Farmacovigilancia durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Pharmacovigilance during the pandemic of COVID-19

Durante la pandemia de COVID-19, un papel fundamental de la Farmacovigilancia y del Centro de Farmacovigilancia de Navarra ha sido disponer de forma temprana de información deseguridad actualizada sobre los tratamientos para la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y las vacunasCOVID-19. Esto ha permitido mantener informados tanto a profesionales de la salud como a laciudadanía sobre la seguridad de dichos medicamentos y poder adoptar medidas de minimización de riesgos. A consecuencia de la pandemia han surgido nuevas actividades en el Centro de Farmacovigilancia de Navarra, como la participación activa en todas las tareas relacionadas con el seguimiento de la seguridad de los medicamentos utilizados para la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y enla vigilancia de la seguridad de las vacunas COVID-19, formando parte de los grupos de trabajo del Sistema Español de Farmacovigilancia creados para dicho seguimiento. También se ha intensificado el trabajo relacionado con la resolución de consultas, que se triplicaron en el año2021 frente a 2020 y la evaluación de las notificaciones de sospechas de reacciones adversas,que aumentaron más de siete veces en 2021 respecto a las de 2020. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha afectado profundamente al conjunto de actividades que realizael Centro de Farmacovigilancia de Navarra, pero ha servido para visibilizar su trabajo, dara conocer su finalidad y, en definitiva, para poner en valor la Farmacovigilancia. A raíz de lapandemia de COVID-19 la Farmacovigilancia ha pasado a tener un reconocimiento científico ysocial indiscutible.(AU)

[Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome following adenovirus vector-based vaccines to prevent COVID-19: epidemiology and clinical presentation in Spain]. / Síndrome de Trombosis con Trombocitopenia asociado a vacunas de adenovirus frente a la COVID-19: epidemiología y presentación clínica de la serie española.

BACKGROUND: We describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) cases reported in Spain. METHODS: We included all venous or arterial thrombosis with thrombocytopenia following adenovirus vector-based vaccines (AstraZeneca or Janssen) to prevent COVID-19 disease between February 1st and September 26th, 2021. We describe the crude rate and the standardized morbidity ratio. We assessed the predictors of mortality. RESULTS: Sixty-one cases were reported and 45 fulfilled eligibility criteria, 82% women. The crude TTS rate was 4/1,000,000 doses and 14-15/1,000,000 doses between 30-49 years. The number of observed cases of cerebral venous thrombosis was 6-18 higher than the expected in patients younger than 49 years. Symptoms started 10 (interquartile range (IQR): 7-14) days after vaccination. Eighty percent (95% confidence interval (CI): 65-90%) had thrombocytopenia at the time of the emergency department visit, and 65% (95% CI: 49-78%) had D-dimer >2000 ng/mL. Patients had multiple location thrombosis in 36% and fatal outcome in 24% cases. A platelet nadir <50,000 /µL (odds ratio (OR): 7.4; CI 95%: 1.2-47.5) and intracranial hemorrhage (OR: 7.9; IC95%: 1.3-47.0) were associated with fatal outcome. CONCLUSION: TTS must be suspected in patients with symptoms 10 days after vaccination and thrombocytopenia and/or D-dimer increase.

The Incredible Years Parenting and Child Treatment Programs: A Randomized Controlled Trial in a Child Welfare Setting in Spain

Incredible Years (IY) is a well-established multicomponent group-based program designed to promote young children’s emotional and social competence, to prevent and treat child behavioral and emotional problems, and to improve parenting practices and the parent-child relationship. This study presents the first randomized controlled trial carried out in Spain to test the effectiveness of the Incredible Years Basic Parenting and Small Group Dinosaur Programs in a sample of families involved in child welfare due to substantiated or risk for child maltreatment. One hundred and eleven families with 4- to 8-year-old children were randomly allocated to IY or to a control group who received standard services. Baseline, post-intervention, and 12-month follow-up assessments were compared. Results showed that compared to the control group, the IY intervention made a significant positive difference in parents’ observed and reported use of praise, and a significant reduction in reported use of inconsistent discipline, parenting stress, depressive symptomatology, and perception of child behavior problems. A full serial mediation effect was found between participation in IY, changes in parenting practices, subsequent parenting stress reduction, and both final child abuse potential reduction and perception of child behavior problems. No moderating influence on IY effects was found. Findings provide evidence that transporting the IY Basic Parenting and the Small Group Dinosaur Programs with fidelity is feasible in Child Welfare Services in Spain. (AU)

