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OBJECTIVES: to identify the repercussions of financial toxicity on the lives of adult cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: an integrative review was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases, as well as the Virtual Health Library portal, in March 2023. RESULTS: out of 62 studies found, 13 were included for analysis. The primary repercussions of financial toxicity included difficulties in covering basic expenses such as food, housing, medication, transportation, and internet access; increased anxiety and concerns related to health and financial situations; reduction or absence of income; challenges in obtaining treatment or accessing healthcare services; rising expenses; and telemedicine as a less burdensome alternative. CONCLUSIONS: the pandemic has exacerbated financial toxicity; therefore, healthcare teams must recognize it as an adverse event of oncological treatment and understand its potential to affect various aspects of patients' lives.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Neoplasms , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2 , Humans , COVID-19/economics , COVID-19/epidemiology , Neoplasms/complications , Neoplasms/psychology , Adult , Cost of Illness , Telemedicine/economicsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess anxiety levels among women with metastatic breast cancer undergoing palliative chemotherapy. METHODS: A descriptive, prospective study was conducted at an oncology hospital in southern Brazil from September 2021 to October 2022. A total of 123 adult women receiving outpatient palliative chemotherapy were included in the study. Anxiety levels were evaluated using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory at baseline, the fifth week, and the eleventh week of treatment. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, and Multiple General Regression Models. RESULTS: Women with advanced breast cancer had an average trait-anxiety score of 48.24±5.92. A progressive improvement in anxiety scores was observed throughout the treatment evaluation stages (44.90±5.89; 43.37±5.34; 42.58±5.75), with a significant difference between the evaluations (p=0.008). Significant correlations were found between trait-anxiety and work situation (p=0.010) and ovarian metastasis (p=0.022). The adjusted general regression model also showed statistical significance for baseline evaluation with offspring (p=0.045) and education level (p=0.041). CONCLUSION: Women with breast cancer undergoing palliative chemotherapy exhibited high trait-anxiety scores, which decreased significantly over the course of treatment.
Subject(s)
Anxiety , Breast Neoplasms , Palliative Care , Humans , Female , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Breast Neoplasms/psychology , Prospective Studies , Palliative Care/methods , Brazil/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Adult , Prognosis , Follow-Up Studies , Neoplasm Metastasis , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic useABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Sinonasal cancers (SNC) are rare cancers with a high proportion attributable to occupational carcinogens. This study aims to describe the sociodemographic, clinical, and occupational characteristics of subjects with SNC in Brazil. METHODS: Observational study conducted with secondary data from a network of Hospital Cancer Registries. We selected epithelial/unspecified SNC records with a year of diagnosis from 2007 to 2021. We performed descriptive statistics of SNC cases and calculated crude and age-standardized rates (ASR, standard: world population) by gender and Region of residence. RESULTS: We identified 2,384 cases, 1,553 (65.1%) in men and 831 (34.9%) in women. The mean age at diagnosis was 59 years for both. Most SNC (50.7% in men and 53.2% in women) originated from the maxillary sinus. Most (65.5% in men and 54.5% in women) were squamous cell carcinomas. Information on occupation was missing in the years 2019-2021. Most male SNC patients (44.8%) were employed in group 6 (Agricultural, forestry, and fishing workers), while women had been mainly (34.6%) working in groups 8 (Workers in the production of industrial goods and services, machine operators) and in group 6 (27.6%). Crude SNC incidence rates were 1.0 per million person-years in men and 0.5 in women, while ASR were 1.0 and 0.4, respectively. In both genders, the highest ASR was in Minas Gerais (men: 1.9; women: 0.7). CONCLUSIONS: Establishing the profile of Brazilians with sinonasal cancer can stimulate epidemiologic research for monitoring this group of cancers with a high association with occupational exposures.
