Donna Jackson-Maldonado. A life dedicated to joining theory and practice in language development research / Donna Jackson-Maldonado. Una vida dedicada a unir teoría y práctica en la investigación del desarrollo del lenguaje

Precedents and objectives: Dr Donna Jackson-Maldonado, researcher and professor at the Centro de Estudios Lingüísticos y Literarios of the Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro in Mexico, left us on November 30, 2021. In this article, we review her main scientific contributions related to the three fundamental axes on which she worked: language acquisition, language disorders and language assessment. Methods and results: Dr Jackson-Maldonado's studies on language acquisition included groups of premature babies, late talkers, and typical development children in bilingual and diverse socioeconomic conditions. Moreover, she studied atypical language development in children with hearing loss, children with developmental language disorders and children with Down syndrome and other syndromes. Finally, regarding language assessment, it should be noted that she led the Mexican Spanish version of the Communicative Development Inventories (CDI) that was used as a model for later adaptations in other Romance languages. Discussion and conclusion: Dr Jackson-Maldonado's methodological approach combined rigour with a creative and innovative scientific spirit, yet she integrated theory and clinical practice from its very beginning. She left us an immense research and personal legacy that we want to honour in this paper.

Antecedentes y objetivos: La Dra. Donna Jackson-Maldonado, investigadora y profesora del Centro de Estudios Lingüísticos y Literarios de la Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro en México, nos dejó el 30 de noviembre de 2021. En este artículo repasamos sus principales aportaciones científicas relacionadas con los tres ejes fundamentales sobre los que trabajó: la adquisición del lenguaje, los trastornos del lenguaje y la evaluación del lenguaje. Método y resultados: Las investigaciones de la Dra. Jackson sobre la adquisición del lenguaje incluyeron grupos de bebés prematuros, hablantes tardíos y niños de desarrollo típico en condiciones socioeconómicas bilingües y diversas. Además, estudió el desarrollo atípico del lenguaje en niños con pérdida auditiva, con trastornos del desarrollo del lenguaje y con síndrome de Down, así como otros síndromes. Finalmente, en cuanto a la evaluación lingüística, cabe destacar que lideró la versión en español mexicano de los Inventarios de Desarrollo Comunicativo (CDI) que sirvió de modelo para posteriores adaptaciones en otras lenguas romances. Discusión y conclusiones: El enfoque metodológico de la Dra. Jackson combinó el rigor con un espíritu científico creativo e innovador, además, integró la teoría y la práctica clínica desde sus inicios. Nos dejó un inmenso legado personal e investigador que queremos honrar en este trabajo.(AU)

Association of major depressive disorder (MDD) with zinc levels and handgrip muscle strength in a sample of Colombian adults / Asociación del trastorno depresivo mayor con los niveles séricos de zinc y la fuerza muscular

Introduction: Depression is related with poor musclestrength, and deficiencies of microelements such as Zinc (Zn).Otherwise, Zn is related with muscle strength, but there is noevidence of the relations between muscle strength and Znlevels in depression. Objective: To determine the association between serum Zn levels, handgrip muscle strength, and depression. Methods: An observational, analytical case-control study. 102 depressive patients hospitalized at the San Juan de DiosClinic in Manizales, and 36 controls with no personal historyof mental illness were evaluated for depression severity,serum Zn levels, and handgrip muscle strength. The groupswere matched by sex, age, educational level, and socioeco-nomic stratum. The severity of depression was assessed us-ing the Montgomery–Asberg Rating Scale (MADRS). Serum Znlevels were determined, and handgrip muscle strength wasassessed using dynamometer. Descriptive analysis, logistic reression and linear models were performed with depressionand severity of depression as dependent variables. Results: Lower Zn levels and reduced handgrip musclestrength were related to the presence of depression with thelogistic model. Lower handgrip muscle strength and severityof depression were associated with the linear model. Conclusion: An association was found between depressionand low Zn levels, and an inverse association between severityof depression and handgrip muscle strength. Future studiesshould investigate causality, and to evaluate the relationshipbetween depression, muscle strength and nutritional status.(AU)

