ABSTRACT
Irgarol 1051 is an herbicide extensively utilized in antifouling paint due to its ability to inhibit photosynthesis. Irgarol and its photodegradation products are highly persistent in waters and sediments, although they are present in low concentrations. However, our understanding of the harmful effects of Irgarol on non-target organisms remains limited. In this study, we assessed the effects of acute (24 h) and chronic (14 days across three generations) exposure to different concentrations (including the 1/10 NOEC, NOEC, and 1/10 LC50 calculated from the 24-h acute toxicity test) of Irgarol using the water flea Moina macrocopa. Acute exposure to 1/10 LC50 significantly decreased survival, feeding rate, thoracic limb activity, heart rate, and acetylcholinesterase activity. Elevated levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, along with a significant increase in catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, suggested the induction of oxidative stress in response to 1/10 LC50. An initial boost in glutathione level and the enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, followed by a plunge, implies some compromise in the antioxidant defense system. Upon chronic exposure to the NOEC value, both generations F1 and F2 displayed a significant decrease in survival rate, body length, number of neonates per brood, and delayed sexual maturation, suggesting maternal transfer of potential damage through generations. Taken together, Irgarol induced acute toxicity through physiological and cholinergic damage, accompanied by the induction of oxidative stress, in the water flea. Even its sub-lethal concentrations can induce detrimental effects across generations when consistently exposed.
ABSTRACT
The pale chub, Zacco platypus (Cypriniformes; Xenocyprididae; homotypic synonym: Opsariichthys platypus; Jordan & Evermann, 1902), is widely distributed in the freshwater ecosystems throughout East Asia, including South Korea. In this study, we constructed a de novo genome assembly of Z. platypus to serve as a reference for fundamental and applied research. The assembly was generated using a combination of long-read Pacific Bioscience (PacBio) sequencing, short-read Illumina sequencing, and Hi-C sequencing technologies. The draft genome of Z. platypus consisted of 16,422,113 reads from the HiFi library, 702,143,130 reads from the Illumina TruSeq library, and 250,789,660 reads from the Hi-C library. Assembly with Hifiasm resulted in 336 contigs, with an N50 length of 31.9 Mb. The final assembled genome size was 838.6 Mb. Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) analysis indicated that 3,572 (98.1 %) of the expected genes were found in the assembly, with 3,521 (96.7 %) being single-copy and 51 (1.4 %) duplicated after searching against the Actinopterygii database. Of the 319 Hi-C scaffolds, 24 exceeded 10 Mb were thus classified as chromosome-level scaffolds. The assembled genome comprises 41.45 % repeat sequences. Gene annotation was performed using Illumina RNA-Seq and PacBio Iso-Seq data, based on repeat-masked genome sequences. The final annotation resulted in 34,036 protein-coding genes. This chromosomal-level genome assembly is expected to be a valuable resource for future health assessments in aquatic ecosystems, providing insights into the developmental, environmental, and ecological aspects of Z. platypus.
ABSTRACT
While wastewater and paint particles discharged from the in-water cleaning process of ship hulls are consistently released into benthic ecosystems, their hazardous effects on non-target animals remain largely unclear. In this study, we provide evidence on acute harmful effects of hull cleaning wastewater in marine polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis by analyzing physiological and biochemical parameters such as survival, burrowing activity, and oxidative status. Raw wastewater samples were collected during ship hull cleaning processes in the field. Two wastewater samples for the exposure experiment were prepared in the laboratory: 1) mechanically filtered in the in-water cleaning system (MF) and 2) additionally filtered with a 0.45 µm filter in the laboratory (LF). These wastewater samples contained high concentrations of metals (zinc and copper) and metal-based booster biocides (copper pyrithione and zinc pyrithione) compared to those analyzed in seawater. Polycheates were exposed to different concentrations of the two wastewater samples for 96 h. Higher mortality was observed in response to MF compared to LF-exposed polychaetes. Both wastewater samples dose-dependently decreased burrowing activity and AChE activity. Drastic oxidative stress was observed in response to the two wastewater samples. MDA levels were significantly increased by MF and LF samples. Significant GSH depletion was observed with MF exposure, while increased and decreased GSH contents were observed in LF-exposed polychaetes. Enzymatic activities of antioxidant components, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione S-transferase were significantly modulated by both wastewater samples. These results indicate that even filtered hull cleaning wastewater can have deleterious effects on the health status of polychaetes.
