ABSTRACT
Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the known causes of anovulatory fertility in the world. Previous research has linked oxidative stress could contribute to PCOS, and vanillic acid has shown antioxidant potential. Hence, the present study evaluated the effect of vanillic acid on letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in female rats. Materials and methods: PCOS was induced in Wistar female rats with letrozole (1 mg/kg, orally) in carboxymethoxycellulose (1 % w/v), administered for 21 days. After induction, the standard group received clomiphene citrate (1 mg/kg, orally) while other treatment groups were administered with vanillic acid at doses 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, orally for 15 days, and without treatment was considered a negative control group. Different parameters studied were body weight, ovary weight, blood glucose, lipid profile, hormonal levels [luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone], markers for oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, catalase, and malonaldehyde), and histopathology of the ovary. Statistical analysis was done for the results and p < 0.05 was considered to indicate the significance. Results: Vanillic acid-treated animals showed a concentration-dependent activity on the tested parameters. The highest tested dose (100 mg/kg) produced a more prominent effect in significantly (P < 0.001) decreasing the body weight, and ovary weight and improving the hormonal imbalance. Also, vanillic acid significantly (P < 0.01) reduced elevated blood sugar and lipid levels. Additionally, vanillic acid reduced oxidative stress significantly (P < 0.001) in the ovaries of female rats. Histopathological reports showed a reduction in cystic follicles and appearance of normal healthy follicles at different stages of development after the administration of vanillic acid. Furthermore, these effects were observed to be comparable with those recorded for standard drug, clomiphene. Conclusion: The current study data suggests that vanillic acid has protected the letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome. In the event of several side effects associated with conventional treatments used for PCOS, the findings of this study suggest the promising role of vanillic acid. More research in this direction might identify the true potency of vanillic acid in the treatment of PCOS.
ABSTRACT
The present work is an agreement with simple and efficient method of improving the therapeutic efficacy of ibuprofen by masking its acidic moiety. It aims to reduce gastrointestinal side effects by controlling the rate, duration and site of release. This is achieved by synthesis and evaluation of polymeric prodrug of ibuprofen with natural polymer sodium alginate. The synthesis was supported by N-protected serine as spacer due to chemical incompatibility of drug and polymer. Synthesized prodrug was characterized for confirmation of said structures. The in-vitro dissolution profile of ibuprofen-alginate prodrug showed that the release of the drug is significantly higher in case of pH 7.2 buffer as compared to ibuprofen, which might be due to ester group adjacent to drug get hydrolyzed. The hydrolysis was found to be with faster rate in alkaline media than that of in acidic media.
Subject(s)
Analgesics/therapeutic use , Ibuprofen/therapeutic use , Pain/drug therapy , Alginates/chemical synthesis , Analgesics/adverse effects , Drug Liberation , Gastric Acid/chemistry , Gastrointestinal Absorption/physiology , Glucuronic Acid/chemical synthesis , Hexuronic Acids/chemical synthesis , Humans , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Hydrolysis , Ibuprofen/adverse effects , Polymers/chemical synthesis , Prodrugs/chemical synthesisABSTRACT
The present works deals with simple and efficient method of improving therapeutic efficacy of racemic ibuprofen by retarding gastrointestinal side effects through masking of carboxylic group chemically. This is achieved by synthesis and evaluation of ester derivatives of ibuprofen as mutual prodrugs with naturally occurring phenolic and alcoholic compounds. Promoieties like menthol; thymol and eugenol were selected with the aim of getting synergistic effect as these are natural analgesic having traditional medicinal values. Prodrugs are found to be highly lipophilic as compared to parent drug. All the prodrugs are found to be highly stable at acidic pH while undergoes hydrolysis at neutral and alkaline pH as indicated by their t(1/2) values. Synthesized prodrugs derivatives show increased anti-inflammatory activity that might be attributed to synergistic effect as ibuprofen conjugates to natural analgesics. Ulcer index shows much reduction in gastric ulceration compared to ibuprofen concluding the successful masking of acidic group.