Subject(s)
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms , South American People , Humans , Female , Male , Middle Aged , Brazil/epidemiology , Registries , Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms/epidemiology , HospitalsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify the repercussions of financial toxicity on the lives of adult cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: an integrative review was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases, as well as the Virtual Health Library portal, in March 2023. Results: out of 62 studies found, 13 were included for analysis. The primary repercussions of financial toxicity included difficulties in covering basic expenses such as food, housing, medication, transportation, and internet access; increased anxiety and concerns related to health and financial situations; reduction or absence of income; challenges in obtaining treatment or accessing healthcare services; rising expenses; and telemedicine as a less burdensome alternative. Conclusions: the pandemic has exacerbated financial toxicity; therefore, healthcare teams must recognize it as an adverse event of oncological treatment and understand its potential to affect various aspects of patients' lives.
RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar las repercusiones de la toxicidad financiera en la vida de pacientes adultos con cáncer durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: revisión integrativa realizada en las plataformas de datos PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase y en el portal de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud en marzo de 2023. Resultados: de 62 estudios encontrados, 13 fueron incluídos para análisis. Las principales repercusiones de la toxicidad financiera fueron: dificultades para cubrir gastos básicos como alimentación, vivienda, medicamentos, transporte e internet; aumento de la ansiedad y preocupaciones relacionadas con la salud y la situación financiera; reducción o ausencia de ingresos; dificultad para obtener tratamiento o acceso a los servicios de salud; aumento de los gastos y telemedicina como alternativa menos costosa. Conclusiones: la pandemia ha intensificado la toxicidad financiera; por lo tanto, los equipos de salud necesitan reconocerla como un evento adverso del tratamiento oncológico y comprender que puede afectar diferentes ámbitos de la vida de los pacientes.
RESUMO Objetivos: identificar as repercussões da toxicidade financeira na vida de pacientes adultos com câncer durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Métodos: revisão integrativa realizada nas plataformas de dados PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase e no portal da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde no mês de março de 2023. Resultados: de 62 estudos encontrados, 13 foram incluídos para análise. As principais repercussões da toxicidade financeira foram: dificuldades em custear despesas básicas como alimentação, moradia, medicamentos, transporte e internet; aumento da ansiedade e preocupações relacionadas à saúde e à situação financeira; redução ou ausência de renda; dificuldade para obter tratamento ou acesso aos serviços de saúde; aumento das despesas e telemedicina como alternativa menos onerosa. Conclusões: a pandemia acentuou a toxicidade financeira; portanto, as equipes de saúde precisam reconhecê-la como um evento adverso do tratamento oncológico e compreender que ela pode afetar diferentes âmbitos da vida dos pacientes.
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OBJECTIVES: to identify in the literature and summarize nursing care in a hospital environment directed to patients who suffered burns. METHODS: a scoping review, according to the JBI Reviewers' Manual recommendations, with a search in the MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus databases and in the Virtual Health Library portal, through articles published between 2016 and December 2021. RESULTS: of the total 419 articles found, nine were selected for analysis. The main care measures identified were changing dressings and types of coverage, vital sign control, non-pharmacological techniques for pain relief and opioid reduction. CONCLUSIONS: the complexity of burn care requires constant updating by the nursing team. Keeping it prepared to carry out the best nursing care practices for burn patients will promote adequate care, patient recovery and reduction of possible harm.
Subject(s)
Burns , Nursing Care , Humans , Burns/complications , Burns/therapyABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify in the literature and summarize nursing care in a hospital environment directed to patients who suffered burns. Methods: a scoping review, according to the JBI Reviewers' Manual recommendations, with a search in the MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus databases and in the Virtual Health Library portal, through articles published between 2016 and December 2021. Results: of the total 419 articles found, nine were selected for analysis. The main care measures identified were changing dressings and types of coverage, vital sign control, non-pharmacological techniques for pain relief and opioid reduction. Conclusions: the complexity of burn care requires constant updating by the nursing team. Keeping it prepared to carry out the best nursing care practices for burn patients will promote adequate care, patient recovery and reduction of possible harm.
RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar en la literatura y resumir los cuidados de enfermería en ambiente hospitalario dirigidos a pacientes que sufrieron quemaduras. Métodos: revisión de alcance, según las recomendaciones del JBI Reviewers' Manual, con búsqueda en MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus y en el portal Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, a través de artículos publicados entre 2016 y diciembre de 2021. Resultados: del total de 419 artículos encontrados, nueve fueron seleccionados para el análisis. Las principales medidas de atención identificadas fueron cambio de apósitos y tipos de cobertura, control de signos vitales, técnicas no farmacológicas para el alivio del dolor y reducción de opioides. Conclusiones: la complejidad del cuidado de quemados exige una constante actualización por parte del equipo de enfermería. Mantenerlo preparado para llevar a cabo las mejores prácticas de atención de enfermería a los pacientes quemados promoverá la atención adecuada, la recuperación del paciente y la reducción de posibles daños.
RESUMO Objetivos: identificar na literatura e sintetizar os cuidados de enfermagem em ambiente hospitalar direcionados aos pacientes que sofreram queimaduras. Métodos: revisão de escopo, segundo recomendações do JBI Reviewers' Manual, com busca nas bases MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus e no portal Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, através de artigos publicados entre 2016 e dezembro 2021. Resultados: do total 419 artigos encontrados, nove foram selecionados para análise. Os principais cuidados identificados foram troca de curativos e tipos de coberturas, controle dos sinais vitais, técnicas não farmacológicas para atenuação da dor e redução de opioides. Conclusões: a complexidade do cuidado em queimaduras requer constantes atualizações da equipe de enfermagem. Mantê-la preparada para a realização das melhores práticas de cuidado de enfermagem aos pacientes queimados promoverá a assistência adequada, recuperação do paciente e redução de possíveis danos.
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Introdução: Pacientes com câncer enfrentam percurso terapêutico longo e de alto nível de complexidade. Diante desse cenário, a satisfação com o tratamento hospitalar é um processo importante na recuperação da saúde, dada a possibilidade de se obter informações essenciais referentes às experiências de quem recebe o tratamento, as quais auxiliarão na adequação de condutas para prática da assistência de qualidade com possíveis implicações na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS). Objetivo: Analisar a QVRS e sua relação com a satisfação com o tratamento hospitalar de adultos com câncer. Método: Estudo observacional, analítico, de recorte transversal, realizado com 120 pacientes em tratamento clínico ou cirúrgico em um hospital referência no tratamento onco-hematológico localizado no Sul do Brasil, entre agosto de 2021 e janeiro de 2022. Foram utilizados os instrumentos Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 e Satisfaction with In-Patient Cancer Care, analisados descritivamente e por teste de correlação de Spearman. Resultados: A qualidade de vida global apresentou baixos escores (58,54/100) e maior comprometimento no domínio função social (44,17/100). Houve alto nível de satisfação com a equipe médica e de enfermagem, e maiores médias na escala habilidades técnicas (89,44/100 e 86,67/100, respectivamente). Verificou-se significância estatística entre a qualidade de vida global e todos os itens do instrumento de satisfação (p<0,05). Conclusão: A satisfação com o tratamento hospitalar impacta na qualidade de vida de adultos com câncer. Reconhecer as alterações na qualidade de vida e os determinantes que compõem a satisfação ao tratamento hospitalar pode contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento da assistência prestada.