Subject(s)
Oxidative Stress , Polychaeta , Wastewater , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Animals , Polychaeta/drug effects , Polychaeta/metabolism , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Wastewater/toxicity , Wastewater/chemistry , Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism , Disinfectants/toxicity , ShipsABSTRACT
We conducted a comprehensive assessment involving acute effects on 96-hour survival and biochemical parameters, as well as chronic effects on growth and reproduction spanning three generations of the marine mysid Neomysis awatschensis exposed to filtered wastewater to evaluate the potential impact of ship hull-cleaning wastewater on crustaceans. The analyzed wastewater exhibited elevated concentrations of metals, specifically zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) and metal-based antifoulants, i.e., Cu pyrithoine (CuPT) and Zn pyrithoine (ZnPT). The results revealed dose-dependent reductions in survival rates, accompanied by a notable increase in oxidative stress, in response to the sublethal values of two wastewater samples: 1) mechanically filtered using the cleaning system (MF) and 2) additionally filtered in the laboratory (LF) for 96 h. Mysids exposed to MF displayed higher mortality than those exposed to LF. Furthermore, mysids subjected to continuous exposure of 0.001% LF across three generations exhibited significant inhibition of the feeding rate, more pronounced growth retardation along with an extended intermolt duration, and a diminished rate of reproduction compared to the control. A noteworthy inhibition of the feeding rate and growth was observed in the first generation exposed only to the LF sample. However, although the reproduction rate was not significantly affected. Collectively, these findings underscore the potential harm posed by sublethal concentrations of wastewater to the health of mysid populations under consistent exposure.
Subject(s)
Wastewater , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Animals , Wastewater/toxicity , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Metals/pharmacology , Crustacea , Copper/toxicity , ZincABSTRACT
While wastewater discharged from in-water cleaning process of ship hulls on rotifer consistently released into aquatic ecosystem, its detrimental effects on non-target animals are largely unclear. In this study, we provide evidence on detrimental effects of hull cleaning wastewater in the monogonont rotifer Brachionus manjavacas by analyzing biochemical and physiological parameters in its oxidative status, survival, lifespan, growth, fecundity, and population. The wastewater contained high concentrations of metals (Zn and Cu) and metal-based antifoulants (CuPT and ZnPT). Significant oxidative stress was observed in response to two wastewater samples [1) raw wastewater (RW) and 2) mechanical filtrated in the cleaning system (MF)]. Higher detrimental effects in survival, lifespan, fecundity, and population growth for 10 days were measured in the RW-exposed rotifers than those results analyzed in the MF-exposed rotifers. Two growth parameters, lorica length and width were also significantly modulated by both wastewater samples. These results indicate that even filtered hull cleaning wastewater would have deleterious effects on the maintenance of the rotifer population when they exposed constantly.
Subject(s)
Rotifera , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Animals , Wastewater , Population Growth , Ecosystem , Life Cycle Stages , Oxidative Stress , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicityABSTRACT
Triclosan, a chlorinated biphenyl ether is widely used in industrial products and cosmetics due to its antibiotic activity. Although relatively levels of triclosan have been detected in aquatic ecosystems, limited information is available regarding the acute and chronic impacts of triclosan on aquatic invertebrates, especially planktonic crustaceans. In this study, we analyzed the acute (24 h) and chronic (14 days exposure across three generations) effects of different concentrations of triclosan [1/10 of the no observed effect concentration (NOEC), the NOEC, and 1/10 of the LC50] calculated from the 24 h acute toxicity value, on the water flea Moina macrocopa. In the acute exposure experiment, the 1/10 LC50 value of triclosan significantly reduced survival, feeding rate, thoracic limb activity, heart activity, and acetylcholinesterase activity. In response to the 1/10 LC50 value, intracellular reactive oxygen species increased along with elevated levels of malondialdehyde and glutathione. Enzymatic activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were significantly increased by the 1/10 LC50 value, suggesting active protection of the antioxidant defense system against oxidative stress. Chronic exposure to the 1/10 NOEC and NOEC values revealed multigenerational adverse impacts of triclosan. The second generation was found to be the most sensitive to triclosan, as the NOEC value significantly reduced the survival rate, body length, and the number of neonates per brood, along with a delayed hatching period. Taken together, these results indicate that even sublethal levels of triclosan can have detrimental effects on the water flea population's maintenance through intergenerational toxicity.