Incredible Years (IY) es un programa de intervención grupal multicomponente con base empírica sólida diseñado para promover la competencia emocional y social de los niños y niñas, prevenir y tratar problemas emocionales y comportamentales y mejorar las prácticas parentales y la relación paterno-filial. Este estudio presenta el primer ensayo controlado aleatorizado llevado a cabo en España para probar la eficacia de los subprogramas dirigidos a padres y madres y a niños y niñas en familias atendidas en los Servicios Sociales de Infancia debido a la existencia o riesgo de maltrato infantil. Ciento once familias con niños y niñas de 4 a 8 años fueron asignadas al azar a IY o a un grupo control que recibió los servicios de apoyo habituales. Se llevaron a cabo evaluaciones preintervención, post-intervención (6 meses) y de seguimiento (12 meses). Los resultados mostraron que, en comparación con el grupo control, los padres y madres del grupo IY informaron de más cambios positivos significativos en el uso de elogios e incentivos y una reducción significativa en el uso de disciplina inconsistente, estrés parental, sintomatología depresiva y percepción de problemas de conducta en sus hijos e hijas. Se encontró un efecto de mediación serial entre la participación en IY, cambios en las prácticas parentales, la posterior reducción del estrés parental y la reducción final del potencial de maltrato y de la percepción de problemas de conducta en los hijos e hijas. No se identificó ninguna variable moderadora en los efectos de IY. Los resultados proporcionan evidencia de que es factible aplicar el programa IY con fidelidad en los Servicios Sociales de Infancia en España. (AU)

The Incredible Years Parenting and Child Treatment Programs: A Randomized Controlled Trial in a Child Welfare Setting in Spain.

Incredible Years (IY) is a well-established multicomponent group-based program designed to promote young children's emotional and social competence, to prevent and treat child behavioral and emotional problems, and to improve parenting practices and the parent-child relationship. This study presents the first randomized controlled trial carried out in Spain to test the effectiveness of the Incredible Years Basic Parenting and Small Group Dinosaur Programs in a sample of families involved in child welfare due to substantiated or risk for child maltreatment. One hundred and eleven families with 4- to 8-year-old children were randomly allocated to IY or to a control group who received standard services. Baseline, post-intervention, and 12-month follow-up assessments were compared. Results showed that compared to the control group, the IY intervention made a significant positive difference in parents' observed and reported use of praise, and a significant reduction in reported use of inconsistent discipline, parenting stress, depressive symptomatology, and perception of child behavior problems. A full serial mediation effect was found between participation in IY, changes in parenting practices, subsequent parenting stress reduction, and both final child abuse potential reduction and perception of child behavior problems. No moderating influence on IY effects was found. Findings provide evidence that transporting the IY Basic Parenting and the Small Group Dinosaur Programs with fidelity is feasible in Child Welfare Services in Spain.

Incredible Years (IY) es un programa de intervención grupal multicomponente con base empírica sólida diseñado para promover la competencia emocional y social de los niños y niñas, prevenir y tratar problemas emocionales y comportamentales y mejorar las prácticas parentales y la relación paterno-filial. Este estudio presenta el primer ensayo controlado aleatorizado llevado a cabo en España para probar la eficacia de los subprogramas dirigidos a padres y madres y a niños y niñas en familias atendidas en los Servicios Sociales de Infancia debido a la existencia o riesgo de maltrato infantil. Ciento once familias con niños y niñas de 4 a 8 años fueron asignadas al azar a IY o a un grupo control que recibió los servicios de apoyo habituales. Se llevaron a cabo evaluaciones preintervención, post-intervención (6 meses) y de seguimiento (12 meses). Los resultados mostraron que, en comparación con el grupo control, los padres y madres del grupo IY informaron de más cambios positivos significativos en el uso de elogios e incentivos y una reducción significativa en el uso de disciplina inconsistente, estrés parental, sintomatología depresiva y percepción de problemas de conducta en sus hijos e hijas. Se encontró un efecto de mediación serial entre la participación en IY, cambios en las prácticas parentales, la posterior reducción del estrés parental y la reducción final del potencial de maltrato y de la percepción de problemas de conducta en los hijos e hijas. No se identificó ninguna variable moderadora en los efectos de IY. Los resultados proporcionan evidencia de que es factible aplicar el programa IY con fidelidad en los Servicios Sociales de Infancia en España.