Introduction: Patients with cancer face a long and high level of complexity therapeutic path. Given this scenario, satisfaction with hospital treatment is an important process in the recovery of health, because of the possibility of obtaining essential information about the experiences of those receiving treatment, which will help to match the conduct for the practice of quality care with possible implications for health-related quality of life (HRQL). Objective: To analyze the HRQL and its relationship with satisfaction with hospital treatment of adults with cancer. Method: Observational, analytical cross-sectional study conducted with 120 patients undergoing clinical or surgical treatment at a reference hospital of oncohematological treatment located in Southern Brazil between August 2021 and January 2022. The instruments used were Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 and Satisfaction with In-Patient Cancer Care, analyzed descriptively and by Spearman correlation test. Results: Global quality of life had low scores (58.54/100), greater impairment of the social functioning domain (44.17/100). There was a high level of satisfaction with medical and nursing staff, higher averages of the technical skills scale (89.44/100 and 86.67/100, respectively). Statistical significance was found between global quality of life and all items of the satisfaction instrument (p<0.05). Conclusion: Satisfaction with hospital treatment impacts the quality of life of adults with cancer. Recognizing changes in quality of life and determinants of the satisfaction with hospital treatment can contribute to improve the care provided.
Introducción: Los pacientes con cáncer enfrentan una larga y compleja experiencia terapéutica. Ante ese escenario, la satisfacción con el tratamiento hospitalario es un proceso importante en la recuperación de la salud, dada la posibilidad de obtener informaciones esenciales referentes a las experiencias de quien recibe el tratamiento, las cuales ayudarán en la adecuación de conductas para la práctica de la asistencia de calidad con posibles implicaciones en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS). Objetivo: Analizar la CVRS y su relación con la satisfacción con el tratamiento hospitalario de adultos con cáncer. Método: Estudio observacional, analítico, de corte transversal, realizado con 120 pacientes en tratamiento clínico o quirúrgico en un hospital referencia en el tratamiento oncohematológico localizado en el Sur de Brasil, entre agosto de 2021 y enero de 2022. Se utilizaron los instrumentos Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 y Satisfaction with In-Patient Cancer Care, analizados descriptivamente y por prueba de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: La calidad de vida global presentó bajas puntuaciones (58,54/100), mayor comprometimiento en el dominio función social (44,17/100). Hubo un alto nivel de satisfacción con el personal médico y de enfermería, mayores promedios en la escala habilidades técnicas (89,44/100 y 86,67/100, respectivamente). Se verificó significación estadística entre la calidad de vida global y todos los ítems del instrumento de satisfacción (p<0,05). Conclusión: La satisfacción con el tratamiento hospitalario impacta en la calidad de vida de adultos con cáncer. Reconocer los cambios en la calidad de vida y determinantes que componen la satisfacción al tratamiento hospitalario puede contribuir a mejorar la asistencia prestada.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Quality of Life , Adult Health , Patient Satisfaction , Oncology Service, Hospital , Patient CareABSTRACT
Resumo: Objetivo: o objetivo dessa dissertação foi analisar a qualidade de vida e sua relação com a satisfação com o tratamento hospitalar de adultos com câncer durante seu internamento. Métodos: trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, observacional, analítica de recorte transversal com 120 pacientes tratados em hospital de referência em atendimento oncohematológico no Sul do Brasil, entre agosto de 2021 a janeiro de 2022. Para coleta de dados foram utilizados os instrumentos sociodemográfico e clínico, adaptado de outras pesquisas na área de qualidade de vida, Quality of Life Questionnaire Core30 e Satisfaction with In-Patient Cancer Care, ambos traduzidos e validados para o português - Brasil. A análise se deu descritivamente e por teste de correlação de Spearman. Resultados: o tipo de câncer prevalente entre os participantes foi o hematológico 71 (59%), com predomínio das leucemias 29 (24%), sendo a quimioterapia o tratamento prévio prevalente 105 (88%). A qualidade de vida global apresentou baixos escores (58,54/100) com maior comprometimento nos domínios função emocional (52,99/100), desempenho pessoal (44,54/100) e função social (44,17/100) que podem ter sido potencializados pela pandemia da Covid-19, resultando em uma qualidade de vida regular. Houve alto nível de satisfação geral (87,92/100). A correlação entre a qualidade de vida global e a satisfação com o tratamento hospitalar obteve significância estatística em todos os itens (p<0,05). Conclusões: a satisfação com o tratamento hospitalar impacta na qualidade de vida de adultos com câncer. Reconhecer as alterações na qualidade de vida de adultos com câncer e determinantes que compõem a satisfação ao tratamento hospitalar podem contribuir no aperfeiçoamento da assistência prestada, promovendo contribuições para área.