Subject(s)
Cladocera , Triclosan , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Animals , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Triclosan/toxicity , Acetylcholinesterase , Ecosystem , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicityABSTRACT
Karenia mikimotoi is a common species of red tide dinoflagellate that causes the mass mortality of marine fauna in coastal waters of Republic of Korea. Despite continuous studies on the ecophysiology and toxicity of K. mikimotoi, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Red sea bream, Pagrus major, is a high-value aquaculture fish species, and the coastal aquaculture industry of red sea bream has been increasingly affected by red tides. To investigate the potential oxidative effects of K. mikimotoi on P. major and the molecular mechanisms involved, we exposed the fish to varying concentrations of K. mikimotoi and evaluated its toxicity. Our results showed that exposure to K. mikimotoi led to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative DNA damage in the gill tissue of P. major. Furthermore, we found that K. mikimotoi induced the activation of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, in the gill tissue of P. major, with a significant increase in activity at concentrations above 5000 cells/mL. However, the activity of glutathione S-transferase did not significantly increase at the equivalent concentration. Our study confirms that oxidative stress and DNA damage is induced by acute exposure to K. mikimotoi, as it produces ROS and hypoxic conditions in P. major. In addition, it was confirmed that gill and blood samples can be used as biomarkers to detect the degree of oxidative stress in fish. These findings have important implications for the aquaculture of red sea bream, particularly in the face of red tide disasters.
Subject(s)
Dinoflagellida , Perciformes , Animals , Dinoflagellida/genetics , Reactive Oxygen Species , Harmful Algal Bloom , Oxidative Stress , DNA DamageABSTRACT
Poliometra prolixa Sladen, 1881, is a comatulid crinoid found in the Arctic deep sea. In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of P. prolixa (Comatulida: Antedonidae). The complete mitogenome of P. prolixa was 15,916 bp long and comprised 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes. The base composition of the P. prolixa mitogenome was 24.0% A, 44.9% T, 19.0% G, and 12.1% C. Phylogenetic analysis using all PCGs of the complete mitogenome confirmed the inclusion of P. prolixa within the Comatulida.
ABSTRACT
To determine the effect of copper pyrithione (CuPT) and zinc pyrithione (ZnPT), a set of acute (96 h-LC50) and chronic endpoints was studied in the marine mysid, Neomysis awatschensis. Based on the 1/10 NOECs and NOEC values calculated from 96 h-toxicity test, survival and growth, intermolt duration, feeding, and the number of newborn juveniles were measured by evaluating enzymatic activity of detoxification parameter glutathione S-transferase (GST) and cholinergic biomarker acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the marine mysid exposed to 96 h-NOECs of CuPT and ZnPT for four weeks across three generations. Dose-dependent decreases in survival rate monitored for four weeks were observed with age-specific sensitivity in response to the 96 h-NOECs of both antifoulants. Higher growth retardation was observed with an increase in intermolt duration and inhibition of the feeding rate in CuPT-exposed mysid compared to ZnPT-exposed mysid across generations. The numbers of newborn juveniles significantly decreased at the third generation by exposure to the 96 h-NOECs of both antifoulants. GST activity was significantly inhibited in response to 96 h-NOECs of both antifoulants, whereas AChE activity was only reduced by the 96 h-NOECs of CuPT at the third generation. These results indicate that CuPT has a higher toxicity than ZnPT and even sublethal levels of CuPT and ZnPT would have detrimental effects on the maintenance of the mysid population. Finally, consistent exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of CuPT and ZnPT can induce intergenerational toxicity in mysid.
