ABSTRACT
Objectives: In recent years, smoking water pipes or hookah has increased among adolescents in most countries. Although there is evidence in support of the negative effects of this type of smoking on human health, such as the increased risk of lung disease, little is known about the potential effects of hookah smoking on the male reproductive system, especially on the molecular aspects of sperm. Patients and methods: This cross-sectional study examined sperm DNA fragmentation index, protamine 1 and 2 (PRM1 and PRM2) genes expression, and oxidant status in normozoospermic hookah smokers in comparison with non-smoker controls. Results: Our results showed significantly higher rates of DNA fragmentation, protamine deficiency, and abnormal chromatin condensation in the spermatozoa of hookah smokers (P < .0001). Also, protamine gene expression showed a remarkable decrease in hookah smokers (1.55 ± 2.54 and 0.33 ± 0.54) compared to the controls (3.49 ± 5.41 and 1.22 ± 1.96), although the reduction was not statistically significant (P = .155 and P = .066, respectively). Moreover, a significantly higher level of semen MDA was observed in the case group compared to the controls (0.39 ± 1.04 vs 0.15 ± 0.21; P = .013). Conclusion: According to our study, although hookah smoking does not have a significant effect on sperm parameters, it may have deleterious effects on DNA integrity, oxidative status, and nuclear protein levels of spermatozoa.
ABSTRACT
Background: Total fertilization failure (TFF) is associated with essential mechanistic and cellular events. Objective: The present study is a comprehensive examination of detrimental effects with well-known assays for predicting TFF in conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles. Materials and Methods: Semen parameters of 90 men, including 60 cases who had experienced IVF/ICSI failure and a control group of 30 individuals, were evaluated. Sperm chromatin/DNA quality assessments were done by aniline blue, toluidine blue, chromomycin A3, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays. A lipid hydroperoxide (LPO) kit was used to measure the LPO, and JC1 staining was used to evaluate mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Results: There were statistically significant differences found between the IVF, ICSI and control groups by the toluidine blue (p = 0.01), TUNEL (p = 0.02), and chromomycin A3 (p < 0.001) tests, but not by the aniline blue staining. Furthermore, there was a significant difference regarding LPO concentration and high MMP in cases of IVF fertilization failure compared to the control group (p = 0.04, p = 0.02, respectively). The logistic regression model showed that sperm viability was predictive for fertilization failure in the ICSI group. Sperm chromatin and DNA quality assays were not predictors for TFF in either group. Conclusion: Cellular events such as high DNA fragmentation damage, high levels of reactive oxygen species, and low MMP levels can cause TFF in IVF and ICSI programs. Diagnostic tests, especially in cases with previous fertilization failure, showed significant differences in sperm chromatin and DNA quality between groups but could not predict the risk of TFF.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Abnormality in Histone-Protamine replacements has been indicated to cause sperm DNA damage and infertility. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between sperm parameters in oligospermia, asthenospermia, and teratospermia with protamine deficiency in infertile men. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In this case-control study, we had three experimental groups including oligospermia (n=100), asthenospermia (n=100), and teratospermia (n=100) as well as normospermia (n=100) as controls. Sperm analyses were performed according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO, 2010) and sperm chromatin quality was assessed using Chromomycin A3 (CMA3) staining for each sample. RESULTS: The comparison of the data between groups indicated that the percentage of spermatozoa with protamine deficiency was significantly different in patients with oligospermia, asthenospermia, and teratospermia when compared with control ones. However, there was no significant correlation between sperm nuclear protamine deficiency and their parameters of the men with teratospermia using CMA3 test. Regarding the oligospermia and asthenospermia semen samples, the findings showed the negative correlations between the sperm nuclear protamine deficiency and progressive motility as well as immobility (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The higher proportion of spermatozoa with abnormal chromatin packaging was observed in asthenospermic samples than those from other experimental groups as well as controls. It seems that normal morphology cannot have a valuable predictive value for good chromatin quality of spermatozoa, as much as normal motility characteristics, since samples with high mobility rates often have lower protamine deficiencies. The findings may provide a supportable promoting the future wider clinical application of chromatin/DNA integrity testing along with the semen analysis in male infertility
