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1.
bioRxiv ; 2023 Jun 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37786724

ABSTRACT

H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) emerged in wild birds in Chile in December 2022 and spilled over into poultry, marine mammals, and one human. Between December 9, 2022 - March 14, 2023, a coordinated government/academic response detected HPAIV by real-time RT-PCR in 8.5% (412/4735) of samples from 23 avian and 3 mammal orders. Whole-genome sequences obtained from 77 birds and 8 marine mammals revealed that all Chilean H5N1 viruses belong to lineage 2.3.4.4b and cluster monophyletically with viruses from Peru, indicating a single introduction from North America into Peru/Chile. Mammalian adaptations were identified in the PB2 segment: D701N in two sea lions, one human, and one shorebird, and Q591K in the human and one sea lion. Minor variant analysis revealed that D701N was present in 52.9 - 70.9% of sequence reads, indicating the presence of both genotypes within hosts. Further surveillance of spillover events is warranted to assess the emergence and potential onward transmission of mammalian adapted H5N1 HPAIV in South America.

2.
Zootaxa ; 5189(1): 122-130, 2022 Sep 23.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37045196

ABSTRACT

Owstonia aurora sp. nov. is described on the base of three specimens (69.8-88.0 mm in standard length) collected off East Luzon during the "Aurora 2007" Philippine Expedition. The new species differs from its congeners by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin elements III, 21; anal-fin elements I, 14; gill rakers on first arch 35-38; cheek with 80-86 scales in 7-8 rows; lateral line without branch, not forming loop in front of dorsal-fin, ending below 17th to 22th dorsal-fin soft rays; oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 54-58; lower margin of preopercle rounded; prominent black blotch on anterior dorsal-fin membrane, and extend downward to dorsal-fin base, remaining membrane of dorsal, anal, and caudal fins red with white margins and bases, distinct white stripes on mid dorsal and caudal fin membranes; membranes between maxillary and premaxillary with discontinuous black stripes or patches.


Subject(s)
Perciformes , Animals , Philippines , Fishes , Gills , Tail
3.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 38(5): 667-677, oct. 2021. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388300

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las zoonosis son enfermedades transmitidas desde un hospedador animal al ser humano o viceversa. En Chile, las zoonosis de Notificación Obligatoria (NO) son: brucelosis, carbunco, triquinosis, hidatidosis, leptospirosis, dengue, enfermedad de Chagas, hantavirosis y rabia. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la tendencia y caracterizar la mortalidad por zoonosis de NO en Chile entre 1997-2018. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio ecológico de la mortalidad por zoonosis de NO. Se utilizaron bases de mortalidad y población oficiales. Se describió la mortalidad relativa, general y específica, según variables sociodemográficas. Se calcularon tasas de mortalidad anuales brutas (TMb) y ajustadas (TMa, método directo). Se evaluó la tendencia temporal con modelos de regresión de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: Entre 1997 y 2018 la mortalidad por zoonosis de NO correspondió al 0,12% (2.359 muertes) de la mortalidad total, siendo las principales causas la enfermedad de Chagas (59,8%), hidatidosis (23,9%) y hantavirosis (13,8%). La TMa general disminuyó significativamente (B: -0,017; IC95%: -0,024; -0,009) al igual que hidatidosis (B: -0,011; IC95%: -0,013; -0,008), sólo hantavirosis mostró un aumento (no significativo). CONCLUSIÓN: La mortalidad por zoonosis de NO disminuyó durante el período estudiado; solo la hantavirosis mostró un aumento en su tendencia. Se sugiere enfocar estrategias para prevenir la transmisibilidad y mortalidad por hanta, así como mejorar el acceso a tratamiento para las otras zoonosis.


BACKGROUND: Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from an animal host to humans or vice versa. In Chile, the zoonoses of mandatory notification are brucellosis, anthrax, trichinosis, hydatidosis, leptospirosis, dengue, Chagas disease, hantavirosis and rabies. AIM: To assess the trend and characterize the mortality from zoonoses of mandatory notification in Chile between 1997-2018. METHODS: An official mortality and population data were used. Relative, general and specific mortality rates were described according to sociodemographic variables. Crude and adjusted annual mortality rates (direct method) were calculated. Temporal trend was evaluated with the Prais-Winsten regression model. RESULTS: Between 1997 and 2018, the mortality rate due to zoonosis of mandatory notification corresponded to 0.13% (2152 deaths) of the total mortality, being Chagas disease (59.2%), hydatidosis (24.6%) and hantavirosis (13.5%) the main causes. The general adjusted mortality rate decreased significantly (B: -0.017; IC95%: -0.024; -0.009) as did hydatidosis (B: -0.011; IC95%: -0.013; -0.008), and only hantavirosis showed an increase trend (not significant). CONCLUSION: Mortality due to zoonoses decreased during the period; only hantavirosis showed an increasing trend. It is suggested to focus on strategies to prevent contagion and mortality by hantavirosis, as well as to improve access to treatment for the other zoonoses.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Zoonoses/mortality , Rabies/mortality , Trichinellosis/mortality , Brucellosis/mortality , Chile/epidemiology , Chagas Disease/mortality , Hantavirus Infections/mortality , Disease Notification , Dengue/mortality , Echinococcosis/mortality , Ecological Studies
4.
Rev Chilena Infectol ; 38(5): 667-677, 2021 10.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35506833