Abstract: Objective: the aim of this dissertation was to analyze the quality of life and its relationship with satisfaction with hospital treatment in adults with cancer during hospitalization. Methods: this is a quantitative, observational, analytical cross-sectional research with 120 patients treated in a reference hospital in oncohematologic care in southern Brazil, between August 2021 and January 2022. For data collection we used the sociodemographic and clinical instruments, adapted from other studies in the area of quality of life, Quality of Life Questionnaire Core30 and Satisfaction with In- Patient Cancer Care, both translated and validated for Portuguese - Brazil. The analysis was done descriptively and by Spearman's correlation test. Results: The most prevalent type of cancer among the participants was hematological 71 (59%), with a predominance of leukemias 29 (24%), and chemotherapy was the most prevalent previous treatment 105 (88%). Overall quality of life showed low scores (58.54/100) with greater impairment in the domains emotional function (52.99/100), personal performance (44.54/100), and social function (44.17/100) which may have been enhanced by the Covid-19 pandemic, resulting in a regular quality of life. There was a high level of overall satisfaction (87.92/100). The correlation between overall quality of life and satisfaction with hospital treatment obtained statistical significance in all items (p<0.05). Conclusions: satisfaction with hospital treatment impacts the quality of life of adults with cancer. To recognize the changes in the quality of life of adults with cancer and determinants that make up the satisfaction with hospital treatment can contribute to the improvement of the care provided, promoting contributions to the area.
Resumen: Objetivo: el objetivo de esta tesis es analizar la calidad de vida y su relación con la satisfacción con el tratamiento hospitalario de adultos con cáncer durante su internamiento. Métodos: se trata de una investigación cuantitativa, observacional, analítica de registro transversal con 120 pacientes tratados en el hospital de referencia en atención oncohematológica en el Sur de Brasil, entre agosto de 2021 y enero de 2022. Los datos se recogieron mediante instrumentos sociodemográficos y clínicos adaptados de otros estudios en el área de calidad de vida, Quality of Life Questionnaire Core30 y Satisfaction with In-Patient Cancer Care, ambos traducidos y validados para el portugués-brasileño. El análisis se realizó de forma descriptiva y mediante la prueba de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: el tipo de cáncer más prevalente entre los participantes fue el hematológico 71 (59%), con predominio de las leucemias 29 (24%), y la quimioterapia fue el tratamiento previo más prevalente 105 (88%). La calidad de vida global mostró puntuaciones bajas (58,54/100) con un mayor deterioro en los dominios función emocional (52,99/100), desempeño personal (44,54/100) y función social (44,17/100) que puede haber sido potenciado por la pandemia de Covid-19, lo que resulta en una calidad de vida regular. El nivel de satisfacción general es alto (87,92/100). La correlación entre la calidad de vida global y la satisfacción con el tratamiento hospitalario obtuvo significación estadística en todos los ítems (p<0,05). Conclusiones: la satisfacción con el tratamiento hospitalario influye en la calidad de vida de los adultos con cáncer. Reconocer los cambios en la calidad de vida de los adultos con cáncer y los determinantes que conforman la satisfacción con el tratamiento hospitalario puede contribuir a la mejora de la asistencia prestada, promoviendo contribuciones al área.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Patients , Quality of Health Care , Quality of Life , Therapeutics , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , NeoplasmsABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a toxicidade financeira e correlacionar o escore total com as características sociodemográficas e clínicas de pacientes com câncer assistidos em instituições pública e privada. Método: estudo transversal descritivo, realizado entre setembro de 2018 a janeiro de 2020 com 126 pacientes em tratamento quimioterápico no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Utilizou-se instrumento sociodemográfico e clínico e COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity; para análise, o teste t de Student e Scoring Guidelines. Resultados: o escore médio da toxicidade financeira na amostra da instituição pública foi de 16,33, na privada de 24,02. Unindo as amostras, o escore médio foi de 18,95. Ao realizar correlação, verificou-se significância estatística com a renda na instituição pública (p-valor=0,002); na instituição privada, presença de comorbidade (p-valor=0,003) e uso de medicamentos (p-valor=0,042). Conclusão: reconhecer a toxicidade financeira como evento adverso auxiliará os profissionais num plano assistencial de acordo com as condições do paciente.