Blood cell respiration rates and mtDNA copy number: A promising tool for the diagnosis of mitochondrial disease.

Human mitochondrial diseases are a group of heterogeneous diseases caused by defects in oxidative phosphorylation, due to mutations in mitochondrial (mtDNA) or nuclear DNA. The diagnosis of mitochondrial disease is challenging since mutations in multiple genes can affect mitochondrial function, there is considerable clinical variability and a poor correlation between genotype and phenotype. Herein we assessed mitochondrial function in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and platelets from volunteers without known metabolic pathology and patients with mitochondrial disease. Oxygen consumption rates were evaluated and respiratory parameters indicative of mitochondrial function were obtained. A negative correlation between age and respiratory parameters of PBMCs from control individuals was observed. Surprisingly, respiratory parameters of PBMCs normalized by cell number were similar in patients and young controls. Considering possible compensatory mechanisms, mtDNA copy number in PBMCs was quantified and an increase was found in patients with respect to controls. Hence, respiratory parameters normalized by mtDNA copy number were determined, and in these conditions a decrease in maximum respiration rate and spare respiratory capacity was observed in patients relative to control individuals. In platelets no decay was seen in mitochondrial function with age, while a reduction in basal, ATP-independent and ATP-dependent respiration normalized by cell number was detected in patients compared to control subjects. In summary, our results offer promising perspectives regarding the assessment of mitochondrial function in blood cells for the diagnosis of mitochondrial disease, minimizing the need for invasive procedures such as muscle biopsies, and for following disease progression and response to treatments.

Guía de manejo obstétrico y del recién nacido en madre aloinmunizada / Guidelines for the obstetric management of an alloimmune mother and her newborn / Guia de manejo obstétrico e neonatal em mães aloimunizadas

Resumen: La aloinmunización es una respuesta biológica frente a la exposición de antígenos no propios. La gestación, las transfusiones de hemocomponentes, los trasplantes de órganos sólidos y células hematopoyéticas, así como el consumo de drogas intravenosas exponen a las pacientes al desarrollo de aloanticuerpos antieritrocitarios. El hallazgo de los mismos debe cumplir con las instancias diagnósticas para identificar la probabilidad de estar asociados a enfermedad hemolítica feto neonatal (EHFN) y su oportuna derivación a policlínica de alto riesgo obstétrico (ARO) para su correcto seguimiento. Es fundamental que sean los laboratorios de inmunohematología de los servicios de hemoterapia y medicina transfusional los encargados de los estudios diagnósticos de aloinmunización eritrocitaria(1). En este sentido hemos elaborado esta guía con el objetivo de protocolizar de manera multidisciplinaria el manejo de las embarazadas aloinmunizadas y sus recién nacidos.

Abstract: Alloimmunization is the biological response to exposure to non-HLA antigens. Pregnancy, transfusion of blood components, solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplantation, as well as intravenous drug use expose patients to the development of anti-erythrocyte antibodies. When the latter are found, they must match diagnostic criteria to identify the potential association to hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) and its timely referral to the high-risk obstetric risk polyclinic for due follow-up. It is of the essence for erythrocyte alloimmunization diagnostic tests to be carried out by the immunohematology laboratories of the Hemotherapy and Transfusional Medicine services. To that end, we have prepared these guidelines with the purpose of providing a multidisciplinary protocol for the handling of maternal alloimmunization and alloimmunization of the newborn.