Introducción: La depresión se encuentra relacionada con una disminución de la fuerza muscular y deficiencia de microelementos como el Zinc (Zn). De otra parte, el Zn está relacionado con la fuerza muscular, sin embargo, no hay evidencia si existe una asociación entre fuerza muscular y Zn en depresión. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre niveles séricos de Zn, fuerza muscular y depresión. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico de casos y controles. Participaron 102 pacientes hospitalizados en la Clínica San Juan de Dios de Manizales y 36 controles sin historia personal de enfermedad mental. Fueron evaluados la severidad de la depresión, los niveles séricos de Zn y la fuerza de agarre manual. Los grupos fueron pareados por edad, sexo, escolaridad y estrato socioeconómico. La severidad de la depresión se evaluó con la escala de depresión Montgomery-Asberg (MADRS), se determinaron niveles séricos de Zn y la fuerza muscular fue evaluada con por dinamometría. Se realizo un análisis descriptivo, y modelos de regresión logística y regresión lineal con depresión y severidad de la depresión como variables dependientes.Resultados: El modelo de regresión logística encontró una asociación entre los niveles bajos de Zn y la fuerza muscular con la presencia de depresión. El modelo de regresión lineal encontró una relación entre menor fuerza de agarre y severidad de la depresión.Conclusión: Existe una asociación entre depresión y niveles bajos de Zn, y una relación inversamente proporcional entre severidad de la depresión y menor fuerza muscular. Estudios en el futuro deben investigar relaciones de causalidad y evaluar la relación entre depresión, fuerza muscular y estado nutricional.(AU)

Fusarium and allied fusarioid taxa (FUSA). 1.

Seven Fusarium species complexes are treated, namely F. aywerte species complex (FASC) (two species), F. buharicum species complex (FBSC) (five species), F. burgessii species complex (FBURSC) (three species), F. camptoceras species complex (FCAMSC) (three species), F. chlamydosporum species complex (FCSC) (eight species), F. citricola species complex (FCCSC) (five species) and the F. concolor species complex (FCOSC) (four species). New species include Fusicolla elongata from soil (Zimbabwe), and Neocosmospora geoasparagicola from soil associated with Asparagus officinalis (Netherlands). New combinations include Neocosmospora akasia, N. awan, N. drepaniformis, N. duplosperma, N. geoasparagicola, N. mekan, N. papillata, N. variasi and N. warna. Newly validated taxa include Longinectria gen. nov., L. lagenoides, L. verticilliforme, Fusicolla gigas and Fusicolla guangxiensis. Furthermore, Fusarium rosicola is reduced to synonymy under N. brevis. Finally, the genome assemblies of Fusarium secorum (CBS 175.32), Microcera coccophila (CBS 310.34), Rectifusarium robinianum (CBS 430.91), Rugonectria rugulosa (CBS 126565), and Thelonectria blattea (CBS 952.68) are also announced here. Citation: Crous PW, Sandoval-Denis M, Costa MM, Groenewald JZ, van Iperen AL, Starink-Willemse M, Hernández-Restrepo M, Kandemir H, Ulaszewski B, de Boer W, Abdel-Azeem AM, Abdollahzadeh J, Akulov A, Bakhshi M, Bezerra JDP, Bhunjun CS, Câmara MPS, Chaverri P, Vieira WAS, Decock CA, Gaya E, Gené J, Guarro J, Gramaje D, Grube M, Gupta VK, Guarnaccia V, Hill R, Hirooka Y, Hyde KD, Jayawardena RS, Jeewon R, Jurjevic Z, Korsten L, Lamprecht SC, Lombard L, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Polizzi G, Rajeshkumar KC, Salgado-Salazar C, Shang Q-J, Shivas RG, Summerbell RC, Sun GY, Swart WJ, Tan YP, Vizzini A, Xia JW, Zare R, González CD, Iturriaga T, Savary O, Coton M, Coton E, Jany J-L, Liu C, Zeng Z-Q, Zhuang W-Y, Yu Z-H, Thines M (2022). Fusarium and allied fusarioid taxa (FUSA). 1. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 9: 161-200. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2022.09.08.