ABSTRACT Objective: to assess financial toxicity and associate the total score with the sociodemographic and clinical profile of cancer patients assisted in public and private institutions. Method: descriptive cross-sectional research conducted from September 2018 to January 2020 with 126 patients undergoing chemotherapy in the state of Paraná, Brazil. A sociodemographic and clinical instrument and the COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity were used; Student's t-test and Scoring Guidelines were used for analysis. Results: the mean score of financial toxicity in the public institution sample was 16.33, in the private one 24.02. Combining the samples, the average score was 18.95. In the correlation analysis, statistical significance was found with the income in the public institution (p-value=0.002); in the private institution, having comorbidity (p-value=0.003) and use of medication (p-value=0.042). Conclusion: recognizing financial toxicity as an adverse event will help professionals to develop a care plan according to the patient's conditions.
RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la toxicidad financiera y correlacionar la puntuación total con las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los pacientes con cáncer asistidos en instituciones públicas y privadas. Método: estudio descriptivo transversal realizado entre septiembre de 2018 y enero de 2020 con 126 pacientes en tratamiento de quimioterapia en el estado de Paraná, Brasil. Se utilizó el instrumento sociodemográfico y clínico y el COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity; para el análisis, la prueba t de Student y las Scoring Guidelines. Resultados: la puntuación media de toxicidad financiera en la muestra de instituciones públicas fue de 16,33 y de 24,02 en la privada. Uniendo las muestras, la puntuación media fue de 18,95. Al realizar la correlación, se verificó la significación estadística con el ingreso en la institución pública (p-valor=0,002); en la institución privada, la presencia de comorbilidad (p-valor=0,003) y el uso de medicamentos (p-valor=0,042). Conclusión: reconocer la toxicidad financiera como un evento adverso ayudará a los profesionales en un plan de asistencia de acuerdo con las condiciones del paciente.
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O câncer colorretal (CCR) é a quarta causa de morte por neoplasias malignas no Brasil e a segunda mais frequente no mundo. O rastreamento precoce e mudanças nos hábitos de vida são fatores determinantes para a diminuição da mortalidade. Objetivo: identificar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes atendidos no serviço de oncologia do Hospital Universitário Evangélico de Curitiba. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo com análise de 139 prontuários entre 2013 a 2016 de pacientes diagnosticados com carcinoma colorretal, transcrição e exposição dos dados através de tabelas e gráficos. Resultados: maior incidência de CCR no gênero masculino e nas faixas etárias entre 61 a 80 anos. O tempo de diagnóstico foi comumente inferior a três meses. O exame de rastreamento mais utilizado foi a colonoscopia. Conclusão: a prática de prevenção ao CCR não é amplamente adotada pelos pacientes, o rastreamento só é empregado em fase de sintomatologia evidente
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth cause of death due to malignant neoplasm in Brazil and the second more common in the world. The early tracking and changes in lifestyle are determinant factors for mortality reduction. Objective: identify the epidemiological profile of patients attended at the oncology service of Evangelical University Hospital of Curitiba. Methods: retrospective study with analysis of 139 medical records between 2013 and 2016 of patients with colorectal cancer diagnosis, transcription and display of data through tables and graphs. Results: higher incidence of CRC in men and in the age groups between 61 and 80 years. The diagnosis time was usually less than three months. The most commonly used screening test was colonoscopy. Conclusion: the practice of CRC prevention is not widely adopted by patients, the tracing is only used in an evident symptomatology phase