ABSTRACT
In perinatal HIV infection, early antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation is recommended but questions remain regarding infant immune responses to HIV and its impact on immune development. Using single cell transcriptional and phenotypic analysis we evaluated the T cell compartment at pre-ART initiation of infants with perinatally acquired HIV from Maputo, Mozambique (Towards AIDS Remission Approaches cohort). CD8+ T cell maturation subsets exhibited altered distribution in HIV exposed infected (HEI) infants relative to HIV exposed uninfected infants with reduced naive, increased effectors, higher frequencies of activated T cells, and lower frequencies of cells with markers of self-renewal. Additionally, a cluster of CD8+ T cells identified in HEI displayed gene profiles consistent with cytotoxic T lymphocytes and showed evidence for hyper expansion. Longitudinal phenotypic analysis revealed accelerated maturation of CD8+ T cells was maintained in HEI despite viral control. The results point to an HIV-directed immune response that is likely to influence reservoir establishment.
ABSTRACT
Construction is known as one of the most dangerous industries in terms of worker safety. Collisions due the excessive proximity of workers to moving construction vehicles are one of the leading causes of fatal and non-fatal accidents on construction sites internationally. Proximity warning systems (PWS) have been proposed in the literature as a solution to detect the risk for collision and to alert workers and equipment operators in time to prevent collisions. Although the role of sensing technologies for situational awareness has been recognised in previous studies, several factors still need to be considered. This paper describes the design of a prototype sensor-based PWS, aimed mainly at small and medium-sized construction companies, to collect real-time data directly from construction sites and to warn workers of a potential risk of collision accidents. It considers, in an integrated manner, factors such as cost of deployment, the actual nature of a construction site as an operating environment and data protection. A low-cost, ultra-wideband (UWB)-based proximity detection system has been developed that can operate with or without fixed anchors. In addition, the PWS is compliant with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union. A privacy-by-design approach has been adopted and privacy mechanisms have been used for data protection. Future work could evaluate the PWS in real operational conditions and incorporate additional factors for its further development, such as studies on the timely interpretation of data.
ABSTRACT
Despite antiretroviral treatment (ART), immune dysfunction persists in children with perinatal HIV infection (HEI). Here we investigated the impact of HIV status on maternal antibody (Ab) passage, long-term vaccine induced immunity and B-cell maturation. Methods: 46 HIV Exposed Uninfected (HEU), 43 HEI, and 15 HIV unexposed uninfected (HUU) infants were vaccinated with 3 doses of DTaP-HepB-Hib-PCV10-OP at 2, 3, and 4 months at Matola Provincial Hospital, Maputo, Mozambique. Tetanus toxoid specific (TT) IgG, HIV Ab and B-cell phenotype characteristics were evaluated at entry, pre-ART, 5, 10, and 18 months in this longitudinal cohort study. Findings: Baseline (maternal) plasma TT Ab levels were significantly lower in HEI compared to both HEU and HUU and a faster decay of TT Ab was observed in HEI compared to HEU with significantly lower TT Ab levels at 10 and 18 months of age. TT unprotected (UP) (≤0.1 IU/mL) HEI showed higher HIV-RNA at entry and higher longitudinal HIV viremia (Area Under the Curve) compared to TT protected (P) HEI. A distinct HIV-Ab profile was found at entry in HEI compared to HEU. B-cell phenotype showed a B-cell perturbation in HEI vs HEU infants at entry (mean age 40.8 days) with lower transitional CD10+CD19+ B-cells and IgD+CD27- naive B-cells and an overall higher frequency of IgD-CD27- double negative B-cell subsets in HEI. Interpretation: B-cell perturbation, presenting with higher double negative IgD-CD27- B-cells was observed in neonatal age and may play a major role in the B-cell exhaustion in HEI. The ability to maintain TT protective Ab titers over time is impaired in HEI with uncontrolled viral replication and the current vaccination schedule is insufficient to provide long-term protection against tetanus. Funding: This work was supported by: NIH grant to SP (5R01AI127347-05); Children's Hospital Bambino Gesú (Ricerca corrente 2019) to NC, and Associazione Volontari Bambino Gesù to PP.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Pregnancy , MozambiqueABSTRACT
Se estudió la demanda psiquiátrica en la Asistencia Pública de Santiago durante mayo de 2005. Se registraron las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas extraídas del formulario de atención. Los diagnósticos se organizaron de acuerdo al CIÉ 10. Se encontraron 562 consultas equivalentes al 5,1 por ciento de las atenciones realizadas. Destaca que: 52 por ciento eran mujeres; 48 por ciento eran menores de 35 años 54,6 por ciento provenían del Área Central y 60 por ciento tenía gratuidad. El 58 por ciento consultó de 8 a 20 hrs. En términos diagnósticos, destacaron los trastornos por alcohol y drogas (32,7 por ciento) y los trastornos neuróticos (51,1 por ciento). En los hombres predominaron los trastornos por alcohol y drogas (58,2 por ciento) y los trastornos neuróticos (31,9 por ciento) de los cuales los trastornos somatomorfos eran el 62,8 por ciento; mientras que en las mujeres fueron los trastornos neuróticos (68.7 por ciento), los trastornos por alcohol y drogas (9,3 por ciento) y las autolesiones intencionales (10 por ciento). Se indicó psicotrópicos al 15 por ciento de los consultantes e interconsulta a especialista sólo en un 2,5 por ciento. La frecuencia de trastornos es similar a la observada en estudios previos. Se constata escasa derivación a especialista o atención psicológica especializada en el establecimiento.
We studied the psychiatric demand in Hospital Asistencia Pública Dr. Alejandro del Rio, during May of2005. We registrated social, demographic and clinical variables, taken from the attention data. The diagnostic were organized following CIE10 classification. We founded 562 psychiatric attentions, which means 5.1 percent of all the attentions done in this institution. It's remarkable that 52 percent of the patients were women, 48 percent) younger than 35 years, 54.6 percent) were from metropolitans center area and 60 percent > had free attentions. A 58 percent> consulted at daytime (08:00 - 20:00hrs). In the whole sample we founded a high number of drugs and alcoholic disorders (32.7 percent >), and also a high incidence of neurotic disorders (51.1 percent >). In the men group predominated drugs and alcoholic disorders (58.2 percent >), followed by neurotic disorders (31.9 percent); in this last group a 62.8 percent correspond to somatomorphic disorders. Inside the women group the highest incidence was for neurotic disorders (68.7 percent), followed by self- aggressive disorders in 10 percent, and in third place the drugs and alcohol disorders (9.3 percent). They gave psychotropics drugs to a 15 percent of the patients and they sent to specialist consult only to a 2.5 percent. Conclusions: The disorders frequency founded now is similar to the frequency seen in others investigations. We noticed a very low derivation to psychiatric specialists.