An amyloid beta vaccine that safely drives immunity to a key pathological species in Alzheimer's disease: pyroglutamate amyloid beta.

Pyroglutamate amyloid beta3-42 (pGlu-Abeta3-42), a highly amyloidogenic and neurotoxic form of Abeta, is N-terminally truncated to form a pyroglutamate and has recently been proposed as a key target for immunotherapy. Optimized ACI-24, a vaccine in development for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease, focuses the antibody response on the first 15 N-terminal amino acids of Abeta (Abeta1-15). Importantly, clinical data with an initial version of ACI-24 incorporating Abeta1-15, established the vaccine's safety and tolerability with evidence of immunogenicity. To explore optimized ACI-24's capacity to generate antibodies to pGlu-Abeta3-42, pre-clinical studies were carried out. Vaccinating mice and non-human primates demonstrated that optimized ACI-24 was well-tolerated and induced an antibody response against Abeta1-42 as expected, as well as high titres of IgG reactive with pyroGlu-Abeta. Epitope mapping of the polyclonal response confirmed these findings revealing broad coverage of epitopes particularly for Abeta peptides mimicking where cleavage occurs to form pGlu-Abeta3-42. These data are in striking contrast to results obtained with other clinically tested Abeta targeting vaccines which generated restricted and limited antibody diversity. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that optimized ACI-24 vaccination represents a breakthrough to provide a safe immune response with a broader Abeta sequence recognition compared to previously tested vaccines, creating binders to pathogenic forms of Abeta important in pathogenesis including pGlu-Abeta3-42.

Molar-incisor hypomineralisation: an updated view for aetiology 20 years later.

BACKGROUND: The term Molar-Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) was introduced in 2001 by Weerheijm, Jälevik and Alaluusua, and describes a defect of systemic origin that affects one to four first permanent molars, often associated with permanent incisors. In the past 20 years, this definition dictated the work regarding MIH prevalence, associated risk factors, association with dental caries, impact on quality of life, and therapeutic options. PURPOSE: In this report, we offer an updated and comprehensive view of MIH centred on the patient and the tooth. CONCLUSION: MIH today is globally recognized as a potential public health problem and it is not a defect of purely systemic origin but rather a condition with complex aetiology that in some instances may be the result of gene-environmental interactions.

First Look Into the Ambrosia Beetle-Fungus Symbiosis Present in Commercial Avocado Orchards in Michoacán, Mexico.

Most beetle-fungus symbioses do not represent a threat to agricultural and natural ecosystems; however, a few beetles are able to inoculate healthy hosts with disease-causing fungal symbionts. Here, we report the putative nutritional symbionts associated with five native species of ambrosia beetles colonizing commercial avocado trees in four locations in Michoacán. Knowing which beetles are present in the commercial orchards and the surrounding areas, as well as their fungal associates, is imperative for developing a realistic risk assessment and an effective monitoring system that allows for timely management actions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed five potentially new, previously undescribed species of Raffaelea, and three known species (R. arxi, R. brunnea, R. fusca). The genus Raffaelea was recovered from all the beetle species and across the different locations. Raffaelea lauricola (RL), which causes a deadly vascular fungal disease known as laurel wilt (LW) in Lauraceae species, including avocado, was not recovered. This study points to the imminent danger of native ambrosia beetles spreading RL if the pathogen is introduced to Mexico's avocado orchards or natural areas given that these beetles are associated with Raffaelea species and that lateral transfer of RL among ambrosia beetles in Florida suggests that the likelihood of this phenomenon increases when partners are phylogenetically close. Therefore, this study provides important information about the potential vectors of RL in Mexico and other avocado producing regions. Confirming beetle-fungal identities in these areas is especially important given the serious threat laurel wilt disease represents to the avocado industry in Mexico.

Consolidation of Chloridium: new classification into eight sections with 37 species and reinstatement of the genera Gongromeriza and Psilobotrys.