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from an animal host to humans or vice versa. In Chile, the zoonoses of mandatory notification are brucellosis, anthrax, trichinosis, hydatidosis, leptospirosis, dengue, Chagas disease, hantavirosis and rabies. AIM: To assess the trend and characterize the mortality from zoonoses of mandatory notification in Chile between 1997-2018. METHODS: An official mortality and population data were used. Relative, general and specific mortality rates were described according to sociodemographic variables. Crude and adjusted annual mortality rates (direct method) were calculated. Temporal trend was evaluated with the Prais-Winsten regression model. RESULTS: Between 1997 and 2018, the mortality rate due to zoonosis of mandatory notification corresponded to 0.13% (2152 deaths) of the total mortality, being Chagas disease (59.2%), hydatidosis (24.6%) and hantavirosis (13.5%) the main causes. The general adjusted mortality rate decreased significantly (B: -0.017; IC95%: -0.024; -0.009) as did hydatidosis (B: -0.011; IC95%: -0.013; -0.008), and only hantavirosis showed an increase trend (not significant). CONCLUSION: Mortality due to zoonoses decreased during the period; only hantavirosis showed an increasing trend. It is suggested to focus on strategies to prevent contagion and mortality by hantavirosis, as well as to improve access to treatment for the other zoonoses.


Subject(s)
Chagas Disease , Echinococcosis , Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome , Animals , Echinococcosis/epidemiology , Zoonoses/epidemiology
6.
Rev Chilena Infectol ; 36(5): 599-606, 2019 Oct.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31859801

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Zoonoses are infections caused by all types of etiological transmissible agents from vertebrate animals to humans. During the last decades, the risk to health caused by different zoonoses has been a consequence of the natural distribution of the different etiological agents and by the emergence and reemergence of these diseases. AIM: To study the distribution of the risk of mortality of the four main zoonoses in continental Chile, based on national mortality data, with the objective of visualizing geographically where to focus the control efforts of these diseases. METHODS: Relative risk was estimated by means of Bayesian Statistics. RESULTS: The distribution in Chile of the main zoonoses was obtained. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: The risk maps obtained show a parasitic disease transmitted by high-risk vectors in the north, Chagas disease; a parasitic disease of biological communities in which man is an accidental host, associated with livestock areas, more prevalent in the south, hydatidosis; a bacterial disease transmitted by vertebrates, especially by rodents, where water is an important vehicle, dominant in the center, leptospirosis; and a viral disease transmitted by rodents, very dominant in the south, the hantavirus infection.


Subject(s)
Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Echinococcosis/epidemiology , Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome/epidemiology , Leptospirosis/epidemiology , Zoonoses/epidemiology , Animals , Chagas Disease/etiology , Chile/epidemiology , Echinococcosis/etiology , Female , Geography , Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome/etiology , Humans , Leptospirosis/etiology , Male , Prevalence , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Zoonoses/etiology
7.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 36(5): 599-606, oct. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1058086

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción: Las zoonosis son enfermedades o infecciones causadas por todo tipo de agentes etiológicos transmisibles desde animales vertebrados a humanos. Durante las últimas décadas, el riesgo para la salud ocasionado por diferentes zoonosis, ha sido generado por la distribución natural de los distintos agentes etiológicos y por la emergencia y reemergencia de estas enfermedades. Objetivo: Estudiar la distribución del riesgo de mortalidad de las cuatro principales zoonosis en Chile continental, basados en datos nacionales de mortalidad, con el objetivo de visualizar geográficamente donde focalizar los esfuerzos de control de estas enfermedades. Metodología: Se estima el riesgo relativo de las principales zoonosis en Chile, mediante estadística Bayesiana. Resultados: Se obtuvo la distribución de las cuatro principales zoonosis de Chile. Discusión/Conclusión: Se obtuvo la distribución de las cuatro principales zoonosis de Chile. Los mapas de riesgo obtenidos muestran una enfermedad parasitaria transmitida por vectores de alto riesgo en el norte, la enfermedad de Chagas; una enfermedad parasitaria de comunidades biológicas en que el hombre es un hospedero accidental, asociada a zonas ganaderas, prevalente en el sur, la hidatidosis; una enfermedad bacteriana transmitida por vertebrados, especialmente por roedores, donde el agua es un vehículo importante, dominante en el centro, la leptospirosis; y una enfermedad viral transmitida por roedores, muy dominante en el sur, la infección por hantavirus.