Resumo: A aloimunização é uma resposta biológica à exposição a antígenos não próprios. A gravidez, as transfusões de hemocomponentes, os transplantes de órgãos sólidos e células hematopoiéticas, bem como o uso de drogas intravenosas expõem os pacientes ao desenvolvimento de anticorpos antieritrocitários. O achado destes deve obedecer a critérios diagnósticos para identificar a doença e a probabilidade de estarem associados a doença hemolítica feto neonatal (DHPN) e seu encaminhamento oportuno para uma unidade de alto risco obstétrico para acompanhamento adequado. É fundamental que os laboratórios de imuno-hematologia dos serviços de Hemoterapia e Medicina Transfusional se encarreguem dos estudos diagnósticos da aloimunização eritrocitária. Elaboramos este guia com o objetivo de estabelecer um protocolo multidisciplinar para o manejo de gestantes aloimunizadas e seus recém-nascidos.

Parenting Stress Index-Short Form: psychometric properties of the Spanish version in mothers of children aged 0 to 8 years / Propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del Parenting Stress Index Short Form en madres con niños o niñas de 0 a 8 años

The Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) is one of the most commonly used measures of parenting stress both in clinical and research contexts. The PSI-SF is a 36-item, self-report measure with three subscales: Parental Distress (PD), Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction (PCDI), and Difficult Child (DC). The objective of this study was to analyse the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Spanish version of PSI-SF. Two different samples (N = 309) of mothers with children under 8 years old participated in the study. The first sample comprised 203 mothers with difficulties managing their children's behaviour. The second sample comprised 106 mothers from the general population. Factor structure of the PSI-SF, convergent validity, and differences between groups were analysed. The expected three-factor structure was confirmed for both samples. Findings suggested that the total PSI-SF scale and the three subscales had adequate internal consistency and convergent validity. Differences between both samples, and between age and economic subgroups in the first sample were tested. The Spanish version of the PSI-SF can be considered an adequate measure of parenting stress in mothers of children under 8 years old with difficulties to manage their children's behaviour. Further studies with extended samples from the general population are needed

El Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) es uno de los instrumentos más utilizados para evaluar el estrés parental tanto en el contexto clínico como en el de investigación. El PSI-SF es un autoinforme de 36 ítems con tres subescalas: malestar parental (PD), interacción disfuncional padre/madre-hijo (PCDI) y niño difícil (DC). El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la estructura factorial y las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del PSI-SF. Dos muestras diferentes (N = 309) de madres con hijos o hijas menores de 8 años participaron en el estudio: la primera muestra estuvo compuesta por 203 madres con dificultades para gestionar la conducta de sus hijos o hijas y la segunda por 106 madres de la población general. Se analizó la estructura factorial del PSI-SF, la validez convergente y la diferencia entre grupos de madres, confirmándose la estructura de tres factores para las dos muestras. Los resultados sugieren que la escala completa del PSI-SF y las 3 subescalas presentaban una adecuada consistencia interna y validez convergente. Se analizaron las diferencias en todas las puntuaciones del PSI-SF entre ambas muestras y entre subgrupos (edad y situación económica) de la primera muestra. La versión española del PSI-SF puede considerarse un instrumento adecuado para medir el estrés parental en madres con niños o niñas menores de 8 años con dificultades para manejar su comportamiento. Se necesitan estudios con muestras más representativas de la población general

Spanish list of potentially inappropriate drugs in the elderly (ES-PIA project).

PURPOSE: In the last decades, different criteria have been developed for detecting inappropriate prescription in older patients. In Spain, translations and adaptations of international lists are available but it would be necessary a national list which could cope with the peculiarities of our health system, existing pharmaceutical market, and prescription habits. We propose in this project the creation of a Spanish potentially inappropriate drugs list which could be applicable in our clinical scenario. METHODS: We use a Delphi method involving 25 experts from different backgrounds (Clinical Pharmacology, Geriatrics, Rational Use of Drugs and Pharmacy, Primary Care and Pharmacoepidemiology, and Pharmacovigilance) that were asked to participate in two-round questionnaires. For analysis, current recommendations of Worth and Pigni were applied, and every statement was classified into one of three groups: strong, moderate, or low agreement. Statements with strong agreement were accepted to be part of the inadequate prescription list. Moderate agreement statements were selected to enter the second questionnaire, and statements with low agreement were further analyzed to determine if it was due to heterogeneity or due to dispersion in the answers. RESULTS: The first questionnaire consisted of 160 proposed sentences, of which 106 reached a high agreement, 32 a moderate agreement, and 22 a low agreement. All sentences proposed in the second questionnaire reached a strong agreement. The total accepted sentences were 138. CONCLUSIONS: We offer a list of inadequate prescription in older patients adapted to the Spanish pharmacopeia and according to the prescription habits in our environment.