Subject(s)
Acetylcholinesterase , Organometallic Compounds , Animals , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Pyridines/toxicity , Crustacea , Organometallic Compounds/toxicityABSTRACT
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by dinoflagellates can be detrimental to aquaculture and fisheries. However, little is known regarding their ichthyotoxic effects on fish, particularly after chronic exposure to sublethal levels. In this study, significant modulations in physiology, immunity, antioxidant components, and hepatic indicators owing to non-toxin-producing dinoflagellate strains (Alexandrium affine and Cochlodinium polykrikoides) were analyzed in juvenile red seabream, Pagrus major, exposed to sublethal concentrations (0, 1, and 100 cells mL-1) for 60 days. At 60 days, higher mortality was induced by A. affine than by C. polykrikoides. Significant increases in respiration rate and plasma cortisol were observed in red seabream exposed to 100 cells mL-1 of the two dinoflagellates. Intracellular reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels were significantly elevated in the gill and liver tissues in response to 100 cells mL-1 of either dinoflagellate. Immunity parameters such as alternative complement activity, lysozyme activity, and total immunoglobulin content were significantly decreased during exposure to 100 cells mL-1 of the two dinoflagellates. Although no significant change was observed in the gonadosomatic index, the hepatosomatic index was significantly decreased by exposure to 100 cells mL-1 of the two dinoflagellates on day 60. The significant decrease in enzymatic activities of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase upon exposure to 100 cells mL-1 of either dinoflagellate suggested impaired hepatic function through prolonged exposure. Our results suggest that consistent exposure to sublethal concentrations of HAB-forming dinoflagellates is detrimental to fish physiology and biochemical defenses.
Subject(s)
Dinoflagellida , Perciformes , Sea Bream , Animals , Harmful Algal Bloom , Oxidative StressABSTRACT
Here, we sequenced and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome for the sea-pen, Cavernularia obesa (Valenciennes, 1850). The complete mitogenome of C. obesa is 18,641 bp, with 34.7% of GC ratio. The mitogenome comprises 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and a non-coding region. Phylogenomic analysis based on 19 in-group taxa belonging to the orders Alcyonacea and Pennatulacea has congruent with published phylogenetic relationship for Octocorallia, which C. obesa was grouped to members of the Pennatulacea. This mitogenome resource will be useful for future phylogenetic studies of water fleas.
ABSTRACT
The presence and toxicity of waterborne diuron in aquatic environments pose a severe threat to non-target organisms. However, the chronic impact of diuron in marine fish has been poorly investigated. In this study, we report the chronic effects (30 and 60 days) of environmentally relevant concentrations of diuron (0.1, 1, and 10 µg L-1) on economically important marine fish, red seabream (Pagrus major), and black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) by evaluating several parameters, including hormone levels, immunity, hepatic function, and antioxidant defense. Significant decreases in 17ß-estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone levels and gonadosomatic index were observed on day 60 in fish exposed to 10 µg L-1 diuron. Parameters of immunity, such as alternative complement activity, lysozyme activity, and total immunoglobulin levels, were significantly lowered by 60-day exposure to 10 µg L-1 diuron in both fish. Significant decreases in the hepatic enzyme activities of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase were observed with an induction of cortisol on day 60 in fish exposed to 10 µg L-1 diuron. Intracellular malondialdehyde and glutathione levels were significantly increased by 10 µg L-1 diuron at day 60 with an increase in the enzymatic activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase. Overall, black rockfish were more sensitive to diuron than red seabream. These results suggest that consistent exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of diuron is detrimental to the reproduction, immunity, and health of marine fish.
Subject(s)
Diuron , Sea Bream , Animals , Diuron/toxicity , Antioxidants , Malondialdehyde , EstradiolABSTRACT
Here, we sequenced and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome for the terebellid polychaete, Neoamphitrite affinis (Malmgren 1866). The complete mitogenome of N. affinis is 15,823 bp, with 33.4% A, 18.2% C, 11.5% G, and 37.0% T. The circular N. affinis mitochondrial genome comprises 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 23 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes including 2 methionine tRNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and a non-coding region. Phylogenomic analysis based on 26 in-group taxa belonging to the two main clades, Sedentaria and Errantia, is congruent with published phylogenetic relationship for annelids, which N. affinis was grouped with Pista cristata (Terebellida; Terebellidae). This mitogenome resource will be useful for future phylogenetic studies of families belonging to Sedentaria.
