha1 cells. Conclusion: In conclusion, regulatory relationships between EGFR, CDH1, and JUN, which have an effect on the regulation of cellular survival, differentiation, and proliferation, were highlighted in the present investigation.

Long and Short-terms Effects of Ablative Fractional Laser Therapy on Human Skin: A Network Analysis.

Introduction: Time-dependent effects of laser radiation have been investigated by researchers. An understanding of the molecular mechanism of the time course effect of the laser needs molecular assessment and function evaluation of the related genes. In the present study, the importance of repetition of treatment after 4 weeks and gene expression alteration after 7 days of laser radiation versus one day on the human skin was evaluated via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and gene ontology enrichment. Methods: The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were extracted from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and assessed via PPI network analysis. The critical DEGs were enriched via gene ontology. The related biological processes and biochemical pathways were retrieved from "GO-Biological process" and "Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes" (KEGG) respectively. Results: The repetition of laser therapy after 4 weeks of the first treatment did not have a significant effect on treatment efficacy. Sixty-three significant DEGs and six classes of biological terms discriminated the samples seven days after the treatment from individuals one day after the treatment. The studied DEGs were organized into two clusters with certain functions. Conclusion: Based on the findings after laser therapy, several days are required to complete the critical processes such as DNA biosynthesis and skin cornification.

Gene Ontology Assessment of Indirect Cold Physical Plasma and UV-Radiation Molecular Mechanism at the Cellular Level.

Introduction: The development of therapeutic methods implies an understanding of the molecular mechanism of the applied methods. Due to the widespread use of UV radiation and cold physical plasma in medicine, the molecular mechanism of these two methods is compared via gene ontology. Methods: Data were derived from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) which discriminate the cells treated with UV radiation versus indirect cold physical plasma were analyzed via gen ontology enrichment. The related biochemical pathways were extracted from the "Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes" (KEGG). Results: Among the 152 queried DEGs, 18 critical genes including SOC1, LDLR, ALO5, PTGS2, TNF, JUNB, TNFRSF1A, CD40, SMAD7, ID1, SMAD6, SERPINE1, PMAIP1, MDM2, CREB5, GADD45A, E2F3, and ETV5 were highlighted as the genes that victimize the two methods. Conclusion: NOTCH1 and TNF as the main genes plus SEREPINE1, KLF, and BDNF were introduced as the significant genes that are involved in the processes which discriminate cold physical plasma administration and UV-radiation as the two evaluated therapeutic methods.