Implementación de un sistema de hemovigilancia en el Hospital de Clínicas de Uruguay / Hemovigilance system implementation at the University Hospital of Uruguay

Introducción: la hemovigilancia es una herramienta para mejorar la calidad de la transfusión sanguínea, centrándose principalmente en la seguridad del paciente. Objetivo: identificar y conocer las características y la frecuencia de las reacciones adversas a la transfusión y desarrollar un sistema de hemovigilancia aplicable en nuestro hospital. Material y método: se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo, realizándose el seguimiento de todos los pacientes transfundidos con hemocomponentes en un Hospital Universitario durante 12 meses en un período de dos años (2014-2015). Se registraron las reacciones adversas a la transfusión, los incidentes y los casi incidentes. Resultados: se registraron en total 58 reacciones adversas a la transfusión, correspondiendo a una tasa de 8,3‰ hemocomponentes transfundidos. Conclusiones: el análisis detallado de las reacciones adversas reveló posibilidades de mejoramiento de los procedimientos y permitió la implementación de medidas correctivas y preventivas. El sistema de hemovigilancia utilizado es simple en su estructura y fácilmente aplicable.

Abstract Introduction: hemovigilance is a tool used to improve the quality of blood transfusion, and it mainly focuses on patients’ safety. Objective: to identify and learn about the characteristics and frequency of transfusion related negative effects and to devise a hemovigilance system to be applied in our hospital. Method: we conducted an observational, descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study, and all patients who received hemocomponents at the university hospital in a two year period (2014-2015) were followed up during 12 months. All reactions related to transfusion, adverse incidents and near misses were recorded. Results: 58 transfusion related adverse reactions were recorded, what represented 8,3‰ of the transfused hemocomponents. Conclusion: the detailed analysis of adverse reactions showed procedures to improve results may be adopted and allowed for the implementation of corrective and preventive measures. The hemovigilance system used is simple in terms of its structure and easy to apply.

Resumo Introdução: a hemovigilância é uma ferramenta para melhorar a qualidade da transfusão sanguínea e busca principalmente a segurança do paciente. Objetivo: identificar e conhecer as características e a frequência das reações adversas à transfusão e desenvolver um sistema de hemovigilância aplicável no nosso hospital. Material e método: foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo, longitudinal e prospectivo, com o seguimento de todos os pacientes transfundidos com hemocomponentes no Hospital Universitário durante 12 meses em um período de dois anos (2014-2015). As reações adversas à transfusão, os incidentes e os quase incidentes foram registrados. Resultados: foram registradas 58 reações adversas à transfusão, correspondendo a uma taxa de 8,3‰ hemocomponentes transfundidos. Conclusões: a análise detalhada das reações adversas mostrou possibilidades para o aperfeiçoamento dos procedimentos e permitiu implementar medidas corretivas e preventivas. O sistema de hemovigilância utilizado tem uma estrutura simples e é de fácil aplicação.

Hemaféresis terapéutica: actividad realizada en el período 2008-2012 / Therapeutic hemapheresis. Activities conducted between 2008 and 2012

Los procedimientos de hemaféresis terapéuticas constituyen una herramienta importante para el tratamiento de un número creciente de patologías, en algunas de ellas es considerada como primera línea de tratamiento de acuerdo a las guías de la Asociación Americana de Aféresis (ASFA). Utiliza la circulación extracorpórea y en la mayoría de los casos la centrifugación como método para separar los diferentes componentes de la sangre y remover anticuerpos, complejos inmunes y en ocasiones células en exceso que producen la enfermedad. Es una terapéutica segura y efectiva cuando se realiza por personal entrenado y en áreas destinadas para tal fin. Presentamos en este trabajo la experiencia del equipo de aféresis de la Cátedra de Medicina Transfusional entre los años 2008 y 2012, en relación con patologías tratadas y eventos adversos vinculados con dichos procedimientos.

