ABSTRACT
Using qualitative data gathered through in-depth interviews with women in Accra, Ghana, this paper explores narratives of masculinity and femininity and sexual risk negotiation practices among women. While women framed 'proper' masculinity in terms of stereotypical reproductive norms, they also acknowledged the fluidity and multiplicity of masculinities. Femininity was more uniformly characterised in terms of physical attractiveness and beauty, responsibility and reproduction. These features, especially those related to adherence to morally and socially appropriate sexual norms (e.g., menstrual and bodily hygiene, unplanned pregnancy etc.), influenced women's approach to sexual negotiation. Work aiming to support women to negotiate sex safely needs to pay attention to their notions of gender and practices of sexual negotiation.
Subject(s)
Femininity , Masculinity , Negotiating , Risk-Taking , Sexual Behavior , Adult , Aged , Female , Ghana , Humans , Middle Aged , Pregnancy , Pregnancy, Unwanted , Qualitative Research , Role , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , Urban Population , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To understand how the social construction and expression of masculinity among male adolescents and young adults are related to sexual health and reproductive risks. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out in an underserved and a popular area of Mexico City. Eighteen focal groups and 18 individual interviews were applied to a sample of males from three age groups: 10 to 14, 15 to 19, and 20 to 24 years. Data analysis was performed inductively through open codification of the verbal transcriptions. These were used to create more abstract concepts and search for relationships among them. RESULTS: This paper centers on interpretations of masculinity as expressed by the youngsters themselves. Our research sheds light on what youngsters do and say to "be men". Their ideas and practices produce different forms of masculinity through which risk behavior is manifested, as well as specific speech and dressing styles, and ways of courting and "going steady". These behaviors and their meanings are associated with sexual and reproductive health risk taking. CONCLUSIONS: The traditional model of masculinity characteristic of both social settings involves poor communication about sexuality in couple relationships, which results in infrequent protection and exposure to Sexually Transmitted Infections and unwanted pregnancies. On the other hand, their economic living conditions prevent them from fully practicing central elements of their own concept of masculinity, such as being a hard worker, a provider, and a responsible person. These unmet needs may cause frustration, aggression, and domestic violence.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Sexual Behavior/psychology , Sexuality/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Focus Groups , Humans , Male , Mexico , Reproductive Medicine/statistics & numerical data , Risk-Taking , Sexual Behavior/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Comprender cómo la construcción social y la expresión de la masculinidad entre los adolescentes y varones jóvenes se articulan con los riesgos para la salud sexual y reproductiva. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: El estudio se realizó en una zona "marginal" y otra "popular" de la Ciudad de México. Se llevaron a cabo 18 grupos focales y 18 entrevistas individuales a una muestra propositiva de varones de tres grupos de edad: 10 a 14, 15 a 19 y 20 a 24. El análisis de la información se hizo de forma inductiva, mediante una codificación abierta de las transcripciones verbales, a partir de la cual se generaron conceptos más abstractos y se buscaron las relaciones entre ellos. RESULTADOS: Este trabajo se enfoca en las maneras de entender la masculinidad, tal y como fueron expresadas por los jóvenes. Nuestra investigación arroja alguna luz sobre lo que los adolescentes dicen y hacen para "ser hombres". Sus ideas y prácticas llevan a varias formas de masculinidad mediante las cuales se reconstruyen comportamientos arriesgados, estilos de hablar y de vestir, formas de cortejo y de noviazgo específicas. Estos y sus significados son articulados con los riesgos en el campo de la salud sexual y reproductiva de los jóvenes y de sus parejas. CONCLUSIONES: El modelo tradicional de masculinidad que predomina en ambos sectores sociales tiene como resultado, por una parte, que haya poca comunicación sobre la sexualidad en las relaciones de pareja y que, consecuentemente, la utilización de medidas de protección se dé en muy raras ocasiones, exponiendo a los jóvenes a ITS y al riesgo de transformarse en padres sin ser aún adultos. Por otra parte, las condiciones económicas en que viven dificultan que lleven a la práctica elementos centrales de su propio concepto de masculinidad, como el ser trabajador, proveedor, responsable, lo que pudiera traducirse en frustración, agresividad y en violencia intrafamiliar