Background: Zoonoses are infections caused by all types of etiological transmissible agents from vertebrate animals to humans. During the last decades, the risk to health caused by different zoonoses has been a consequence of the natural distribution of the different etiological agents and by the emergence and reemergence of these diseases. Aim: To study the distribution of the risk of mortality of the four main zoonoses in continental Chile, based on national mortality data, with the objective of visualizing geographically where to focus the control efforts of these diseases. Methods: Relative risk was estimated by means of Bayesian Statistics. Results: The distribution in Chile of the main zoonoses was obtained. Discussion/Conclusion: The risk maps obtained show a parasitic disease transmitted by high-risk vectors in the north, Chagas disease; a parasitic disease of biological communities in which man is an accidental host, associated with livestock areas, more prevalent in the south, hydatidosis; a bacterial disease transmitted by vertebrates, especially by rodents, where water is an important vehicle, dominant in the center, leptospirosis; and a viral disease transmitted by rodents, very dominant in the south, the hantavirus infection.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Zoonoses/epidemiology , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome/epidemiology , Echinococcosis/epidemiology , Leptospirosis/epidemiology , Zoonoses/etiology , Chile/epidemiology , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Chagas Disease/etiology , Risk Assessment , Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome/etiology , Echinococcosis/etiology , Geography , Leptospirosis/etiology
8.
Cir Cir ; 85(1): 34-40, 2017.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27417705

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic surgery has begun to replace a great number of procedures that were previously practiced using open or conventional techniques. This is due to the minimal invasion, small incisions, and short time recovery. However, it has come to knowledge, that the increase in intra-abdominal pressure due to carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery causes cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, and renal alterations. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nephroprotective effect of telmisartan, an angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonist, on glomerular filtration in laparoscopic surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analytical prospective, randomised, double-blind study was conducted on patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. They were randomised into 2 groups, with the treatment group receiving a single dose of 40mg telmisartan orally 2hours prior to surgery, and the placebo group. RESULTS: There were 20 patients in each group (n=40), with a mean age of 32.65 years in the treatment group. Plasma creatinine did not show any significant change in the different time lapse in which blood samples were taken, but creatinine clearance at the end of surgery (196.415±56.507 vs. 150.1995±75.081; p=0.034), and at 2 h postoperative period (162.105±44.756 vs. 113.235±31.228; p≤0.001) was statistically significant, which supports an increase in renal function in the telmisartan group. CONCLUSION: The use of telmisartan, an angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonist, offers renal protection during laparoscopic surgery.


Subject(s)
Acute Kidney Injury/prevention & control , Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/pharmacology , Benzimidazoles/pharmacology , Benzoates/pharmacology , Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic , Glomerular Filtration Rate/drug effects , Intraoperative Complications/prevention & control , Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial/adverse effects , Acidosis, Respiratory/etiology , Acute Kidney Injury/drug therapy , Acute Kidney Injury/etiology , Adult , Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/administration & dosage , Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/therapeutic use , Benzimidazoles/therapeutic use , Benzoates/therapeutic use , Biomarkers , Carbon Dioxide/administration & dosage , Carbon Dioxide/adverse effects , Creatinine/blood , Double-Blind Method , Elective Surgical Procedures , Female , Humans , Insufflation , Intraoperative Complications/drug therapy , Intraoperative Complications/etiology , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Telmisartan , Young Adult
9.
Arch Cardiol Mex ; 81(3): 221-7, 2011.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21975237

ABSTRACT

We report the case of a 2 year 7 month old boy with the diagnosis of incomplete and atypical Kawasaki disease, whom showed only two of the classical criteria: fever and conjunctival injection without exudate, presenting clinical manifestations that are reported less often, such as gallbladder hydrops, aseptic meningitis, arthralgia, sterile pyuria, coronary aneurysms and myocardial ischemia. This patient had recurrent and refractory Kawasaki disease not responding to treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin and thus requiring steroids and immunosuppressive management.