Thereapeutic hemapheresis procedures constitute an important tool for the treatment of a growing number of conditions – being it the first line treatment for certain pathologies, according to the guidelines of the American Society of Apheresis (ASFA). It uses extracorporeal circulation and in most cases centrifugations is done to separate the different components in the blood, and to remove antibodies, immune complexes and sometimes excess cells that produce the disease. It is a safe and effective therapy when carried out by trained staff, in areas specially equipped for such purpose. This study presents the experience of the apheresis team at the Department of Transfusion Medicine between 2008 and 2012, in terms of the diseased treated and the side effects associated to such procedures.

Os procedimentos de aféreses terapêutica ou hemaféreses são uma importante ferramenta para o tratamento de um número crescente de patologias sendo considerados, de acordo com as pautas da Associação Americana de Aféreses, como primeira linha de tratamento para algumas patologias. Utiliza a circulação extracorpórea e, na maioria dos casos a centrifugação como método para separar os diferentes elementos do sangue e para remover anticorpos, complexos imunes e eventualmente o excesso de células que produzem a doença. É um tratamento seguro e efetivo quando é realizado por profissionais bem preparados e em áreas destinadas especificamente para esse fim. Apresentamos neste trabalho a experiência da equipe de aféreses terapêutica da Cátedra de Medicina Transfusional no período 2008 - 2012, as patologias tratadas e os eventos adversos vinculados com estes procedimentos.

Indicadores de síntomas de abstinencia en un grupo de fumadores mexicanos / Withdrawal symptoms indicators in a group of mexican smokers

OBJETIVO: Identificar indicadores de abstinencia en fumadores de la Clínica Anti-Tabaco en un hospital de referencia. Evaluar los síntomas según el nivel de adicción a la nicotina mediante la escala de Fagerstrõm (EDNF). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron fumadores de la Clínica Anti-Tabaco y no-fumadores visitantes. Fumadores y no-fumadores completaron una entrevista estandarizada y diario de síntomas. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 185 fumadores (edad 40.93 años, DE, 10.22, 93 hombres/92 mujeres) y 102 no-fumadores (edad 38.22 años, DE 9.40, 41 hombres/61 mujeres). La mediana del índice paquetes-año fue de 13 (rango 1-72), el promedio de la EDNF fue de 6 (DE, 2.35). Los síntomas asociados con la dependencia fueron: ansiedad, RM 1.21 (IC95 por ciento 1.03-1.43); depresión, RM 2.75 (IC95 por ciento1.07-7.04), la depresión es más común entre las mujeres, RM 2.03 (IC95 por ciento 1.10 - 3.75); deseos de fumar, RM 1.53 (IC95 por ciento 1.19-1.97) y sudoración, RM 2.73 (IC95 por ciento 1.07-6.95). CONCLUSIONES: Los indicadores de abstinencia de nicotina en un grupo de fumadores mexicanos fueron deseos de fumar, ansiedad, depresión y diaforesis; estos síntomas se correlacionan con el nivel de dependencia a la nicotina.

OBJECTIVE: To describe symptoms of AS in a group of Mexican smokers attending a third referral clinic, to evaluate symptoms according to degree of nicotine dependence using the Fagerstrõm Test (FTND). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A self-reported standardized questionnaire was administered to smokers and non-smokers during three consecutive days. None of the smokers received treatment during this period. RESULTS: A total of 185 smokers and 102 non-smokers were included. No differences in age or gender were observed. Among smokers, median tobacco consumption was 13 pack-years (range 1 to 72) and the mean (SD) FTND was six (2.35). Symptoms related to nicotine withdrawal were anxiety (OR 1.21, 95 percentIC 1.03-1.43), depression (OR 2.75, 95 percentIC 1.07-7.04), which was more common in women (OR 2.03, 95 percentIC 1.10-3.75), urge to smoke (OR 1.53, 95 percentIC 1.19-1.97), and sweating (OR 2.73, 95 percentIC 1.07-6.95). CONCLUSIONS: The most frequent symptoms related to nicotine abstinence in Mexican smokers were: anxiety, urge to smoke, depression and sweating. These symptoms correlate with the degree of addiction.