Chloridium is a little-studied group of soil- and wood-inhabiting dematiaceous hyphomycetes that share a rare mode of phialidic conidiogenesis on multiple loci. The genus has historically been divided into three morphological sections, i.e. Chloridium, Gongromeriza, and Psilobotrys. Sexual morphs have been placed in the widely perceived genus Chaetosphaeria, but unlike their asexual counterparts, they show little or no morphological variation. Recent molecular studies have expanded the generic concept to include species defined by a new set of morphological characters, such as the collar-like hyphae, setae, discrete phialides, and penicillately branched conidiophores. The study is based on the consilience of molecular species delimitation methods, phylogenetic analyses, ancestral state reconstruction, morphological hypotheses, and global biogeographic analyses. The multilocus phylogeny demonstrated that the classic concept of Chloridium is polyphyletic, and the original sections are not congeneric. Therefore, we abolish the existing classification and propose to restore the generic status of Gongromeriza and Psilobotrys. We present a new generic concept and define Chloridium as a monophyletic, polythetic genus comprising 37 species distributed in eight sections. In addition, of the taxa earlier referred to Gongromeriza, two have been redisposed to the new genus Gongromerizella. Analysis of published metabarcoding data showed that Chloridium is a common soil fungus representing a significant (0.3 %) proportion of sequence reads in environmental samples deposited in the GlobalFungi database. The analysis also showed that they are typically associated with forest habitats, and their distribution is strongly influenced by climate, which is confirmed by our data on their ability to grow at different temperatures. We demonstrated that Chloridium forms species-specific ranges of distribution, which is rarely documented for microscopic soil fungi. Our study shows the feasibility of using the GlobalFungi database to study the biogeography and ecology of fungi. Taxonomic novelties: New genus: Gongromerizella Réblová; New sections: Chloridium section Cryptogonytrichum Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolarík & F. Sklenar, Chloridium section Gonytrichopsis Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolarík & F. Sklenar, Chloridium section Metachloridium Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolarík & F. Sklenar, Chloridium section Volubilia Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolarík & F. Sklenar; New species: Chloridium bellum Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium biforme Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium detriticola Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium gamsii Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium guttiferum Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium moratum Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium peruense Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium novae-zelandiae Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium elongatum Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium volubile Réblová & Hern.-Restr.; New varieties: Chloridium bellum var. luteum Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium detriticola var. effusum Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium chloridioides var. convolutum Réblová & Hern.-Restr.; New combinations: Chloridium section Gonytrichum (Nees & T. Nees) Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolarík & F. Sklenar, Chloridium section Mesobotrys (Sacc.) Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolarík & F. Sklenar, Chloridium section Pseudophialocephala (M.S. Calabon et al.) Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolarík & F. Sklenar, Chloridium simile (W. Gams & Hol.-Jech.) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium chloridioides (W. Gams & Hol.-Jech.) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium subglobosum (W. Gams & Hol.-Jech.) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium fuscum (Corda) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium ypsilosporum (Hol.-Jech.) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium costaricense (G. Weber et al.) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium cuneatum (N.G. Liu et al.) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Fusichloridium cylindrosporum (W. Gams & Hol.-Jech.) Réblová, Gongromeriza myriocarpa (Fr.) Réblová, Gongromeriza pygmaea (P. Karst.) Réblová, Gongromerizella lignicola (F. Mangenot) Réblová, Gongromerizella pachytrachela (W. Gams & Hol.-Jech) Réblová, Gongromerizella pini (Crous & Akulov) Réblová; New name: Chloridium pellucidum Réblová & Hern.-Restr.; Epitypifications (basionyms): Chaetopsis fusca Corda, Gonytrichum caesium var. subglobosum W. Gams & Hol.-Jech.; Lectotypification (basionym): Gonytrichum caesium Nees & T. Nees. Citation: Réblová M, Hernández-Restrepo M, Sklenár F, Nekvindová J, Réblová K, Kolarík M (2022). Consolidation of Chloridium: new classification into eight sections with 37 species and reinstatement of the genera Gongromeriza and Psilobotrys. Studies in Mycology 103: 87-212. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.103.04.