Subject(s)
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/diagnosis , Child, Preschool , Humans , Male
10.
J Pediatr Orthop ; 25(3): 353-6, 2005.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15832154

ABSTRACT

Primary closure of the skin after surgical correction of severe clubfoot is difficult, sometimes impossible. The authors describe a surgical technique with the use of a soft tissue expander prior to surgical treatment on clubfoot in children and adolescents. They operated on 13 feet (10 patients) with rigid clubfoot, with ages ranging from 3 to 16 years (average 10 years). Satisfactory skin healing with primary closure of the skin was obtained in 10 feet; the remaining 3 had complications such as infection, skin necrosis, and premature exposure of the expander. The authors conclude that soft tissue expansion before surgical correction of clubfoot in selected cases is a good alternative for the management of skin closure. Special attention should be given to surgical technique.


Subject(s)
Clubfoot/surgery , Orthopedic Procedures , Postoperative Complications , Tissue Expansion/methods , Wounds and Injuries/surgery , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Treatment Outcome , Wound Healing , Wounds and Injuries/etiology
11.
Rev. biol. trop ; 41(2): 299-301, ago. 1993.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-148879

ABSTRACT

Mice were immunized with whole membranes of cultured epimastigotes and then inoculated with cultured trypomastigotes. The blood parasite count was lower than in the control. No changes could be detected however, in the length of the prepatent period nor in the extent and duration of the tissue damage observed in the chronic phase of the infection. Damage was evident in the tissues of both immunized and naive animals up to 171 days post inoculum. Blood parasites could be demonstrated neither by direct observation nor by culture, as soon as 117 days after infection. The presence of mast cells a few hours after infection and throughout the study suggests a role of these cells in both the specific and nonspecific components of host response


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Mice , Skin Diseases, Parasitic/pathology , Chagas Disease/pathology , Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology , Skin Diseases, Parasitic/immunology , Skin Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology , Chagas Disease/immunology , Chagas Disease/parasitology , Immunization , Time Factors , Trypanosoma cruzi/immunology
12.
Ginecol. obstet. Méx ; 61(2): 48-51, feb. 1993. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-118913

ABSTRACT

Desde el conocimiento de las lesiones causadas por el VPH en el cervix, han sido múltiples los tratamientos utilizados, sin encontrar hasta el momento el método ideal. El objetivo del trabajo fue valorar el tratamiento de la infección cervical por el VPH con ácido tricloroacético al 85 por ciento. Se analizaron 60 pacientes de abril de 1989 a marzo de 1990 con diagnóstico de condiloma cervical por citología, colposcopia e histopatología sin datos asociados de Neoplasia Intraepitelial Cervical. Tratados con tres aplicaciones semanales de ácido tricloroacético al 85 por ciento directamente sobre el cervix. Fueron valoradas después por citología y colposcopia cada tres meses durante un año.Se encontró un 73.4 por ciento de curación a los tres meses, disminuyendo a 68 por ciento a los seis meses, y de 65 por ciento a los nueve meses, manteniendose este porcentaje a los 12 meses. Se obtuvieron mejores resultaqdos en pacientes embarazadas. Concluimos que el ácido tricloroacético es eficaz en el tratamiento de estas lesiones, con un bajo costo, sin efectos secundarios y de fácil aplicación.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Middle Aged , Trichloroacetic Acid/therapeutic use , Administration, Intravaginal , Cell Biology , Papillomaviridae/pathogenicity
13.
Acta pediátr. Méx ; 12(5): 261-5, sept.-oct. 1991. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-117936

ABSTRACT

Se describen 8 casos que cumplen con los criterios para choque hemorrágico y encefalopatía, así también se hace la presentación clínica de las alteraciones de laboratorio, que traducen daño multiorgánico severo. Se mencionan algunas consideraciones sobre la fisiopatogenia y algunas particularidades en este grupo de pacientes, como el antecedente de haber padecido 15 días antes una infección de vías aéreas superiores.


