Laser-Driven One- and Two-Dimensional Subwavelength Periodic Patterning of Thin Films Made of a Metal-Organic MoS2 Precursor.

Laser-based surface processing is an established way for the maskless generation of surface structures and functionalities on a large variety of materials. Laser-driven periodic surface texturing and structuring of thin films is reported for metallic-, semiconductive-, and polymeric films. Here, we introduce subwavelength surface patterning of metal-organic thin films of [Mo2S4(S2CNnBu2)2], a MoS2 precursor. Accurate control of one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) periodic patterns is achieved on silicon wafers with a pulsed 532 nm ns laser. With suitable combinations of laser polarization, laser pulse energy, the thickness of the SiO2 passivation layer, and the MoS2 precursor's thin film thickness, high-quality 1D and 2D self-organized periodic structures are obtained in virtually unlimited areas. The material redistribution related to the pattern formation is thermally driven at low laser energies. Increasing pulse energies beyond a threshold level, in our experiments a factor of 2, fully converts the precursor to MoS2.

Assembling Carbon Nanotube Architectures.

Well-defined multiwalled carbon nanotube structures are generated on stainless steel AISI 304 (EN AW 1.4301) by chemical vapor deposition. Pulsed laser-induced dewetting (PLiD) of the surface, by 532 nm nanosecond laser pulses, is utilized for the preparation of metal oxide nanoparticle fields with a defined particle number per area. The reduction of the precursor particles is achieved in an Ar/H2 (10% H2) atmosphere at 750 °C, thereby generating catalytic nanoparticles (c-NPs) for carbon nanotube (CNT) growth. Ethylene is used as a precursor gas for CNT growth. CNT lengths and morphology are directly related to the c-NP aerial density, which is dependent on the number of dewetting cycles during the PLiD process. Within a narrow window of c-NP per area, vertically aligned carbon nanotubes of great lengths are obtained. For more intense laser treatments, three-dimensional dewetting occurs and results in the formation of cauliflower-like structures. The laser process enables the creation of all kinds of CNT morphologies nearby on the microscale.

Formation of Highly Ordered Platinum Nanowire Arrays on Silicon via Laser-Induced Self-Organization.

Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) provide an elegant solution for the generation of highly ordered periodic patterns on the surface of solids. In this study, LIPSS are utilized for the formation of periodic platinum nanowire arrays. In a process based on laser-stimulated self-organization, platinum thin films, sputter-deposited onto silicon, are transformed into nanowire arrays with an average periodicity of 538 nm. The width of the platinum nanowires is adjustable in a range from 20 nm to 250 nm by simply adjusting the thickness of the initial platinum thin films in a range from 0.3 nm to 4.3 nm. With increasing width, platinum nanowires show a rising tendency to sink into the surface of the silicon wafer, thus indicating alloying between platinum and silicon upon LIPSS-formation by a nanosecond-pulsed laser. The Pt/silicon wires may be etched away, leaving a complementary nanostructure in the silicon surface.

Fossa verde como componente de saneamento rural para a região semiárida do Brasil / Green pit technology as a rural sanitation component for the semiarid region of Brazil

RESUMO O módulo de fossa verde (MFV) corresponde a um modelo alternativo de tratamento de efluente domiciliar que considera o reúso da água em quintais produtivos, contribuindo para o saneamento rural. O presente estudo tem por escopo a avaliação de 70 unidades desses módulos instalados no semiárido brasileiro e inclui teste de qualidade sanitária dos vegetais cultivados, proposta de dimensionamento, taxa de acumulação do lodo produzido e avaliação do tempo de manutenção do MFV. O dimensionamento levou em conta o consumo de água, tendo sido avaliadas in loco a demanda hídrica para uma residência com (R1) e uma sem (R2) água canalizada. Além disso, foi mensurada a contribuição de esgoto e o coeficiente de retorno em cada caso. As amostras analisadas de tomate (Solanum esculentum), pimenta (Capsicum chinense), banana (Musa sp.) e da folha de malvarisco (Plectranthus amboinicus L.) apresentaram valores de coliformes termotolerantes inferiores a 10 UFC.g-1 e ausência de Salmonella sp., indicando que os produtos atendem aos padrões sanitários. Os consumos hídricos para R1 e R2 foram de 50 e 34 L.hab-1.dia-1, enquanto os valores referentes à produção de esgoto foram de 13,1 e 1,2 L.hab-1.dia-1, respectivamente. Isso indica coeficientes de retorno equivalentes a 26 e 3% para R1 e R2, simultaneamente, o que difere substancialmente do valor comumente preconizado (80%). O sistema apresenta baixa demanda de manutenção: remoção do lodo da câmara de digestão a cada cinco anos e três meses, em média.