ABSTRACT
The prevalence of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and microplastics (MPs) is ubiquitous and is considered a threat to aquatic biota. MPs can act as a vector for waterborne metals; however, the combined effects of Cr(VI) and MPs on aquatic organisms are largely unknown. In this study, aquatic model animals, such as rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus and B. plicatilis), water fleas (Daphnia magna), amphipods (Hyalella azteca), polychaetes (Perinereis aibuhitensis), and zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to environmental concentrations (1, 10, and 100 particles L-1) of 1 µm polystyrene MPs alone, Cr(VI) alone, or Cr(VI) combined with MPs. Following exposure, the potential effects were measured by analyzing basic life endpoints (e.g., survival rate and growth). A significant response to MPs alone was not observed in all animals. However, MPs combined with Cr(VI) concentration-dependently increased Cr(VI) toxicity in two rotifer species. The survival rate of water fleas was significantly reduced upon exposure to Cr(VI) + MPs (100 particles L-1) compared with exposure to Cr(VI) alone, and significantly decreased the number of offspring. Although there was no significant effect on the body length of the amphipod, concentration-dependent decreases in their survival rates were observed. In contrast, no significant change was found in the survival rate of polychaetes; however, their burrowing ability was inhibited by Cr(VI) + MPs (100 particles L-1). Further, larval mortality was increased in response to Cr(VI) + MPs (100 particles L-1) in zebrafish. Taken together, the findings suggest that MPs can exacerbate Cr(VI) toxicity, even at environmental levels.
ABSTRACT
A broad-spectrum fungicide, dichlofluanid is widely used in antifouling paints and agricultural pesticides. In this study, the acute and chronic effects of sublethal concentrations, namely, no observable effect concentration (NOEC) and 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of dichlofluanid (1/10 NOEC, NOEC, 1/10 LC50, and LC50) were evaluated on the marine mysid, Neomysis awatschensis. Acute toxicity test (96 h) showed higher sensitivity to dichlofluanid in juvenile mysids (LC50 3.1 µg L-1) than adults (LC50 24.5 µg L-1), with lower survival rate and reduction in food consumption. Exposure with dichlofluanid considerably induced oxidative imbalance, as NOEC (0.006 µg L-1 for juveniles and 0.074 µg L-1 for adults) and 1/10 LC50 values increased intracellular concentrations of malondialdehyde and glutathione, and the enzymatic activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase, whereas exposure to LC50 value decreased the values of oxidative parameters. Enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase decreased considerably when exposed to LC50 value. In the case of chronic effects, exposure to NOEC for 4 weeks markedly decreased the juvenile survival rate, while adults showed tolerance. Multigenerational monitoring in response to NOEC showed a significant growth retardation with an increase in intermolt duration as well as a decrease in the number of newborn mysids from females of the third generation. Consistent exposure to environmentally relevant sublethal concentrations of dichlofluanid would be detrimental to mysid individuals and the survival of the mysid population.
Subject(s)
Biofouling , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Acetylcholinesterase , Aniline Compounds , Animals , Biofouling/prevention & control , Crustacea , Female , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicityABSTRACT
Here, we report information on the complete mitochondrial genome of the firemouth cichlid, Thorichthys meeki (Brind 1918). Illumina HiSeq genome sequencing produced the assembly of a circular mitogenome of 16,527 base pairs (bp) from T. meeki consisting of 46.8% GC nucleotides, 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and a putative control region as shown in the typical teleost gene composition. The gene order of the T. meeki mitogenome was identical to that of other cichlid species. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on mitochondrial PCGs showed a close relationship of T. meeki with Thorichthys aureus (Gunther 1862) within Heroini tribe.
