ABSTRACT
Virus-caused public health outbreaks represent a serious threat to humans all over the world. The rampant new 2019 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has wreaked havoc on China and the rest of the world since December 2019. Now focus is on effective reduction of corona and other viral and bacterial infections in hospitals, public and private sectors, households, schools, etc. Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, heterostructures, patterned surfaces, and graphene-based materials have shown up to 99.9998% efficacy against bacteria, mold, and viruses. The stability, long shelf life, and robustness of inorganic nanoparticles make them desirable for antimicrobial nanofinishes. These inorganic antimicrobial agents are more stable than organic antibacterial compounds at high temperature and pressure. The high specific surface area-to-volume ratios and unique physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles are largely responsible for their antibacterial actions. But their immobilization is a huge challenge. To address this issue, NPs were modified with (glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (GPTS) and applied on cotton fabric. The silane part of GPTS reacted with the NPs under acidic conditions while epoxy reacted with cotton under alkaline conditions. Treated cotton fabric showed good antiviral and antibacterial activity even after severe industrial washing.
ABSTRACT
The application of organic manures was found to be beneficial, however, the integrated use of organic manures with chemical nitrogen fertilizers has proven more sustainable in increasing the photosynthetic attributes and grain yield of the winter-wheat crop. A multi-factor split-plot design was adopted, nitrogen and manure fertilizer treatments were set in the sub-plots, including nitrogen-gradient treatment of T1:0 kg N ha-1, T2:100 kg N ha-1, T3:200 kg N ha-1, and T4:300 kg N ha-1 (pure nitrogen -fertilizer application) The 25% reduction in nitrogen combined with the manure-fertilizer application includes T5:75 kg N ha-1 nitrogen and 25 kg N ha-1 manure, T6:150 kg N ha-1 nitrogen and 50 kg N ha-1 manure, and T7:225 kg N ha-1 nitrogen and 75 kg N ha-1 manure. The maximum results of the total chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate were 5.73 mg/g FW and 68.13 m mol m-2 s-1, observed under T4 in Zhongmai 175, as compared to Jindong 22 at the heading stage. However, the maximum results of intercellular CO2 concentration were 1998.47 µmol mol-1, observed under T3 in Jindong 22, as compared to Zhongmai 175 at the tillering stage. The maximum results of LAI were 5.35 (cm2), observed under T7 in Jindong 22, as compared to Zhongmai 175 at the booting stage. However, the maximum results of Tr and Gs were 6.31 mmol H2O m-2 s-1 and 0.90 H2O mol m-2 s-1, respectively, observed under T7 in Zhongmai 175 as compared to Jindong 22 at the flowering stage. The results revealed that grain yield 8696.93 kg ha-1, grains spike-1 51.33 (g), and 1000-grain weight 39.27 (g) were significantly higher, under T3 in Zhongmai 175, as compared to Jindong 22. Moreover, the spike number plot-1 of 656.67 m2 was significantly higher in Jindong 22, as compared to Zhongmai 175. It was concluded from the study that the combined application of nitrogen and manure fertilizers in winter wheat is significant for enhancing seed at the jointing and flowering stages. For increased grain yield and higher economic return, Zhongmai 175 outperformed the other cultivars examined. This research brings awareness toward the nitrogen-fertilizer-management approach established for farmers' practice, which might be observed as an instruction to increase agricultural management for the winter-wheat-growth season.
ABSTRACT
Designing novel antiviral personal protective equipment (PPE) is crucial for preventing viral infections such as COVID-19 in humans. Here, we fabricate an electrospun nanofiber-based Viroblock (VB)-loaded polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/zinc oxide (ZnO) hybrid nanocomposite for PPE applications. Five different concentrations of Viroblock (0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5%, 3.5%, and 5%) were added to PAN/ZnO solution and loaded for electrospinning. The developed samples reflected antibacterial activity of 92.59% and 88.64% against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, respectively, with 5% VB loading. Moreover, a significant reduction in virus titer (37%) was observed with the 5% VB/PAN/ZnO nanofiber sheet. Hence, VB-loaded PAN/ZnO nanofibers have great potential to kill enveloped viruses such as influenzas and coronaviruses and could be the ideal candidate for the development of nanofiber-based PPE, such as facemasks and surgical gowns, which can play a key role in the protection of frontline health workers and the general public in the COVID-19 pandemic.