Phylogeny and taxonomy of Circinotrichum, Gyrothrix, Vermiculariopsiella and other setose hyphomycetes.

Circinotrichum, Gyrothrix and Vermiculariopsiella represent a complex of dematiaceous, setose, saprobic hyphomycetes that are commonly collected on plant litters in tropical, subtropical to temperate climates. Multi-locus analysis (ITS, LSU, rpb2) and morphological studies revealed that Gyrothrix and Circinotrichum are polyphyletic and species belong to 10 genera grouping in three different clades within Xylariales, named Coniocessiaceae (Circinotrichum and Pirozynskiomyces gen. nov.), Microdochiaceae (Selenodriella and the resurrected genus Peglionia) and the new family Gyrothricaceae (Gyrothrix, Xenoanthostomella, Neogyrothrix gen. nov., Pseudocircinotrichum gen. nov., and Pseudoceratocladium gen. nov.). Vermiculariopsiella (Vermiculariopsiellales, Vermiculariopsiellaceae) is emended for species with setose sporodochia with simple setae (V. dichapetali, V. eucalypticola, V. immersa, V. pini, V. spiralis, V. australiensis sp. nov.) while Vermiculariopsis is resurrected and includes setose fungi with branched setae (Vs. dunni, Vs. eucalypti, Vs. eucalyptigena, Vs. lauracearum, Vs. microsperma, Vs. pediculata and Vs. castanedae sp. nov.). Citation: Hernández-Restrepo M, Decock CA, Costa MM, et al. 2022. Phylogeny and taxonomy of Circinotrichum, Gyrothrix, Vermiculariopsiella and other setose hyphomycetes. Persoonia 49: 99-135. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2022.49.03.

New and Interesting Fungi. 4.

An order, family and genus are validated, seven new genera, 35 new species, two new combinations, two epitypes, two lectotypes, and 17 interesting new host and / or geographical records are introduced in this study. Validated order, family and genus: Superstratomycetales and Superstratomycetaceae (based on Superstratomyces ). New genera: Haudseptoria (based on Haudseptoria typhae); Hogelandia (based on Hogelandia lambearum); Neoscirrhia (based on Neoscirrhia osmundae); Nothoanungitopsis (based on Nothoanungitopsis urophyllae); Nothomicrosphaeropsis (based on Nothomicrosphaeropsis welwitschiae); Populomyces (based on Populomyces zwinianus); Pseudoacrospermum (based on Pseudoacrospermum goniomae). New species: Apiospora sasae on dead culms of Sasa veitchii (Netherlands); Apiospora stipae on dead culms of Stipa gigantea (Spain); Bagadiella eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Australia); Calonectria singaporensis from submerged leaf litter (Singapore); Castanediella neomalaysiana on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Malaysia); Colletotrichum pleopeltidis on leaves of Pleopeltis sp. (South Africa); Coniochaeta deborreae from soil (Netherlands); Diaporthe durionigena on branches of Durio zibethinus (Vietnam); Floricola juncicola on dead culm of Juncus sp. (France); Haudseptoria typhae on leaf sheath of Typha sp. (Germany); Hogelandia lambearum from soil (Netherlands); Lomentospora valparaisensis from soil (Chile); Neofusicoccum mystacidii on dead stems of Mystacidium capense (South Africa); Neomycosphaerella guibourtiae on leaves of Guibourtia sp. (Angola); Niesslia neoexosporioides on dead leaves of Carex paniculata (Germany); Nothoanungitopsis urophyllae on seed capsules of Eucalyptus urophylla (South Africa); Nothomicrosphaeropsis welwitschiae on dead leaves of Welwitschia mirabilis (Namibia); Paracremonium bendijkiorum from soil (Netherlands); Paraphoma ledniceana on dead wood of Buxus sempervirens (Czech Republic); Paraphoma salicis on leaves of Salix cf. alba (Ukraine); Parasarocladium wereldwijsianum from soil (Netherlands); Peziza ligni on masonry and plastering (France); Phyllosticta phoenicis on leaves of Phoenix reclinata (South Africa); Plectosphaerella slobbergiarum from soil (Netherlands); Populomyces zwinianus from soil (Netherlands); Pseudoacrospermum goniomae on leaves of Gonioma kamassi (South Africa); Pseudopyricularia festucae on leaves of Festuca californica (USA); Sarocladium sasijaorum from soil (Netherlands); Sporothrix hypoxyli in sporocarp of Hypoxylon petriniae on Fraxinus wood (Netherlands); Superstratomyces albomucosus on Pycnanthus angolensis (Netherlands); Superstratomyces atroviridis on Pinus sylvestris (Netherlands); Superstratomyces flavomucosus on leaf of Hakea multilinearis (Australia); Superstratomyces tardicrescens from human eye specimen (USA); Taeniolella platani on twig of Platanus hispanica (Germany), and Tympanis pini on twigs of Pinus sylvestris (Spain). Citation: Crous PW, Hernández-Restrepo M, Schumacher RK, Cowan DA, Maggs-Kölling G, Marais E, Wingfield MJ, Yilmaz N, Adan OCG, Akulov A, Álvarez Duarte E, Berraf-Tebbal A, Bulgakov TS, Carnegie AJ, de Beer ZW, Decock C, Dijksterhuis J, Duong TA, Eichmeier A, Hien LT, Houbraken JAMP, Khanh TN, Liem NV, Lombard L, Lutzoni FM, Miadlikowska JM, Nel WJ, Pascoe IG, Roets F, Roux J, Samson RA, Shen M, Spetik M, Thangavel R, Thanh HM, Thao LD, van Nieuwenhuijzen EJ, Zhang JQ, Zhang Y, Zhao LL, Groenewald JZ (2021). New and Interesting Fungi. 4. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 255-343. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.13.