Tratamiento actual del tabaquismo / Current treatment for smoking

El tabaquismo es una afección médica de carácter crónico caracterizada por la adicción a la nicotina. El 70 por ciento de los fumadores desea dejar de fumar, aunque sólo 30 por ciento lo intenta en un año. A los fumadores motivados se les debe ofrecer alguno de los tratamientos disponibles. Dentro del tratamiento farmacológico se distinguen los compuestos sin nicotina y la terapia de reemplazo con nicotina (TRN). En el primer grupo destacan el tartrato de vareniclina y los medicamentos antidepresivos como bupropión y nortriptilina. Dentro de la TRN se encuentran los parches, goma de mascar, tabletas sublinguales y orales, dispositivo de inhalación oral y aerosol nasal. El tartrato de vareniclina es un agonista parcial de los receptores nicotínicos cerebrales alfa4beta2 que reduce los síntomas de abstinencia, así como el deseo y urgencia por fumar. Los estudios muestran que vareniclina es superior a placebo (RM 3.22, IC95 por ciento 2.43-4.27) y también el bupropión (RM 1.66, IC95 por ciento 1.28-2.16). Todas las modalidades de TRN resultan efectivas (RM 1.78, IC95 por ciento 1.60-1.99) aunque, en casos particulares, alguna presentación puede resultar más conveniente. El potencial adictivo de los sustitutos de nicotina es menor que el del cigarrillo y además carece de los efectos tóxicos del humo. El bupropión estimula la función noradrenérgica y dopaminérgica y duplica la tasa de abstinencia en comparación con el parche de nicotina (RM 1.94, IC95 por ciento 1.72-2.19). La nortriptilina también se relaciona con aumento de las tasas de abstinencia (RM 2.34, IC95 por ciento 1.61-3.41). Otros tratamientos han mostrado cierta eficacia, entre los cuales destacan los bloqueadores de los receptores endocanabinoides, como el rimonabant. De los tratamientos no farmacológicos, el consejo médico es una herramienta útil, cuyo éxito puede ser de 2 a 4 por ciento, pero sólo 35 por ciento de los médicos lo aplican (RM 1.74, IC95 por ciento 1.48-2.05). La...

Smoking is a chronic medical condition characterized by the addiction to nicotine. Seventy percent of smokers want to quit smoking, although only 30 percent per year make the attempt. Some of the available treatments should be offered to smokers who are motivated to quit. Among the pharmaceutical treatments, nicotine-free tobacco and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) stand out. In the first group, varenicline tartrate and anti-depression medications such as bupropion and nortriptyline are notable. NRTs include patches, chewing gum, sublingual and oral tablets, oral inhalation and nasal aerosol devices. Varenicline tartrate is an alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist that reduces withdrawal symptoms as well as the desire and urge to smoke. Studies show that varenicline is better than a placebo (RM 3.22, IC95 percent 2.43-4.27) and better than bupropion (RM 1.66, IC95 percent 1.28-2.16). All NRT modalities are effective (RM 1.78, IC95 percent 1.60-1.99), although in particular cases one may be more appropriate than another. The addictive potential of nicotine substitutes is less than that of cigarettes and, in addition, they lack the toxic effects of smoke. Bupropion stimulates noradrenergic and dopadrenergic functions and doubles the abstinence rate as compared with the nicotine patch (RM 1.94, IC95 percent 1.72-2.19). Nortriptyline is also associated with an increase in abstinence rates (RM 2.34, IC95 percent 1.6-3.41). Other treatments have shown a certain degree of efficacy, such as the endocannabinoids receptors blocker, rimonabant. As for non-pharmaceutical treatments, medical advice is a useful tool whose success can range from 2 to 4 percent, but only 35 percent of medical professionals provide it (RM 1.74, IC95 percent 1.48-2.05). Group psychological therapy helps to modify the perception of cigarettes and its noxious effects. The success of this modality is between 20 percent and 35 percent per year (RM 2.17, IC95 percent...