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Infant , Shock, Hemorrhagic/diagnosis , Shock, Hemorrhagic/physiopathology
14.
Acta pediátr. Méx ; 10(2): 78-81, abr.-jun. 1989. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-88591

ABSTRACT

Se presenta el caso de un paciente de dos meses de edad por infección Chlamydia trachomatis, con los signos clínicos clásicos: conjuntivitis, infección respiratoria, e insuficiencia ventilatoria, con septicemia agregada y enfermedad isquémica intestinal. Se corroboró la infección en la madre y con ello la vía de adquisición de la enfermedad


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Bronchopneumonia/diagnosis , Bronchopneumonia/therapy , Chlamydia Infections/diagnosis , Chlamydia Infections/therapy , Chlamydia trachomatis/pathogenicity , Conjunctivitis, Bacterial/diagnosis , Conjunctivitis, Bacterial/therapy
16.
Acta pediátr. Méx ; 6(1): 19-25, ene.-mar. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-27906

ABSTRACT

Se revisaron 102 expedientes clínicos y radiológicos de pacientes con diagnóstico de enterocolitis necrosante (ECN) manejados en el servicio de Terapia Intensiva del Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, con objeto de encontrar los signos clínicos y radiográficos más frecuentes o significativos relacionados con esta patología. La ECN en nuestro medio, a diferencia de lo descrito en la literatura de países principalmente desarrollados, fue más frecuente en los lactantes de 1 a 12 meses de edad (56 pacientes), con antecedentes de infección gastrointestinal y desnutrición. En el grupo de recién nacidos (38 pacientes) los antecedentes más importantes fueron prematurez, parto distócico e insuficiencia respiratoria. Los signos clínicos más frecuentes fueron: Rechazo al alimento (86%), vómito (79,4%), deshidratación (77%), resistencia muscular y dolor a la palpación de abdomen en un 75% y 58% respectivamente; y evacuaciones con moco y sangre macroscópica, en un 39%. Los hallazgos radiológicos fueron: Edema de asas (97%); neumatosis intestinal (68%); asa fija (47%); dilatación de asas (45%); neumoperitoneo (39%); niveles hidroaéreos (13%). La neumatosis hepática y/o líquido libre en la cavidad abdominal ("abdomen blanco") se vieron en un 15 y 12% respectivamente. A pesar de su baja frecuencia, siempre ocurrieron en etapas de evolución avanzadas del padecimiento y tuvieron mayor mortalidad, la cual, en forma global y A pesar del manejo, fue muy elevada (72%)


Subject(s)
Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Humans , Male , Female , Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/diagnosis , Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/physiopathology , Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/radiotherapy
17.
Acta pediátr. Méx ; 6(1): 33-3, ene.-mar.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-27909

ABSTRACT

Se presenta el caso de una paciente con crisis convulsivas, con deterioro neurológico progresivo, signos de hipertensión intracraneana, habiéndose descartado proceso infeccioso, metabólico, malformación congénita o hemorragia. Se documentó por aislamiento en LCR y cultivo de exudado faringeo Mycoplasma pneumoniae, como el agente causal de alteración neurológica. Se presentan los datos clínicos y de laboratorio más sobresalientes así como revisión de la literatura en casos de trastornos neurológicos secundarios a infección por M. penumoniae


Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Female , Encephalitis/cerebrospinal fluid , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/isolation & purification
18.
Bol. méd. Hosp. Infant. Méx ; 41(8): 432-6, 1984.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-26166

ABSTRACT

Se estudiaron 61 pacientes con diarrea aguda y deshidratacion del 5-10%, para valorar su comportamiento clinico al recibir una de las dos formulas alimenticias estudiadas, a saber: dieta transicional (DT) y formula especial (HN-25) inmediatamente despues de corregir el desequilibrio hidroelectronico (D.H.E.). Los resultados muestran una diferencia estadisticamente significativa (p < 0.05) en el grupo de enfermos con deshidratacion al 5% que recibieron la formula especial durante las primeras 24 horas de ayuno. Se observo que los parametros: edad, sexo, condicion socioeconomica y agente causal de la diarrea no modifican el comportamiento del cuadro enteral con ninguno de los alimentos recibidos. La necesidad de preparar una de la formulas (D.T.) en el hospital, constituye una desventaja para su uso en pacientes ambulatorios. La existencia de un preparado comercial con un contenido bajo en lactosa y grasas y elevado en electrolitos y vitaminicos, lo hace de mayor utilidad para los enfermos no hospitalizados y tambien para aqueles que han requerido internamiento en un hospital


Subject(s)
Infant , Humans , Male , Female , Dehydration , Diarrhea, Infantile , Food, Formulated
19.
Acta pediátr. Méx ; 4(2): 75-7, 1983.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-14964

ABSTRACT

La inyeccion intraarterial accidental de penicilina benzatina puede causar intensa vasoconstriccion arterial distal y esto puede complicarse de trastornos neurologicos como pie equino y de necrosis de artejos. Se informan dos casos de este problema denominado sindrome de Nicolau


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Humans , Male , Female , Penicillin G Benzathine , Vasoconstriction , Injections, Intramuscular
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