Reparación Directa y Conflicto Armado Interno: la Constitucionalización de la Responsabilidad Extracontractual del Estado / Direct Reparation and Internal Armed Conflict: Constitutionalization of Tort Liability of the State / Reparação Direta e Conflito Armado Interno: a Constitucionalização da Responsabilidade Ilícita do Estado

Resumen Introducción: En materia de responsabilidad extracontractual del Estado, los procesos de reparación directa que se han derivado de hechos con ocasión al Conflicto Armado Interno, en adelante -CAI- han generado cambios en las categorías de protección que se han ido transformando especialmente desde que se reconoce la existencia del CAI. Objetivo: el principal objetivo de esta investigación está articulado a determinar cuáles son las condiciones que se han valorado por parte del Consejo de Estado para establecer la adecuación frente a los títulos de imputación y asimismo, las condiciones de interpretación de las categorías del daño antijurídico y la responsabilidad del Estado. Materiales y Métodos: El estudio fue delimitado a partir de la revisión documental de una elección aleatoria de sentencias del Consejo de Estado tomadas de forma no probabilística a través de las categorías de los títulos de imputación que se presentaron en una reconstrucción cronológica donde el eje referencia se contrastó en una dimensión analítica del reconocimiento del CAI. Resultados: el estudio evidenció cómo entre los diferentes títulos de imputación aplicables a hechos del CAI existen parámetros que evidencian una transición de omisión institucional que permitía un margen de la concepción del daño antijurídico en un sentido amplio, hacia un margen más limitado fundamentado en un desarrollo más riguroso del principio de legalidad. Conclusiones: La declaración del CAI tuvo una gran incidencia en la forma como se desarrolló la responsabilidad extracontractual del Estado, que al disponer de nuevas categorías de protección generó con ello más seguridad jurídica, pero, que a su vez limitó interpretaciones amplias del daño antijurídico.