ABSTRACT
We report the complete mitochondrial genome information of the rainbow krib, Pelvicachromis pulcher (Boulenger 1901). Illumina HiSeq genome sequencing allowed the assembly of a circular mitogenome of 17,196 base pairs (bp) from P. pulcher consisting of 47% GC nucleotides, 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and a putative control region in the typical teleost gene composition. The gene order of the P. pulcher mitogenome was identical to that of other cichlid species. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on mitochondrial PCGs showed a relationship of P. pulcher with a cichlid Tylochromis polylepis (Boulenger 1900), suggesting that more complete mitogenomes are needed to explore mitogenome evolution in West African tribes and riverine cichlids, as this genomic information is the first complete mitogenome in the tribe Chromidotilapiini.
ABSTRACT
We sequenced and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome for the freshwater water flea Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1820). This is the first mitogenome for the family Moinidae. The complete mitogenome of M. macrocopa is 16,072 bp, with 35.8% A, 17.6% C, 12.8% G, and 33.8% T. The mitogenome comprises 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and a non-coding region. Phylogenomic analysis based on 28 in-group taxa belonging to the orders Anostraca, Diplostraca, and Notostraca is congruent with published phylogenetic relationship for cladocerans, with M. macrocopa being grouped with members of the Daphniidae. This mitogenome resource will be useful for future phylogenetic studies of water fleas.
ABSTRACT
In this study, the potential effects of 30-day exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of chlorothalonil (0, 5, 10, and 20 µg L-l) were tested in the blood of the economically important olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, using biochemical endpoints. Significant decreases in the enzymatic activities of immunity markers, alternative complements, and lysozymes were detected in the fish exposed to 10 or 20 µg L-l of chlorothalonil at day 20 or 30. The total immunoglobulin content was lowered in response to 20 µg L-l chlorothalonil at day 10 and 20, even when later exposed to 5 µg L-l at day 30. Among the essential blood components, the cortisol level was increased in response to chlorothalonil throughout the study with a decrease in white blood cells, while no changes were observed in hemoglobin, red blood cells, total protein concentration, and glucose in all exposures. The enzymatic activities of the three hepatic toxicity markers, alanine transferases, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase, increased by 10 and/or 20 µg L-l of chlorothalonil. Significant oxidative stress was induced by chlorothalonil in the fish exposed to 10 or 20 µg L-l of chlorothalonil, as revealed by increased malondialdehyde and fluctuating glutathione levels with increase in the enzymatic activities of antioxidant defense system, including catalase and superoxide dismutase, during exposure. Taken together, these results suggest that long-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of chlorothalonil can affect susceptibility to pathogens through immunosuppression, hepatic toxicity, and oxidative stress in olive flounder. These results can contribute to the monitoring of aquatic environments and ecotoxicological research through the measurement of blood components against waterborne chlorothalonil.
Subject(s)
Biofouling , Disinfectants , Flounder , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Animals , Antioxidants/metabolism , Biofouling/prevention & control , Disinfectants/toxicity , Flounder/metabolism , Nitriles , Oxidative Stress , Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolismABSTRACT
In this study, the toxicity of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] reduced by citric acid in ice was measured using representative aquatic model invertebrates (i.e., rotifer, water flea, amphipod, and polychaete) and a vertebrate (zebrafish) by analyzing short- and/or long-term endpoints that are frequently applied to each animal. Cr(VI) reduction in the presence of citric acid was markedly enhanced in the ice phase compared to that in an aqueous solution through the freeze concentration effect. The highly concentrated Cr(VI) and citric acid in ice grain boundaries were also confirmed using in situ cryogenic confocal Raman spectroscopy. Overall, exposure to Cr(VI) resulted in higher acute and/or chronic effects on aquatic animals, such as drastic mortality, growth inhibition, and decrease in offspring number, whereas the animals were increasingly tolerant to Cr(VI) that was reduced in the ice phase. Sublethal concentrations of Cr(VI) significantly decreased the antioxidant capacity in the aquatic animals. However, when the same concentrations of Cr(VI) were reduced in ice, these treatments showed no modulation or increase in the antioxidant defense system. Taken together, our results suggest that Cr(VI) reduction into Cr(III) was successfully achieved in ice and that this methodology can decrease the actual toxicity of Cr(VI) in aquatic animals.