ABSTRACT The green pit module corresponds to an alternative model to treat domestic sewage in rural areas, which considers water reuse in productive yards, contributing to rural sanitation. The present investigation has assessed the green pit module performance based on 70 modules installed in the semiarid region of Brazil and includes sanitary quality test of cultivated vegetables, sizing proposal, rate of accumulation of the sludge produced and evaluation of the maintenance period of the green pit module. A design method was presented, which is based on water consumption, and has been assessed on site for two kinds of homes: those with (R1) and without (R2) tap water supply. In addition, we measured the sewage contribution and return coefficient for each case. The analyzed samples of tomato (Solanum esculentum), pepper (Capsicum chinense), banana (Musa sp.) and "malvarisco" leaves (Plectranthus amboinicus L.) presented low levels of coliform (below ten colony-forming units per gram) and absence of Salmonella sp., which complies with the Brazilian sanitation legislation. The water consumption for R1 and R2 were 50 and 34 L.resident-1.day-1, whereas sewage per capita production totaled 13.1 and 1.2 L.resident-1.day-1 for R1 and R2, respectively. This indicates return coefficients of 26 and 3% for R1 and R2, respectively, which differs significantly from the usually recommended value (80%). The system presents low maintenance demand: the sludge should be removed every 5.3 years, on average.

Mechanically metastable structures generated by single pulse laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) in the photoresist SU8.

Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) with a periodicity of 351 nm are generated in the negative photoresist SU8 by single nanosecond laser pulse impact. Friction scans indicate the periodic pattern to comprise alternating regions of crosslinked and non-crosslinked SU8. Intriguingly, even minor mechanical stimuli in the order of nanonewtons cause the unfolding or rather the deletion of the characteristic periodic pattern similarly to the release of a pre-loaded spring. This feature combined with high resilience to heat and photon irradiation makes SU8-LIPSS attractive for applications such as mechanical stress monitors, self-destructing memory and passive micro actuators.

Directed assembly of gold nanowires on silicon via reorganization and simultaneous fusion of randomly distributed gold nanoparticles.

Laser-induced reorganization and simultaneous fusion of nanoparticles is introduced as a versatile concept for pattern formation on surfaces. The process takes advantage of a phenomenon called laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) which originates from periodically alternating photonic fringe patterns in the near-field of solids. Associated photonic fringe patterns are shown to reorganize randomly distributed gold nanoparticles on a silicon wafer into periodic gold nanostructures. Concomitant melting due to optical heating facilitates the formation of continuous structures such as periodic gold nanowire arrays. Generated patterns can be converted into secondary structures using directed assembly or self-organization. This includes for example the rotation of gold nanowire arrays by arbitrary angles or their fragmentation into arrays of aligned gold nanoparticles.

Site-selective biomineralization of native biological membranes.

Biomineralization of silica precursors, mediated by self-assembled proteins, is performed by many organisms. The silica cell walls of diatoms are perhaps the most stunning biomineral structures. Although the mechanisms of biomineralization are still not fully understood, template-assisted formation of silica nanostructures has gained much attention in the materials science community. Precise control of the location and the shape of structures obtained by biomineralization remains a challenge. This paper introduces a versatile biotechnological process that enables site-selective biomineralization of native biological membranes using genetically modified purple membrane (PM) from Halobacterium salinarum as a template. PM is a two-dimensional crystal consisting of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and lipids. In this work we study PM-E234R7, a genetically modified PM containing mutated BR, where seven amino acids, starting from E234, were replaced by arginine in the C-terminus. The arginine sequence catalyzes silica formation from a tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) precursor. Silicification of the mutated PM variant starts with initial formation of membrane-attached spherical silica nanoparticles, which then fuse to form 2D silica nanoflakes, selectively, on the cytoplasmic side of the PM. Genetical modification of membrane proteins with poly-arginine sequences may be a general route for site-selective biomineralization of native biological membranes.

Self-organization of multifunctional surfaces--the fingerprints of light on a complex system.

Nanocomposite patterns and nanotemplates are generated by a single-step bottom-up concept that introduces laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) as a tool for site-specific reaction control in multicomponent systems. Periodic intensity fluctuations of this photothermal stimulus inflict spatial-selective reorganizations, dewetting scenarios and phase segregations, thus creating regular patterns of anisotropic physicochemical properties that feature attractive optical, electrical, magnetic, and catalytic properties.

Photochemical preparation of sub-wavelength heterogeneous laser-induced periodic surface structures.

Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are a phenomenon caused by interaction of light with solid surfaces. We present a photochemical concept which uses LIPSS-related light intensity patterns for the generation of heterogeneous nanostructures. The process facilitates arbitrary combinations of substrate and LIPSS-pattern materials. An efficient method for the generation of organometallic hybrid-nanowire arrays on porous anodic aluminum oxide is demonstrated.