Abstract Introduction: In matters of extracontractual liability of the State, the processes of direct reparation that have been derived from facts on the occasion of the CAI have generated changes in the categories of protection that have been transforming especially since the existence of the CAI is recognized. Objective: The main objective of this research is to determine which are the conditions that have been assessed by the Council of State to establish the adequacy of the title of imputation and the conditions of interpretation of the categories of antijuridical damage and the responsibility of the State. Materials and Methods: The study was delimited from the documentary review of a random selection of sentences of the Council of State taken in a non-probabilistic way through the categories of the titles of imputation that were presented in a chronological reconstruction where the reference axis was contrasted in an analytical dimension of the recognition of the CAI. Results: the study evidenced how among the different titles of imputation applicable to facts of the internal armed conflict there are parameters that evidence a transition from institutional omission that allowed a margin of the conception of the antijuridical damage wide towards a more limited margin based on a more rigorous development of the principle of legality. Conclusions: The declaration of the internal armed conflict had a great impact on the way tort liability was developed, which by providing new categories of protection generated more legal certainty but limited broad interpretations of tort.

Resumo Introdução: Em matéria de responsabilidade extracontratual do Estado, os processos de reparação direta que foram derivados de fatos por ocasião da CAI geraram mudanças nas categorias de proteção que têm se transformado especialmente desde que a existência da CAI foi reconhecida. Objetivo: O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é determinar as condições que foram avaliadas pelo Conselho de Estado para estabelecer a adequação do título de imputação e as condições de interpretação das categorias de danos antijurídicos e a responsabilidade do Estado. Materiais e Métodos: O estudo foi delimitado a partir da revisão documental de uma seleção aleatória de julgamentos do Conselho de Estado tomados de forma não-probabilística através das categorias dos títulos de imputação que foram apresentados em uma reconstrução cronológica onde o eixo de referência foi contrastado em uma dimensão analítica do reconhecimento do CAI. Resultados: o estudo evidenciou como entre os diferentes títulos de imputação aplicáveis aos fatos do conflito armado interno existem parâmetros que evidenciam uma transição da omissão institucional que permitiu uma margem ampla da concepção de dano anti-jurídico para uma margem mais limitada baseada em um desenvolvimento mais rigoroso do princípio da legalidade. Conclusões: A declaração do conflito armado interno teve um grande impacto na forma como a responsabilidade extracontratual foi desenvolvida, o que ao proporcionar novas categorias de proteção gerou maior segurança jurídica, mas limitou interpretações amplas dos danos não judiciais.

Citizen science project reveals novel fusarioid fungi (Nectriaceae, Sordariomycetes) from urban soils.

Soil fungi play a crucial role in soil quality and fertility in being able to break down organic matter but are frequently also observed to play a role as important plant pathogens. As part of a Citizen Science Project initiated by the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and the Utrecht University Museum, which aimed to describe novel fungal species from Dutch garden soil, the diversity of fusarioid fungi (Fusarium and other fusarioid genera), which are members of Nectriaceae (Hypocreales) was investigated. Preliminary analyses of ITS and LSU sequences from more than 4 750 isolates obtained indicated that 109 strains belong to this generic complex. Based on multi-locus phylogenies of combinations of cmdA, tef1, rpb1, rpb2 and tub2 alignments, and morphological characteristics, 25 species were identified, namely 22 in Fusarium and three in Neocosmospora. Furthermore, two species were described as new namely F. vanleeuwenii from the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC), and F. wereldwijsianum from the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC). Other species encountered in this study include in the FOSC: F. curvatum, F. nirenbergiae, F. oxysporum and three undescribed Fusarium spp.; in the FIESC: F. clavus, F. croceum, F. equiseti, F. flagelliforme and F. toxicum; Fusarium tricinctum species complex: F. flocciferum and F. torulosum; the Fusarium sambucinum species complex: F. culmorum and F. graminearum; the Fusarium redolens species complex: F. redolens; and the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex: F. verticillioides. Three species of Neocosmospora were encountered, namely N. solani, N. stercicola and N. tonkinensis. Although soil fungal diversity has been well studied in the Netherlands, this study revealed two new species, and eight new records: F. clavus, F. croceum, F. flagelliforme, F. odoratissimum, F. tardicrescens, F. toxicum, F. triseptatum and N. stercicola.

Aesthetic perception in children with molar incisor hypomineralization.