OBJETIVO: Se ha indicado que la irregularidad en los reemplazos de histona-protamina provoca daño en el ADN del esperma e infertilidad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar las relaciones entre los parámetros espermáticos en oligospermia, astenospermia y teratospermia con deficiencia de protamina en varones infértiles. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: En este estudio de casos y controles, hubo 3 grupos experimentales que incluían oligospermia (n=100), astenospermia (n=100) y teratospermia (n=100), así como normospermia (n=100) como controles. Los análisis de esperma se realizaron de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS, 2010), y se evaluó la calidad de la cromatina de los espermatozoides utilizando la tinción con Chromomycin A3 (CMA3) para cada muestra. RESULTADOS: La comparación de los datos entre los grupos indicó que el porcentaje de espermatozoides con deficiencia de protamina fue considerablemente diferente en pacientes con oligospermia, astenospermia y teratospermia en comparación con la de los controles. Sin embargo, no hubo una correlación importante entre la deficiencia de protamina nuclear de esperma y sus parámetros de los varones con teratospermia cuando se utilizaba la prueba de CMA3. En cuanto a las muestras de semen de oligospermia y astenospermia, los hallazgos mostraron las correlaciones negativas entre la deficiencia de protamina nuclear de esperma y la movilidad progresiva, así como la inmovilidad (p < 0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: La mayor proporción de espermatozoides con un empaquetado de cromatina anómalo se observó en las muestras astenospérmicas que en las de otros grupos experimentales, así como en los controles. Parece que la morfología normal no puede tener un valor diagnóstico valioso de la buena calidad de la cromatina de los espermatozoides, tanto como las características normales de movilidad, ya que las muestras con altas tasas de movilidad a menudo tienen menores deficiencias de protamina. Los hallazgos pueden ofrecer un soporte que promueva la futura aplicación clínica más amplia de las pruebas de integridad de la cromatina/ADN junto con el análisis del semen en la infertilidad masculina
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Infertility, Male/physiopathology , Protamines/analysis , Teratozoospermia/diagnosis , Oligospermia/diagnosis , Asthenozoospermia/diagnosis , Infertility, Male/diagnosis , Semen/cytology , Case-Control Studies , Spermatozoa/classification , Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly/geneticsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Generation of free radicals and oxidative stress are a major contributor to diabetes. These factors lead to the development of diabetic testicles disorders. OBJECTIVE: In this study, the protective effect of vitamin E on functional disorders associated with diabetes induced oxidative stress in male reproductive systems has been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three adult male Mice were divided into control, diabetic, and untreated diabetic groups. Streptozotocin was used to induce diabetes. In the treated group, vitamin E was given to the Mice intraperitoneally for 30 days. Then, animals were anesthetized and sacrificed. Animal testicles were isolated and homogenized in phosphate buffer and used for measuring sperm count, motility and survival of sperm, MDA concentration and antioxidant capacity (TAC). Apoptosis was also performed with the TUNEL test. RESULTS: The results of reduction (12.03 ± 98.11) TAC, MDA concentration (-28.5 ± 2.58), sperm motility (unstable sperma= 86.4 ± 7.48), sperm count (171.51), Sperm morphology (natural morphology= 49.69 ± 31.93) and abnormal morphology (9.77 ± 49.7) with increased oxidative damage. These changes were statistically significant in comparison with the control group for all variables other than MDA (p= 0.05). Treatment of vitamin E diabetic Mice improved the ability of antioxidants to prevent oxidative damage in the testicles, restore the sperm movement, and increase the number of normal sperm as well as TAC. The level of apoptosis in the treated group has decreased compared to the untreated group. CONCLUSION: Vitamin E protects the reproductive system against diabetes mellitus. Therefore, it was concluded that vitamin E may be a suitable agent for protecting the sperm and testicular parameters against undesirable effects of diabetes.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Tamoxifen (TX) is widely used for the treatment of male factor and idiopathic infertility. It has been shown that TX induces sperm production and so improves male fertility. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effects of different doses of TX on the sperm parameters and chromatin quality in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this research, 24 male NMRI mice were divided into three groups including group A: control animal receiving vehicle; group B: the group receiving basal diet and TX 0.4 mg/kg/day; and group C: the group receiving basal diet and TX 0.6 mg/kg/day for 35 days. Thereafter, epididymal spermatozoa were analyzed for standard parameters and nuclear chromatin quality using Aniline Blue (AB) and Toluidine Blue (TB) staining. RESULTS: The results indicated that although the TX did not affect the sperm count, motility, and viability parameters, it could elevate the percentage of sperm cells with abnormal morphology and abnormal chromatin at both doses. In addition, in comparison with the control mice, a significant elevation was observed in spermatozoa with residual histones (assessed by AB staining) at high doses of TX. CONCLUSION: Our experimental data in mice suggested that the use of TX for treating male infertility might increase the rates of spermatozoa with abnormal chromatin in a dose-dependent manner.