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between aesthetic perception and molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in schoolchildren aged 8-12 years. METHODS: The study included 467 pupils enrolled in elementary schools. Once authorization was received, the students were examined for DMFT and dmft indexes (WHO criteria), and for MIH (EAPD criteria). The aesthetic perceptions were verified by the Child Perceptions Questionnaire About Tooth Appearance (CQATA), a questionnaire divided into several items, including physical, psychological and social domains; perception about tooth pleasantness, tooth alignment, tooth discoloration and tooth health; and reported pleasant colour. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square, the Mann-Whitney and the Kruskal-Wallis tests, and linear regression at a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: The tooth health perception was worse when the child had MIH, and the tooth alignment and tooth discoloration perceptions, when MIH affected the incisors. The number of teeth affected by MIH was associated with higher averages in the tooth discoloration perception. CONCLUSIONS: Children with MIH showed more negative perceptions toward tooth health, tooth alignment and tooth discoloration. However, none of the clinically investigated variables negatively impacted the reported pleasant colour question.

Vocabulary Gains in Bilingual Narrative Intervention.

Purpose The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of bilingual narrative intervention on vocabulary gains in Hebrew (school language) and English (home language) among English-Hebrew bilinguals, using a block design (one language at a time), and to determine whether there was cross-linguistic transfer to the language that was not receiving intervention. Method Sixteen English-Hebrew bilingual children participated in the study using an adaptation of the Puente de Cuentos intervention. Vocabulary was examined using a word definition task before the intervention, post English intervention, post Hebrew intervention, and 4 weeks after the interventions ended to examine maintenance of skills. Results Repeated-measures analyses of variance revealed that children made significant gains in vocabulary in the language of intervention as expected. In addition, children made cross-linguistic gains in Hebrew during the English intervention, but made no gains in English following Hebrew intervention. Conclusion These results underscore the need to provide language support in the home language to ensure growth and that intervention in the home language does not hinder growth in the school language.

The Genera of Fungi - G6: Arthrographis, Kramasamuha, Melnikomyces, Thysanorea, and Verruconis.

The Genera of Fungi series, of which this is the sixth contribution, links type species of fungal genera to their morphology and DNA sequence data. Five genera of microfungi are treated in this study, with new species introduced in Arthrographis, Melnikomyces, and Verruconis. The genus Thysanorea is emended and two new species and nine combinations are proposed. Kramasamuha sibika, the type species of the genus, is provided with DNA sequence data for first time and shown to be a member of Helminthosphaeriaceae (Sordariomycetes). Aureoconidiella is introduced as a new genus representing a new lineage in the Dothideomycetes.

Bacterial etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent hospitalized patients and appropriateness of empirical treatment recommendations: an international point-prevalence study.

An accurate knowledge of the epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is key for selecting appropriate antimicrobial treatments. Very few etiological studies assessed the appropriateness of empiric guideline recommendations at a multinational level. This study aims at the following: (i) describing the bacterial etiologic distribution of CAP and (ii) assessing the appropriateness of the empirical treatment recommendations by clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for CAP in light of the bacterial pathogens diagnosed as causative agents of CAP. Secondary analysis of the GLIMP, a point-prevalence international study which enrolled adults hospitalized with CAP in 2015. The analysis was limited to immunocompetent patients tested for bacterial CAP agents within 24 h of admission. The CAP CPGs evaluated included the following: the 2007 and 2019 American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America (ATS/IDSA), the European Respiratory Society (ERS), and selected country-specific CPGs. Among 2564 patients enrolled, 35.3% had an identifiable pathogen. Streptococcus pneumoniae (8.2%) was the most frequently identified pathogen, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (3.4%). CPGs appropriately recommend covering more than 90% of all the potential pathogens causing CAP, with the exception of patients enrolled from Germany, Pakistan, and Croatia. The 2019 ATS/IDSA CPGs appropriately recommend covering 93.6% of the cases compared with 90.3% of the ERS CPGs (p < 0.01). S. pneumoniae remains the most common pathogen in patients hospitalized with CAP. Multinational CPG recommendations for patients with CAP seem to appropriately cover the most common pathogens and should be strongly encouraged for the management of CAP patients.